Debenham & Freebody'sNEW PREMISES.

" ONE OF THE SIGHTS OF LONDON."

No Visitor to London should miss seeing Debenham & Freebody'snew premises, they are one of the sights of London. The buildingis in Doulton Carrara. richly embellished with very fine Italian andGrecian marble. Visitors are invited to view the building and tomake use of the club room and various other facilities offered.

The departments include everything appertaining to Ladies' Dress.

ONE QUALITY IS KEPT - THE BEST.

Debenham & FreebodyWigmore St., Cavendish Square, London, W.

:: 2 MINUTES FROM BOND STREET (North Eod).

Famous for over a Century for Taste, for Quality, for Value.Telephone: 40 Gevraof (/2 lines.) Telegrams: "Debenham, London."

3

MARCONITELEGRAPHY

A Short History of itsInvention, Evolution

and CommercialDevelopment.

WirW

The Marconi InternationalMarine Communication Co., Ltd.

WATERGATE HOUSE,

YORK BUILDINGS, ADELPHI, LONDON, W.C.

CRITERION PRESS, LEICESTER.

G. MARCONI, ESQ., LLD., D.Sc.. Photo by BiographCo., London.

Marconi's

Wireless Telegraphy

- it/itfan k, 'r

HEMISPHERES.

" No familiarity with the subject removes thefeeling of vague wonder with which one sees atelegraphic instrument, merely connected witha length of 15o feet of copper wire run up theside of a flagstaff, begin to draw its message outof space and print down in dot and dash on thepaper tape the intelligence ferried across 3o milesof water by the mysterious ether."

THESE words were written in 1899by Dr. J. A. Fleming, of UniversityCollege, London, to whom electrical

phenomena are a matter of everydaystudy.

7

The MarconigraphIf the wonder of wireless telegraphy

remains with the skilled experimenter,the fascination which signalling acrossspace holds for the world at large neednot be a matter for surprise.

The absence of visible connectionbetween the sending instrument and thereceiving instrument strikes the imagina-tion at once. Nothing could be moremarvellous, to all appearances, than theresponse of mechanism on board a shipin mid -Atlantic to etheric vibrations setup hundreds of miles away.

Yet there is nothing essentially moremysterious in wireless telegraphy thanthe response of the eye to sunlight. Thesun sets up waves in the ether, millionsof miles away from the eye, which issensitive to the light vibrations. A wire-less telegraphic transmitter sets up wavesof a similar sort in the ether, and thesewaves are recorded by an instrumentdesigned to be sensitive to them. Forthat reason Lord Kelvin described a wire-less telegraphic receiver as an " electriceye"-a simile which is a great deal moreaccurate than most.

8

The MarconigraphWireless telegraphy as we know it to-

day is the outcome of a chain of effortformed by the mathematician, the labora-

PROF. H. R. HERTZ.

tory experimenter, the inventor, and thecapitalist. In 1864, Clark Maxwell, work-ing on purely theoretical lines, reachedthe conclusion that an electric spark or

9

The Marconigraph" disruptive discharge," would set uposcillations in the ether. In 1887, Hertzproved by experiments that Clark Max-well's theory was correct. He demon-strated that an electric spark brings aboutthe radiation of etheric waves which maybe reflected, refracted, and polarised likethose of light. In 1895, Mr. Marconibegan his attempts to utilise these wavesfor signalling purposes. In 1896, he tookout the first of the patents which werelater acquired by Marconi's WirelessTelegraph Company, and utilised in thedevelopment of a world-wide system ofwireless telegraphy by land and sea.

The story of these early experimentsis peculiarly interesting. GuglielmoMarconi was only twenty-one years ofage when he began the attempt to putHertz's laboratory experiments to prac-tical use. His first efforts were made athis father's villa in Pontecchio, nearBologna, across distances of only a fewyards, from room to room. The next stepwas to try longer distances in the garden;and after numerous experiments the in-ventor was able to receive signals thelength of the garden.

The MarconigraphThe apparatus employed in these ex-

periments was very simple, and all the

EARLY TYPE OF TRANSMITTER.

EARLY TYPE. OF RECEIVER.

Marconi apparatus in use is a directevolution from it. In the transmitter,Marconi used an induction coil to produce

II

The Marconigrapha spark between two balls, one of whichwas connected to a metal can hoisted ona mast, and the other to a metal platein the earth. In the receiver he used animproved form of coherer, which will be

THE MARCONI COHERER.

explained later, connected to a similar" aerial " and a similar " earth." Thisarrangement of aerial wires and earthconnections was found by Mr. Marconito give the maximum of reliable effectwith the minimum of energy. It was anentirely novel arrangement of conductors,and it made wireless telegraphy reallypractical for the first time.

i2

The MarconigraphThe coherer is the part to which the

description " electric eye " was applied.It consists of a small tube containingmetal filings, which have the peculiarproperty of allowing a current of elec-tricity to pass through them only whenthey are under the influence of an electricwave. When an electric wave, such as isset up by a thunderclap or an electricaldischarge artificially produced, strikes thefilings, they " cohere," in a molecularsense, and allow the current to pass. Thepassage of the current constitutes a signal,as it can be used to make a click in atelephone or to work a telegraphic tape -machine or other recorder.

Latterly; of course, the distances oftransmission have grown, wireless instal-lations have' become more complicated,and various refinements have been intro-duced. But the garden experiments atPontecchio supplied the germ which wasdestined to grow, twelve years later, intothe realisation of Transatlantic wirelesstelegraphy.

In 1896, Mr. Marconi came to England,took out his first patent for wireless tele-graphy, and brought his apparatus under

13

The Marconigraphthe notice of Sir William Preece, thenEngineer -in -Chief to the General PostOffice. Sir William was keenly interestedin Mr. Marconi's methods, since he him-self had experimented, upon quite differentlines, in signalling across space. SirWilliam's method was based on the well-known fact that currents passing in anelectric circuit induce currents in a parallelcircuit. By stretching wires on oppositesides of narrow channels, Sir William wasable to bridge over the gap by means ofthis electro-magnetic induction. But thescope for that means of wireless telegraphywas extremely limited owing to the lengthof wire needed on each side to commu-nicate even a short distance ; and SirWilliam was quick to recognise that Mr.Marconi's" use of Hertzian waves openedup new and unexpected possibilities.

Early in June, 1897, Sir William lecturedbefore the Royal Institution on " Signal-ling through space without wires," andspoke of Mr. Marconi's achievements asfollows :

" In July last Mr. Marconi brought toEngland a new plan. Mr. Marconi utiliseselectric or Hertzian waves of very high

14

The Marconigraphfrequency. He has invented a new relaywhich, for sensitiveness and delicacy,exceeds all known electrical apparatus,The peculiarity of Mr. Marconi's system isthat, apart from the ordinary connectingwire of the apparatus, conductors of verymoderate length only are needed, andeven these can be dispensed with ifreflectors are used.

"He has not discovered any new rays;his receiver is based on Branly's coherer.Columbus did not invent the egg, but heshowed how to make it stand on its end,and Marconi has produced, from knownmeans, a new electric eye more delicatethan any known electrical instrument, anda new system of telegraphy that will reachplaces hitherto inaccessible. . . . Enoughhas been done to prove and show that forshipping and lighthouse purposes it willbe a great and valuable acquisition."

During the twelve months precedingSir William's lecture, that is to say, be-tween June, 1896, and June, 1897, Mr.Marconi had conducted several experi-ments under the supervision of the PostOffice, the War Office, and the Admiralty.Tests were first made successfully betweenSt. Martin's -le -Grand and the ThamesEmbankment ; but the experiments whichfirst roused the authorities and the public

15

The Marconigraphto the importance of the invention werethose carried out on Salisbury Plain,when Mr. Marconi covered a distance offour miles. In May, 1897, a series ofdemonstrations were made across theBristol Channel, communication beingestablished between Penarth and BreanDown, a distance, of nearly nine miles.

As a matter of course, the interest takenin these demonstrations was nowherekeener than in Germany. Among thosewho witnessed the Bristol Channel ex-periments was Professor Slaby, of thefamous Charlottenberg School. He,himself, had been attempting to utiliseHertzian waves for signalling purposes,and the result of his visit to England isrecorded in the following historic passagefrom an article he wrote for the " CenturyMagazine" :-

" In January, 1897, when the news ofMarconi's first successes ran throughthe newspapers, I myself was earnestlyoccupied with similar problems. I hadnot been able to telegraph more than onehundred metres through the air. It wasat once clear to me that Marconi musthave added something else-somethingnew-to what was already known,

i6

iti

The Marconigraphwhereby he had been able to attain tolengths measured by kilometres. Quicklymaking up my mind, I travelled toEngland, where the Bureau of Telegraphswas undertaking experiments on a largescale. Mr. Preece, the celebrated Engineer -in -Chief of the General Post Office, inthe most courteous and hospitable way,permitted me to take part in these ; andin truth, what I there saw was somethingquite new. Marconi had made a discovery.He was working with means, the entiremeaning of which no one before him hadrecognised. Only in that way can weexplain the secret of his success. In theEnglish professional journals an attempthas been made to deny novelty to themethod of Marconi. It was urged thatthe production of Hertz rays, theirradiation through space, the constructionof his electrical eye-all this was knownbefore. True ; all this had been knownto me also, and yet I never was able toexceed one hundred metres.

" In the first place, Marconi has workedout a clever arrangement for the apparatus,which, by the use of the simplest means,produces a sure technical result. Thenhe has shown that such telegraphy (writ-ing from afar) was to be made possibleonly through, on the one hand, earthconnection between the apparatus, and,on the other, the use of long extended

17

The Marconigraphupright wires. By this simple, but extra-ordinarily effective method, he raised thepower of radiation in the electric forcesa hundredfold."

Professor Slaby afterwards became oneof Mr. Marconi's competitors, being a part-ner in the Slaby-Arco system which wasadopted by the German Government, buthe has probably never ceased to appreciatethe debt he owed to the demonstration ofMr. Marconi's success in a field where he,himself, had been baffled.

Continuing his experiments, Mr. Mar-coni, in July, 1897, under the auspicesof the Italian Government, transmittedmessages between warships at Spezia,twelve miles apart. Shortly afterwardshe erected stations at Alum Bay in theIsle of Wight, and at Bournemouth (sub-sequently removed to Poole), fourteenmiles distant from Alum Bay, over sea.Many important experiments were madebetween these two stations, which werevisited by several notable people, includ-ing Lord Tennyson and Lord Kelvin, thelatter signifying his appreciation of thecommercial possibilities of the service bypaying for wireless telegraphic messages

18

The Marconigraphsent by him to Sir William Preece at theGeneral Post Office, and others.

By this time the system had reachedthe stage at which the fourth link in thechain of development was required. Capi-tal was, of course, necessary to realise

MARCONI STATION, POOLE HARBOUR.

the commercial benefits of wireless tele-graphy on a large scale-to manufacturethe instruments and develop the businessgenerally, and in July, 1897, the WirelessTelegraph and Signal Company, Limited,

The Marconigraphwas formed, with a nominal capital of£100,000, to acquire Mr. Marconi'spatents in all countries except Italy andher Dependencies. Mr. Marconi made aspecial arrangement with Italy in returnfor the substantial and enthusiasticassistance rendered to him by the ItalianGovernment. Subsequently the name ofthe Company was altered to Marconi'sWireless Telegraph Company, Limited,and in April, 1905, the capital was in-creased to L500,000 in J1 OrdinaryShares. So .rapid was the growth of thebusiness that the capital was again in-creased-in April, 1908,-when it wasraised to 2750,000 by the creation of250,000 Seven per cent. Cumulative Par-ticipating Preference Shares of Li each.

For some time, of course, the Com-pany had to continue the laboriouspioneering work undertaken by Mr.Marconi. But it is interesting to surveythe advance that had already been madesince Mr. Marconi sent his first signalsover distances of a few yards. Therange had been increased from yards tomiles ; the receiving apparatus was muchmore reliable and under much better

20

The Marconigraphcontrol ; that is to say, it was less likelyto respond to stray electrical disturbancesin the atmosphere and more likely torespond solely to the impulses intendedto operate it. Mr. Marconi had provedthat wireless telegraphy could be worked

PRESENT TYPE' COHERER RECEIVER.

as well by night as by day, in fogs andstorms as in fair weather, and that highhills or other obstructions did not preventcommunication. It had also been shownthat the apparatus was not costly andcould be set up and handled by theordinary telegraphist.

Very early in his experiments Mr. Mar-coni discovered that wireless signalling

2I

The Marconigraphwas most easily carried out across stretchesof sea. As it was precisely in such cir-cumstances that ordinary telegraphic com-munication was least adequate, the seawas clearly the natural sphere of wirelesstelegraphy. The earliest demonstrationsof its real practicability were, therefore,made around the shores of the BritishIsles.

In May, 1898, at the request of Lloyd'sCorporation, who thus early realised thegreat possibilities of wireless telegraphy,Marconi apparatus was installed at Bally -castle and Rathlin Island, in the Northof Ireland. The distance between thestations was 71 miles, of which 4 were overland and the remainder across the sea, ahigh cliff intervening between the twopositions. Uninterrupted communicationbetween these two stations was maintainedfor some considerable time. The appa-ratus was worked part of the time byLloyd's lighthouse keepers, who werenot long in learning how to use the in-struments.

In July of the same year the MarconiCompany was requested by a Dublinpaper (the " Daily Express ") to report,

22

The Marconigraphfrom the high seas, the result and inci-dents of the Kingstown Regatta. Forthis purpose a land station was erectedin the grounds of the Harbour Master atKingstown, and the steamer " FlyingHuntress " was chartered, the Marconiinstruments being placed in the cabin.A telephone was fixed from the landstation at Kingstown to the " Express "office in Dublin, and as the messages camefrom the vessel they were telephoned toDublin and published in succeeding edi-tions of the evening paper. The systemwas in use for several days and over 700messages were sent and received betweenthe " Flying Huntress " and the landstation, none requiring to be repeated.

On the 3rd of August, 1898, wirelesstelegraphic communication was establishedbetween the Royal Yacht " Osborne "and Osborne House, Isle of Wight, inorder that Her late Majesty QueenVictoria might communicate with HisRoyal Highness the Prince of Wales(now King Edward VII.) suffering fromthe results of an accident to his knee.Constant and uninterrupted communica-tion was maintained between the Royal

23

The MarconigraphYacht and Osborne House during thesixteen days the system was in use.One hundred and fifty messages weresent, being chiefly private communicationsbetween the Queen and the Prince. Manyof these messages contained over 15owords, and the average speed of trans-mission was about fifteen words perminute.

ROYAL YACHT "OSBORNE."

In December, 1898, the Marconi Com-pany considered it desirable to demon-strate the practicability of the system forcommunication between lightships and theshore, and the opportunity was offered tothe Company by the officials of TrinityHouse. They gave permission for con-nection to be made between the SouthForeland Lighthouse and either the" Gull," the " South Sandhead," or the

24

The Marconigraph" East Goodwin " Lightship. The vesselchosen was the most distant one, viz., the" East Goodwin," which is twelve milesfrom the South Foreland Lighthouse.The apparatus was taken out to theLightship in an open boat, rigged up in

MARCONI APPARATUS AT THE SOUTH FORELANDLIGHTHOUSE.

one afternoon, and set to work immediate-ly without the slightest difficulty. Thesystem continued to work admirablythrough the whole time it remained inuse-over two years-and it was themeans of saving several vessels and anumber of lives. In the case of onesteamer which went ashore on the Good -wins, evidence in the Admiralty Court

2,5

The Marconigraphproved that by means of one short wire-less message, property to the value of252,588 was saved.

During a heavy gale in January, 1899,when a part of the bulwarks of the " EastGoodwin " Lightship was carried away, areport of the mishap was promptly tele-graphed to the Superintendent of TrinityHouse with all details of the damagesustained. On the 3rd of March thesame year, the lightship was run into bythe sailing ship " R.M. Matthews." Theincident was reported by wireless to theSouth Foreland Lighthouse, lifeboats werepromptly launched, and the lightship wastowed out of danger.

Dr. Fleming, after spending some timein examining the appliances and working,wrote a letter to the " Times " on the 3rdApril, 1899, which gives a very graphicaccount of the achievements of wirelesstelegraphy at this period. The followingare some extracts :-

" During the last few days, I have beenpermitted to make a close examination ofthe apparatus and methods employed bySignor Marconi in his remarkable tele-

26

The Marconigraphgraphic experiments between South Fore-land and Boulogne, and at the SouthForeland Lighthouse have been allowedby the inventor to make experiments andtransmit messages from the station thereestablished, both to France and to theLightship on the Goodwin Sands, whichis equipped for sending and receivingether wave signals. Throughout the periodof my visit, messages, signals, congratula-tions, and jokes were freely exchangedbetween the operators sitting on eitherside of the Channel, and automaticallyprinted down in telegraphic code signalson the ordinary paper slip at the rate oftwelve or eighteen words a minute. Notonce was there the slightest difficulty ordelay in obtaining an instant reply to thesignal sent."

"The apparatus, moreover, is ridiculouslysimple and not costly. With the excep-tion of the flagstaff and 15o feet of verticalwire at each end, he can place on a smallkitchen table the appliances, costing notmore than "too in all, for communicatingacross thirty or even a hundred miles ofchannel. With the same simple meanshe has placed a Lightship on the Good -wins in instant communication, day andnight, with the South Foreland Light-house. A touch on a key on board theLightship suffices to ring an electric bellin the room at the South Foreland, twelve

27

The Marconigraphmiles away, with the same ease andcertainty with which one can summon theservant to one's bedroom at an hotel. Anattendant now sleeps hard by the instru-ments at South Foreland. If at anymoment he is awakened by the bell rungfrom the Lightship, he is able to ring upin return the Ramsgate lifeboat, and, ifneed be, direct it to the spot where itsservices are required, within a few secondsof the arrival of the call for help. In thepresence of the enormous practical import-ance of this feat alone, and of the certaintywith which communication can now beestablished between ship and shore with-out costly cable or wire, the scientificcriticisms which have been launched byother inventors against Signor Marconi'smethods have failed altogether in theirappreciation of the practical significanceof the results he has brought about."

"Up to the present time none of theother systems of wireless telegraphy em-ploying electric or magnetic agencies hasbeen able to accomplish the same resultsover equal distances. Without denyingthat much remains yet to be attained, orthat the same may not be effected in otherways, it is impossible for anyone to wit-ness the South Foreland and Boulogneexperiments without coming to the con-clusion that neither captious criticism norofficial lethargy should stand in the way

28

The Marconigraphof additional opportunities being affordedfor a further extension of practical experi-ments. Wireless Telegraphy will not takethe place of telegraphy with wires. Eachhas a special field of operations of its own,but the public have a right to ask thatthe fullest advantage shall be taken ofthat particular service which ether wave

LONDON

E GOODWIN

SOUTHORELANDER

WIMEREU XBOULDC N 0

CHART o, STRAITS ." DOVER

SOUTH FORELAND... WIMEREU X1899

telegraphy can now render in promotingthe greater safety of those at sea, and that,in view of our enormous maritime inter-ests, this country shall not permit itselfto be outraced by others in the peacefulcontest to apply the outcome of scientific

29

The Marconigraphinvestigations and discoveries in everypossible direction to the service of thosewho are obliged to face the perils of thesea. If scientific research has forged afresh weapon with which in turn to fightNature, "red in tooth and claw," all otherquestions fade into insignificance in com-parison with the inquiry how we can takethe utmost advantage of this addition toour resources."

The Marconi apparatus was eventuallyremoved from the lightship, as the Boardof Trade was not at that time prepared toenter into a contract with the Company.

Cross -Channel Communication.

Naturally enough, most of Mr. Mar-coni's attention was directed to increasingthe range of transmission. He found thatby raising his aerial masts he could sendhis messages further, but there was alimit to the practicable height of mastson land as well as on sea. Accordinglyhe devised, about this time, an improve-ment which made the receiver very muchmore sensitive than it had been. Thisimprovement enabled the receiver torecord messages much further away fromthe source of the waves. The results

30

The Marconigraphobtained with it encouraged Mr. Marconito attempt to communicate across theEnglish Channel. Success was achievedin 1899, between the South Foreland andBoulogne stations referred to by Professor

MARCONI STATION, WIMEREUX (FRANCE).

Fleming in the letter quoted above, thedistance between these two stations beingthirty-two miles.

Nothing in the previous history ofwireless telegraphy roused such keen

31

The Marconigraphinterest as the bridging of the Channel.It set the scientific world talking andfilled the newspapers with descriptions,comments, and prophecies. In August,1899, the British Association held its

INTERIOR OF MARCONI CABIN ON " TONGUE " LIGHTSHIP.

meeting at Dover ; and during a lectureto the Association on " The Centenary ofthe Electric Current " (Volta had madehis famous discovery of the Voltaic Cellin 1799), Professor Fleming exchangedmessages between a temporary station in

32

The Marconigraphthe lecture hall and the South Foreland,Wimereux (Boulogne), and the EastGoodwin Lightship -4, 33, and 12 milesdistant respectively.

The next step was the transmissionof messages between Wimereux and

INTERIOR OF MARCONI STATION, CHELMSFORD.

Chelmsford, a distance of 85 miles, 3oover sea and 55 over land.

The feasibility of wireless telegraphyover land was also demonstrated by ex-periments between the Chelmsford Stationand the one at Harwich, forty milesdistant.

33

C

Ad

The MarconigraphIn November, 1899, a number of Mar-

coni installations were despatched toSouth Africa at the request of the WarOffice, but owing to the difficulties ofprocuring suitable masts at the front, itwas decided to transfer them to the NavySquadron in Delagoa Bay, where theywere used to such advantage that theAdmiralty decided to make its first pur-chase of 32 sets from the Company.

Early Naval Experiments.

The Admiralty from the outset hadbeen watching the progress of the experi-ments with interest. In August, 1899,the first attempt was made to use the newmethod of signalling during naval man-oeuvres. Three ships of the " B " fleet-the flagship "Alexandra " and the cruisers" Juno " and " Europa "-were fitted withwireless apparatus. Attached to the" Juno " was a small squadron of cruisers ;and the method adopted was that mes-sages sent to the " Juno " from the flagshipby wireless telegraphy were repeated tothe cruisers by the usual flag signalling.This arrangement enabled the flagshipto control the movements of the squadron

34

The Marconigrapheven when out of sight. The wirelessinstallations were kept going night andday with results which convinced theAdmiralty that wireless telegraphy wasinvaluable as an aid to manoeuvres on alarge scale. The greatest distance coveredduring these trials was 74 nautical miles-equivalent to 85 land miles.

Other Marine Experiments.

In October of the same year the Marconisystem was used to report from the highseas the progress of the yachts " Sham-rock " and " Columbia " in the Inter-national Yacht Race. Over 4,000 wordswere transmitted in the space of less thanfive hours spread over several days. Afterthe conclusion of this race some tests werecarried out by the United States Govern-ment, the apparatus being fitted on thebattleship " Massachusetts " and thecruiser " New York."

A beginning was also made during thiseventful year with the "ocean newspapers"which are now familiar to travellers bythe great liners. Shortly after the out-break of the South African War, Mr.Marconi was returning from the United

35

The MarconigraphStates on board the American liner " St.Paul " and as he had a set of apparatuswith him, it was suggested that it shouldbe fitted up in the ship in an attempt toestablish communication with Mr. Mar-coni's installation at the Needles, Isle of.

S.S. "ST. PAUL."

Wight, and obtain the latest war newsbefore the arrival of the " St. Paul " atSouthampton. This was accordingly doneand the " St. Paul " succeeded in callingup the Needles station at a distance of 66nautical miles. All the important newswas transmitted to the " St. Paul " whileshe was steaming 20 knots, and messageswere also despatched to several places bypassengers on board. The news was col -

36

The Marconigraphlected and printed in a small paper calledthe " Trans -Atlantic Times " several hoursbefore the vessel arrived at Southampton.

In March, 1900, the Marconi systemwas adopted by the Norddeutscher Lloyd

S.S. " KAISER WILHELM DER GROSSE."

Steamship Company, and by agreementwith that Company the Marconi apparatuswas installed on the " Kaiser Wilhelm derGrosse," on the "Borkum Riff" Lightshipand at the Borkum Lighthouse. Accord-ing to the official report of the ImperialPostal Authorities at Oldenburg, the totalnumber of commercial wireless telegramstransmitted from and to the " Borkum "Lightship between the i5th May and theend of October, 190o, amounted to 565.Of these, 515 came from ships at sea, and47 were for transmission to ships. Thereare now 17 vessels of the NorddeutscherLloyd equipped with Marconi apparatus.

37

The MarconigraphIn November, 'goo, the Belgian Royal

Mail Steam Packet "Princesse Clemen-tine," plying between Ostend and Dover,was equipped with wireless telegraphy,and a Marconi station was installed at LaPanne, near Ostend, on the Belgian Coast.These installations have frequently provedof great value in saving life and property.On New Year's Day, 1901, the barque" Medora " was stranded, waterlogged, onthe Ratel Bank. The " Princesse Clem-entine " which happened to pass near, atonce sent a message to Ostend throughthe La Panne Station, and before leavingwas able to tell the shipwrecked sailorsthat assistance was on the way.

Shortly afterwards, upon coming intosignalling distance of the RoytengenLightship, about 151 miles from Dunkirk,the captain of the "Princesse Clementine"observed that he was being signalled. Itappeared that the lighting apparatus ofthe lightship was out of order. Thecaptain of the mail packet at once des-patched a message via the La Pannestation, to the Lighthouse Department atDunkirk, which immediately sent out tothe lightship and effected the necessary

38

The Marconigraphrepairs. The great inconvenience anddanger of the lightship not being able tohave its lights exhibited was thus avoided.

MARCONI STATION AT LA l'ANNE.

Considerable use was also made of theMarconi System in the British cruisersattached to the " Ophir " during thevoyage of the Duke and Duchess of Corn-wall to Australia in 1901.

Thus ends what we may term the earlyhistory of the Marconi System of WirelessTelegraphy.

39

The Growth ofthe Maritime Service.The pre-eminent position held by the

Marconi Company in wireless telegraphyis primarily due to the remarkable skilland inventiveness of Mr. Marconi, but itis also due, in no inconsiderable degree,to the exceptional commercial policyadopted by the Company.

This is a point not adequately under-stood by many of the people who tookpart in the controversies which once ragedround the rival systems of wireless tele-graphy.

The distinguishing point about theMarconi Company is that it was the first-and for many years the only companyin the world-to organise A PUBLIC BUSI-NESS IN THE TRANSMISSION OF MESSAGESBY WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY. This is avery important point. The Marconi Com-pany began-as other wireless telegraphcompanies began and continued - bysimply manufacturing wireless apparatusand selling it outright to shipowners and

40

The Marconigraphothers who wanted to use it. This wasdone, for instance, in the case of theinstallations supplied to the " Kaiser Wil-helm der Grosse," and to the Dover- -Ostend packet boats. It soon becameclear to the Marconi Company, however,that no satisfactory or extensive businesscould be done by asking shipowners topurchase apparatus outright and to or-ganise a public service. The Companyaccordingly decided to adopt the boldpolicy of organising the service on itsown account.

Three things were necessary to theefficiency of such a service. First, theprovision of land stations adjacent to thechief trade routes ; second, the equipmentof vessels with wireless apparatus and,third, but by no means least, the workingof both ship and shore stations by opera-tors trained to obey the same rules andregulations. These are the lines uponwhich the Marconi Company rapidly builtup a most useful and successful serviceon the high seas. In each case the ap-paratus installed on the ships remainedthe property of the Company and wasworked by the Company's own operators.

41

The MarconigraphWith uniform control confusion was pre-vented and the service brought to thehighest pitch of usefulness.

MARCONI STATION, NORTH FORELAND.

In order to carry out this pioneeringwork the Marconi International MarineCommunication Company, Limited, wasformed (in 1900) with a capital ofL35o,000. It is empowered to work theMarconi system for maritime purposes

42

The Marconigrapheverywhere except in the United Statesand its Colonies, Hawaii and Chili. InGreat Britain and Italy the license doesnot extend to naval vessels.

At this period it was open to anyoneto erect a wireless telegraph station any-

MARCONI STATION, MALIN HEAD.

where in the British Isles to communicatewith a ship outside the three-mile limitreserved by the Postmaster -General underhis power of monopoly. No license of anykind was then required for this class ofenterprise. The Marconi Company atonce proceeded to erect stations, and inMay, 1901, the following were open for

43

The Marconigraphcommercial telegraphic communicationwith ships at sea :-

In Ireland :-Crookhaven, Malin Head, andRosslare.

In England: - Holyhead, Withernsea, Caister,Lizard, Niton (Isle of Wight),and the North Foreland.

BOLT HEAD STATION, INTERIOR.

The first British ship to be fitted withwireless telegraphy under this system wasthe Beaver Line steamship " Lake Cham-plain," in May, 1901. The organisationwas soon widely extended by agreementwith the Italian, Canadian, Belgian andNewfoundland Governments. In 1901, afourteen years' contract was entered int9

44

The Marconigraphwith the Corporation of Lloyds, providingfor the installation of Marconi apparatusin ten of Lloyd's signal stations. Theresult was that Marconi Telegraphy soonestablished itself over a large portion ofthe globe, and is now an important factorin civilisation. Installations have beenset up, not piecemeal, but on a compre-hensive system, which resembles verynearly a telephone system, of which theships are the subscribers and the shorestations the exchanges.

It was not long before other shipownerstook advantage of the wireless exchangeoffered to them. The Cunard Company,as befitted one of the oldest, and at thesame time most enterprising ShippingCompanies, was amongst the first to adoptthe system in their largest Atlantic liners;and early in 1902, an agreement was madewith the Belgian Government for theinstallation of the apparatus on all theOstend -Dover Royal Mail Steam Packets.

While this growth in organisation wasproceeding, Mr. Marconi was rapidlyimproving the range and certainty oftransmission. The distance over whichmessages could be sent at sea rose from

45

The Marconigraphtens to hundreds of miles, and later-when the long distance stations at Poldhuand Cape Cod were established-to overr,000 miles. The isolation of ocean voy-ages on the great liners thus became athing of the past. Messages could bereceived at any time from the stations onone side or other of the Atlantic, and fromany of the vessels passing within a hun-dred or two hundred miles.

This development led to the establish-ment, in June, 1904, of a regular newsservice on board the Atlantic liners-following the plan adopted on the " St.Paul," at the outbreak of the SouthAfrican War. The Cunard liner " Cam-pania" was the first vessel to be equippedwith long-distance receiving apparatus,which enabled messages to be recordedover 1,000 miles, from the sending station.Other liners soon followed suit ; and theregular items of news transmitted fromthe English, American, and Canadianlong-distance stations were published dayby day in the " Cunard Bulletin."

There are now 194 ships of the Mer-cantile Marine and 89 shore stationsequipped with Marconi apparatus.

46

INTERIOR OF MARCONI CABIN ON S.S. "LUSITANIA."

47

TransatlanticWireless Telegraphy.In I9oo-that is to say, five years after

he had made his first experiments in thegarden at Pontecchio-Mr. Marconi hadraised the range of transmission by wire-less telegraphy to over 200 miles. It wasinevitable, therefore, that he should expectto increase the range still further and tobridge the AtlanticChannel.

Pessimistic prophets were not slow todeclare such a feat to be impossible. Theyconfidently predicted that the curvature ofthe earth would prevent the electric wavefrom England being detected in America,unless the aerials from which the waveswere despatched exceeded several miles inheight. They also declared that the tre-mendously powerful waves from the long-distance station would swamp the feeblerwaves from the ordinary ship and shorestations, just as thunder drowns the noisesof every -day life.

48

4 -

INT

ER

IOR

OF M

AR

CO

NI C

AB

IN O

N S.S. " L

USIT

AN

IA."

The MarconigraphTaking the latter point first, Mr. Mar-

coni had good reason for believing that theprophets were mistaken. He had alreadydeveloped his " tuning " or syntonic systemso far that he felt sure the traffic betweenships and shore stations would not be dis-turbed by the thunders of his long-distancestations. His earliest receiving instru-ments had been sensitive to practicallyevery kind of electric wave ; but his laterinstruments were designed to respond onlyto waves of a certain amplitude. A tuningfork will start vibrating if an exactlysimilar tuning fork in its vicinity is struck,but it will not resonate even to a thunder-clap unless the note of the clap is of theproper pitch. A similar power of selectionis enjoyed by the tuned or syntonic wirelessapparatus. Mr. Marconi proved that thelong-distance station at Poldhu could sendmessages to a Cunard. liner several hun-dreds of miles out at sea without affectingthe messages sent from a neighbouringstation to a ship approaching SouthamptonWater.

As regards the obstacle presented by thecurvature of the earth, that proved to bea bogey, like Professor Airy's famous

50

The Marconigraphpronouncement, fifty years ago, that anAtlantic cable could never be laid, and, iflaid, could never be used for the trans-mission of electric signals.

Mr. Marconi convinced himself, by testsmade between two stations two hundredmiles distant, that the electric waves hewas employing were able to make theirway round the curvature of the earth. Heconcluded that the curvature of the earthwas not likely to constitute a barrier tothe transmission of the waves over greatdistances. In 1900, therefore, experimentsin transatlantic transmission were begunin earnest at Poldhu. Shortly afterwardsthe erection of a similar transatlanticstation was begun at Cape Cod in theUnited States of America.

Towards the end of 1901 the station atPoldhu was far enough advanced to trythe experiment of transmitting signalsright across the ocean.

The completion of the arrangementswas, however, delayed owing to a stormwhich wrecked the masts and aerial atPoldhu on 18th September, 1901.

51

The MarconigraphNevertheless by the end of November

the aerial was sufficiently restored to enableMr. Marconi to complete the preliminarytests which he considered necessary priorto making the first experiment across theAtlantic.

MARCONI STATION, CAPE COD, U.S.A.

Another accident --in this instance tothe masts at Cape Cod on the 24th Novem-ber, 19m ,-seemed likely to postpone thetests for several months more. Mr. Mar-coni therefore decided that in the meantimehe would use a purely temporary receiving

52

The Marconigraphinstallation in Newfoundland for the pur-pose of testing how far the arrangementsin Cornwall had been conducted on rightlines. He accordingly left for Newfound-land on 27th November, 1901, with twoassistants. As it was impossible at thattime of the year to set up a permanentinstallation with poles, Mr. Marconi de -

ELEVATING AERIAL AT ST. JOHNS (N.F.) FORFIRST TRANSATLANTIC EXPERIMENTS.

cided to carry out the experiments bymeans of receivers connected to elevatedwires supported by balloons or kites-asystem which had been previously used byhim when conducting tests across theBritish Channel for the Post Office in 1897.He also employed a telephonic receiverwhich registered the messages by meansof a series of clicks.

53

dIM

The MarconigraphMr. Marconi's assistants at Poldhu had

received instructions to send on and afterthe i ith of December, during certain hoursevery day, a succession of " S's," followedby a short message. In the Morse codethe letter " S " is represented by threesuccessive dots.

On December 12th the signals trans-mitted from Cornwall were clearly receivedat the pre -arranged times, in many cases asuccession of " S's" being heard distinctly,although probably in consequence of theweakness of the signals and the constantvariations in the height of the receivingaerial no actual message could be de-ciphered.

The result obtained, although achievedwith very imperfect temporary apparatus,was sufficient to convince Mr. Marconithat by means of permanent stations (thatis, stations not dependent on kites orballoons for sustaining the elevated con-ductor) and by the employment of morepower in the transmitters it would bepossible to send messages across the At-lantic Ocean with the same facility withwhich they were being sent over muchshorter distances.

54

The MarconigraphIn February, 1902, further tests were

carried out between Poldhu and a receiv-ing station on board the American liner" Philadelphia " en route from Southamp-ton to New York.

Readable messages were received fromPoldhu up to a distance of 1,551 miles;

4,

1p.-

0..... v..--

.0. "DART CTUSNS PHILADELPHIA

MDR! ATLANTICAND

SNOWINGTRANSATLANTIC

TRACTS OR RTELEGN,PH

*CARLOSTATIONS

ALBERTO AND,

I 1 1

" S's " and other test letters were detectedas far as 2,099 miles.

The distances at which the messageswere received are all verified and counter-signed by the Captain and Chief Officer ofthe ship, who were present during thetests.

55

The Marc on igraphEarly in 1902 modifications and im-

provements were carried out at Poldhu,wooden towers being erected to replace

TOWERS AT MARCONI STATION, POLDHIJ.

the masts, and at the same time a high -power station was commenced at CapeBreton (Nova Scotia) to enable Mr. Mar-coni to carry out further tests. These testswere greatly facilitated by the subsidy of

56

The Marconigraphzi6,000 granted by the Canadian Government to support Mr. Marconi's experi-ments.

MARCONI STATION, CAPE BRETON.

During the time that constructionalwork was in progress at Glace Bay, CapeBreton, tests from Poldhu were carriedout over considerable distances, the ItalianGovernment very kindly placing the cruiser"Carlo Alberto" at Mr. Marconi's disposalfor this purpose.

57

The MarconigraphDuring these tests messages were re-

ceived direct from Cornwall by the " CarloAlberto " in the Baltic, the North Sea, theBay of Biscay ; also at Ferrol, Kiel, Cadiz,Gibraltar and Spezia.

THE ITALIAN CRUISER " CARLO ALBERTO."

(Placed at the disposal of Mr. Marconi for experimental purposes.)

After these experiments the " CarloAlberto " was sent back from the Medi-terranean to Plymouth and thence con-veyed Mr. Marconi to Canada in October,1902. Signals from Poldhu were received

58

The Marconigraphthroughout the voyage up to a distance of2,300 miles. In December, 1902, messageswere for the first time exchanged at nightbetween the stations at Poldhu and GlaceBay. Transatlantic wireless telegraphywas then a definitely accomplished fact.It was found, however, that communi-

EUROPE.

TRACK Or

RN CARLO

AL:ERTO.

re 5,11tzny

cation was exceedingly difficult and un-reliable from England to Canada, whilstit was good in the opposite direction.The reason for this is that the Glace Baystation was equipped with more powerfuland more expensive machinery, a condi-tion rendered possible by the subsidygranted by the Canadian Government.

59

A

The MarconigraphAs, however, communication had been

established by wireless telegraphy fromCanada to England, inaugural messageswere despatched to the Sovereigns ofEngland and Italy, both of whom hadpreviously given Mr. Marconi much as-sistance and encouragement in his work.Their replies attested their appreciationof the results which had been achieved.Other messages were also sent to Englandby the Government of Canada. Officersdelegated by the Italian Government anda representative of the London " Times "were present at the transmission of thesemessages.

Further tests were shortly afterwardscarried out with the other long-distancestation at Cape Cod in the United Statesof America. A message from PresidentRoosevelt was transmitted from that stationto His Majesty the King in London.

In the spring of 1903 the transmissionof news messages from America to theLondon " Times " was attempted in orderto demonstrate that messages could be sentfrom America by means of the new method ;and for a time these messages were cor-rectly received and published. A break;

60

The Marconigraphdown in the insulation of the apparatus atGlace Bay made it necessary, however, tosuspend the service ; and unfortunatelyfurther accidents made the transmission ofmessages uncertain and unreliable. Inconsequence it was decided not to attempt,for the time being, the transmission of anymore public messages until a reliable ser-vice could be maintained in both directionsunder all ordinary conditions.

As Mr. Marconi found that many im-provements evolved during the course ofthe numerous tests and experiments couldnot be readily applied to the plants atPoldhu and Cape Breton, it was decidedto erect a completely new long-distancestation in Ireland, and to transport the oneat Glace Bay to a different site in thevicinity, where sufficient land was availablefor experimenting with aerials of muchlarger dimensions than had been previouslyemployed.

Experiments were, however, continuedat Poldhu. In October, 1903, it becamepossible to supply the Cunard steamship" Lucania " with news transmitted directfrom the shore during the entire crossingfrom New York to Liverpool.

6[

The MarconigraphIn November of the same year tests,

similar to those carried out with the Italiancruiser, took place on behalf of the BritishAdmiralty between Poldhu and H.M.S." Duncan." Communication with Poldhuwas maintained during the entire cruiseof this battleship from Portsmouth toGibraltar, and further communication wasestablished between Poldhu and the Ad-miralty station situated on the Rock ofGibraltar. The distance between Cornwalland Gibraltar is i,000 miles -50o overland and 500 over water.

Early in 1905 the construction of thenew station at Glace Bay was sufficientlyadvanced to allow of preliminary testsbeing carried out. Signals and messagesfrom this station were received at Poldhuby day as well as by night, but no com-mercial use of the station was made at thattime, because the corresponding station onthe same plan had not yet been erected inIreland. In October, 1905, however, pre-parations were made for the constructionof a transatlantic station near Clifden,Galway. Considerable delays were experi-enced in the course of the work, and it wasnot until the end of May, 1907, that the

62

The Marconigraphstation was ready for experiments withGlace Bay.

Good signals were obtained at GlaceBay from the very commencement of thetests, but some difficulty was encountered

GLACE BAY STATION,

in consequence of the effects of atmo-spheric electricity, due to the prevalence ofthunderstorms in the eastern part ofCanada during the first few days of thetests.

Simultaneously with these tests otherswere carried out from Poldhu to GlaceBay with a new system of transmitting

63

The Marconigraphapparatus. The signals from Poldhu wereso much better than those from Clifdenthat Mr. Marconi decided to at once adoptthis new method of transmission at Clifdenand Glace Bay. A few tests with thisapparatus were carried out between Glace,

RECEIVING ROOM, CLIFDEN STATION.

Bay and Clifden, and on October 17th,1907, a limited service for press messageswas commenced between Great Britain andAmerica. On February 3rd, 1908, thisservice was extended to ordinary messagesbetween London and Montreal.

The stations at Clifden and Glace Bayare not complete and the necessary dupli-cation of the running machinery has not

64

The Marconigraphyet been executed, but nevertheless com-munication across the Atlantic has neverbeen interrupted for more than a few hourssince the commencement of commercialworking on the i 7th October, 1907.

Considering the novelty and the peculiardifficulties of such an enterprise, the time

LIGHT RAILWAY AT THE CLIFDEN STATION.

occupied in establishing a wireless tele-graph service across the Atlantic was byno means excessive. It was, indeed, re-markable that success was achieved in soshort a time. Numerous problems had tobe solved " by -the -way " as it were, andmany entirely new devices had to be erectedat considerable expense before the efficacy

65

The Marconigraphcould be determined. An importantnovelty introduced at both Glace Bay andClifden was the " directional aerial." Byarranging the aerial wires in a particularway Mr. Marconi was able to concentratethe electric waves mainly along the directpath between the two stations.

This arrangement secured more certaintransmission with a smaller expenditureof power, while limiting the area ofpossible disturbances with or by otherwireless stations.

66

The Future ofWireless Telegraphy.

Considering that wireless telegraphy isonly thirteen years old, the remarkableadvance which it has made during thatshort period will discourage any attemptto fix limits to its application. Alreadyit has become a vital aid to the safety ofshipping and an instrument of ever-increasing value to commercial and sociallife. It has provided a new factor inoffensive and defensive warfare ; and ithas, generally, opened up the prospectthat communication between nations willbecome much more cheap and easy thanat present.

As time goes on, more and more shipsof the mercantile marine will be equippedwith wireless telegraphy until such in-stallations become recognised as necessaryto the safety and up-to-date working of aship. Parallel with this development thereis certain to be an increase -in the number

67

Cts 06

POR

TA

BL

E T

RA

NSM

ITT

ING

AN

D R

EC

EIV

ING

APP

AR

AT

US.

The Marconigraphof installations on land and on lightships,lighthouses and other points of importanceto the safety of shipping.

In the British Navy every battleship andcruiser is fitted with Marconi apparatus,and the service has recently been extendedto destroyers. The rapid and carefullyplanned evolutions over an extendedarea-characteristic of modern naval war-fare-would hardly be possible withoutthe power of communication by wirelesstelegraphy. In military operatiOns alsowireless telegraphy is being more largelyused. The Marconi Company has designed,portable apparatus for this purpose,capable of being carried on horseback orin carts, which can be set up in fromten minutes to half an hour after arrivalat the site.

For inland telegraph work wirelesstelegraphy has already been used to aconsiderable extent by the Italian Govern-ment, and in the case of two sets ofexperimental stations by the British PostOffice. Marconi apparatus was installedat Tobermory and Loch Boisdale for thehandling of ordinary telegraphic business,

69

A

The Marconigraphand the results have been so satisfactorythat a station has recently been erected

AN ITALIAN AUTOMOBILE STATION.

at Bolt Head in Devonshire, which isconsidered to be one of the best equippedsmall power stations in existence. Ithas a range of 30o miles, and has been

70

The Mareonig-raphopened by the British Post Office for apublic telegraph service with ships atsea. Wireless stations will probablybe used a great deal in situationswhere the hills, deep channels or theprevalence of storms make the use of landlines difficult.

Commercial transatlantic communica-tion having been established with so muchsuccess, it is bound to develop rapidly inusefulness. As to how far the wirelessservice will compete with the cable serviceviews greatly differ, but the general trendof independent opinion seems to he thatthe wireless service will create muchmore new traffic for social and presspurposes than it will take from thecables. In other words, wireless andcable telegraphy will be co-operativerather than competitive.

In 1903, when the immense importanceof wireless telegraphy in maritime andgeneral international affairs began to berealised, the Emperor of Germany invitedthe other great powers to a preliminaryconference to consider the question of in-ternational control. Great Britain sentdelegates to that conference, but it was

71

The Marconigraphunable to subscribe to the resolutions forsupervising wireless telegraphy, since atthat time the Government had not assumedpowers to control wireless telegraphy withinits own territory. In 1904, however, theWireless Telegraphy Act was passed,making it compulsory upon anyone de-siring to erect and work a wireless stationin the British Isles to apply to the Post-master -General for a license. When, in1906, a second international conferencewas held, Great Britain agreed with all theother great Powers, with the exception ofItaly, that wireless telegraph stations onland and on sea should be subject tocertain international regulations, and thateach station must receive and transmitall messages irrespective of the systemadopted by the station which is sendingthe messages to it or is intended to receivethe messages. The Select Committee ofthe House of Commons, which was ap-pointed to consider the advisability ofGreat Britain ratifying this Convention,reported in favour of it, and recommendedthat, in recognition of the valuable workalready done by the Marconi Company asthe pioneers of practical wireless tele-graphy, the Company should be compen-

72

The Marconigraphsated in the event of its business beinginjuriously' affected by the operation ofthe Radiotelegraphic Convention.

The establishment of Government super-vision is perhaps the highest complimentwhich could be paid to wireless telegraphy-and, incidentally, to the Marconi Com-pany. It represents the desire of othernations to secure for their own benefit theresults of enterprise conducted by Mr.Marconi with the cordial support of theItalian, Canadian and British Govern-ments.

73

The Business of theMarconi Companies

It may be convenient to summarise, inthe briefest possible way, the enterprisenow conducted by the Marconi Companies.

The business may be divided into threeprincipal departments :-

z. Wireless Telegraphy.

2. Maritime or Ship -to -Ship and Ship -to -Shore Service.

3. Manufacture of Apparatus.

The first two of which have been alreadydealt with fully. In addition to the maindepartments, the Company undertakes, atits Liverpool station, the training ofoperators. This work was organised inpursuance of the policy of uniform controlwhich the Company adopted at the outsetof its commercial career. No small amountof skill and intelligence is required to

74

The Marconigraphwork wireless telegraphic apparatus onthe high .seas, but the conditions arefavourable enough to attract a good classof operator and there is no difficulty insecuring a sufficient number of recruits.

INTERIOR LIVERPOOL SCHOOL.

Manufacture of Apparatus,

In - 1898 the Company acquired aspacious factory at Chelmsford, in Essex,for the manufacture of the apparatuscovered by Mr. Marconi's patents, and inaddition large quantities of ordinary tele-graph and general electrical apparatus areturned out every year.

75

The Marconigraph

MACHINE SHOP, CHELMSFORD WORKS.

MOUNTING SHOP, CHELMSFORD WORKS.

76

The MarconigraphOver 500 wireless stations have been

equipped by the Company and the numberis constantly being added to. Consider-able orders are received each year from theBritish Admiralty and Foreign Govern-ments for wireless telegraph apparatus andaccessories, and these, coupled with thedemand arising from the Company's own shore and ship -stations, keep the workswell employed.

Important contracts have already beenexecuted for, and apparatus supplied tothe following Governments :-

BRITISH (Admiralty, Post Office, Boardof Trade and Trinity House).

CANADIAN. BELGIAN.NEWFOUNDLAND. DUTCH.ITALIAN. CHILIAN.UNITED STATES. BRAZILIAN.RUSSIAN. CHINESE.

SIAMESE.

77

Affiliated CompaniesThe scope of the Company's operations

is not confined to any particular country.In the most obvious application of wire-less telegraphy, viz., for ship -to shorecommunication, the Telegraph System

MARCONI STATION, SEAGATE, U.S.A.

comprises coast stations in many differentcountries, and stations on ships of manydifferent nationalities. Ships voyaging,for example, from Germany to the UnitedStates require to communicatewith stationsin the United Kingdom, on the Continentof Europe, and on the coast of NorthAmerica. Also communication takes

98

The Marconigraphplace between the different liners at sea.It follows, therefore, that there must beuniformity, not merely of apparatus, but

MARCONI STATION, DEVONPORT, TASMANIA.

of method of working at all these stations.It was, therefore, considered advisable tohave a number of Companies associatedtogether, which would constitute a world -

79

The Marconigraphwiae organisation for wireless telegraphpurposes, and with this view, certainAffiliated Companies have been estab-lished in other countries with which theparent Company has intimate workingrelations. Besides the Marconi Inter-national Marine Communication Co. Ltd.,which was formed in April, 1900, Com-panies have been incorporated in thefollowing countries :-BELGIUM. Incorporated 26th October, 1901.

Capital, Frs. 600,000.UNITED STATES. Incor. 16th April, 1902.

Capital, $6,650,000.CANADA. Incorporated 1st November, 1902.

Capital, $5,000,000.FRANCE. Incorporated 24th April, 1903.

Capital, Frs. 100,000.ARGENTINE. Incorporated 4th August, 1906.

Capital, $ 6,750,000.

These Companies are not only engagedin carrying on the application of theMarconi system in the countries for whichthey have respectively acquired the patents,but they all co-operate for internationalpurposes.

Agencies have also been established in :ITALY (Rome). RUSSIA (St. Petersburg).CHILI (Valparaiso). DENMARK (Copenhagen)

NORWAY (Christiania).

8o

MARCONIGRAMS.

GENERAL INFORMATION.

EXTENSION OF INLAND TELEGRAPHSERVICE TO SHIPS AT SEA.

The Transatlantic and other liners listed here-in are, for several hours after sailing and beforearrival, in direct telegraphic communication withone or other of the shore -stations of THEMARCONI INTERNATIONAL MARINECOMMUNICATION COMPANY, LIMITED,at CROOKHAVEN, ROSSLARE, MALIN HEAD,LIVERPOOL, LIZARD, NITON (I.O.W.) and CAISTER,shown in the diagram map, and thence with theland Telegraphs and International Cable Systemsof the World.

MARCONIGRAMS ACCEPTED AT ALI,POSTAL -TELEGRAPH OFFICES.

Telegrams for transmission to ships at sea areaccepted at all Postal Telegraph Offices in theUnited Kingdom, and at the Head Offices of theMarconi International Marine CommunicationCompany, Limited, Watergate House, YorkBuildings, Ade1phi, London, W.C.

ORDINARY CHARGE FOR TRANSMISSION.The charge for transmission of telegrams be-

tween any Postal Telegraph Office in the UnitedKingdom and ships at sea through the abovementioned shore -stations is mid. a word, withoutminimum.

DEPOSIT ACCOUNTS.

For the convenience of customers and to avoidthe necessity of sending a remittance with each

Si

The Marconigraph

Marconigram, as in the case, for example, ofLong-distance messages sent by telegraph to theCompany's Head Office (see p. 84), sums will bereceived on deposit and applied to the paymentof Marconigrams.

When a Marconigram is received from a cus-tomer having a Deposit Account, the Account isdebited with the charge for its transmission.

A Statement of the Account of a customer willbe rendered periodically.

The Account may be closed at any time andthe balance repaid to the customer.

Deposit Accounts may be opened at any time.

ADDRESSING TELEGRAMS.Telegrams should be addressed : name of

passenger, name of ship, name of shore -stationthrough which it is desired that the telegramshould be sent :EXAMPLE :-BROWN,

MAURHTANIA,CROOKHAVEN-WIRELESS-STATION.

In the address the name of the shore -station ischarged as one word only.

SPECIAL SERVICE.General or Special News will be supplied by

the Company to individual passengers through-out a transatlantic voyage if so desired.

The Company will obtain and forward directto passengers, by telegraph, such information asthe results of sporting events, closing StockExchange Quotations, and the like, withoutcharge other than the regular rate for the trans-mission of the messages, which is mid. a wordfor ordinary, and 3/- a word for Long-distancetransmission.

Passengers desiring this service should notifythe Company as early as possible before sailing.

The Marconigraph

TIMES OF SHIP AND SHORE COMMUNICATION.

Sailing Lists of all ships having MarconiTelegraph Offices on board, showing the latesttime after departure and the earliest time beforearrival at which they are in communication withthe various shore -stations are compiled, andsupplied by the Marconi International MarineCommunication Company to all Postal TelegraphOffices in the United Kingdom, to the leadingHotels in London, Liverpool, Southampton,Glasgow, and to the Steamship Companies andtheir agents, and may be seen at any time.Copies of these lists may be obtained free ofcharge on application at the Company's HeadOffice.

Approximate times that telegrams should reachthe undermentioned shore -stations for directtransmission to the ships listed herein are givenbelow :

MarconiShore -Station.

Number ofhours out from

Port of arrivalor departure.

Liverpool ..Rosslare 3

ioLiverpoolLiverpool

Crookhaven 29 LiverpoolCrookhaven . 24 SouthamptonCrookhaven . 34 LondonCrookhaven 22 Le HavreLizard 12 Le HavreLizard 13 SouthamptonLizard 24 LondonNiton 13 LondonNiton 6 SouthamptonNiton 3o RotterdamNiton 3o HamburgNiton 30 BremerhavenMalin Head 18 LiverpoolMalin Head 9 GlasgowCaister 4 LondonCaister 13 HamburgCaister 12 BremerhavenCaister S Rotterdam

83

The Marconigraph

RE -TRANSMISSION OF TELEGRAMS.

Ships beyond the direct range of shore -stationscan often be reached by re -transmission throughother ships. For particulars of this serviceenquiry should be made of the Company atWatergate House.

LONG-DISTANCE MARCONIGRAMS.

All ships on the North Atlantic route markedwith an asterisk, being fitted with special long-distance receivers, can be reached at any timeduring the voyage.

Telegrams destined for these ships must beforwarded through the Head Office of the Com-pany. They may be either handed in direct bythe sender or telegraphed from any part of theUnited Kingdom. When telegraphed, in additionto the name of the addressee and the ship forwhich they may be destined, telegrams must beaddressed " care Expanse, London," and accom-panied by a telegraphic Money Order (exceptwhen a customer has a Deposit Account), cover-ing the transmission charge, which is 3/- a word,made payable to Cashier, Expanse.

The words " care Expanse, London," will notform part of the oversea telegram and thereforewill neither be transmitted from the shore to theship, nor charged for in respect of the overseatransmission.

The ordinary inland charge for the trans-mission of the telegram over the Post Officelines to the Company's Head Office must beprepaid by the sender.

NORTR AMERICAN SERVICE OF AFFILIATEDMARCONI COMPANIES.

In the United States and Canada telegramsfor transmission to ships at sea are accepted at

84

The Marconigraph

all offices of the Western Union TelegraphCompany and Postal Telegraph -Cable Company,and at the Head Offices of the Marconi WirelessTelegraph Company of America, 27 WilliamStreet, New York, and Marconi WirelessTelegraph Company of Canada, 1724 NotreDame Street, Montreal.

COAST STATIONS AND TIMES OFCOMMUNICATION.

The following list gives, approximately, thetimes at which telegrams may be sent throughthe principal shore stations of the American andCanadian Marconi Companies.

MarconiShore -Station.

Number ofhours out

from.

Port of arrivalor departure.

Seagate, L.I. ... 4 ... New YorkSagaponack, 8 ... New YorkSiasconset, Mass.... . 14 . New YorkCape Sable 28 New YorkSable Island ... 36 New YorkSouth Wellfleet 6 BostonCape Sable . 24 ... BostonSable Island _ ... 30 ... BostonSable Island ... ... 14 . HalifaxCamperdown 6 Halifax

Ships sailing out of or destined for the portsof Montreal or Quebec communicate with theGulf Shore Stations of the Canadian MarconiCompany shown in the diagram map at timesvarying from 8 hours for. Grosse. Isle to 56 hoursfor Belle Isle. Intermediate times may be as-certained on enquiry at the Head Offices of theCanadian Company in Montreal, or the AmericanCompany in New York, or at any Postal orWestern Union Telegraph Office.

85

The Marconigraph

MEDITERRANEAN SERVICE.

Telegrams destined for transmission throughMarconi -Shore stations in the Mediterraneanto passengers on ships in the MediterraneanService, should be handed in at the Company'sHead Office in London, or its Agency at CorsoVittorio Emanuele, 315, Rome.

MARCONI TELEGRAPH OFFICESON SHIPBOARD.

Telegrams are accepted on board ship fortransmission to all parts of the world throughsuch ship or shore -stations as the vessel maypass.

Notices of expected communications will befound in prominent places on board.

Through rates can be obtained from thePursers and Marconi operators on the ships.

F6

2

Bos

ton

rm 28

® H

igh

-Pow

er (

Lon

g D

ista

nce)

Sta

tions

. L

ow-P

ower

(aor

tDis

tanc

oSta

tions

.St

eam

ship

Tra

cks

rfc

,

Ser

vice

Syt/4

°fl"

fir

......

......

UN

ITE

D K

ING

DO

M

1C

aist

er2

Clif

deo

3 C

rook

have

n4:

Liv

erpo

ol

12 C

2111

120r

dOW

1203

Cap

e B

ear

14 C

ape

Rac

et5

Cap

e R

ayx6

Cap

e Sa

ble

25 P

oint

Am

our

26 P

oint

Ric

h27

Que

bec

28 S

able

Isl

and

29 S

t. Jo

hn, N

.B.

37 A

1220

112

38 P

alm

aria

39 P

onta

40 T

rapa

ni40

Sta

.M.d

iLeu

ca17

Cha

teau

Bay

3o' W

hittl

e R

ocks

42 V

enic

e6

Mal

in H

ead

IS C

lark

e C

ityIT

AL

Y43

Vie

sti

7 N

iton

s9 F

ame

Poin

t31

Asi

nara

UN

ITE

D S

TA

TE

S8

N. F

orel

and

20 F

athe

r Po

int

32 B

ecco

di V

ela

44 C

ape

Cod

9 Po

ldhu

21 G

ross

e la

te33

Cap

o M

ele

45 S

agap

onac

kto

Ros

slar

e22

Gla

ce B

ay34

Cap

oSpe

rone

46 S

eaga

te51

x0,0

18K

MO

UN

IMA

NO

23 H

eath

Poi

nt35

Cor

so S

pada

ro47

Sia

scon

set

11 B

elle

Isl

e24

N. S

ydne

y36

For

te S

puri

a48

So.

Wel

lfle

et

Loc

atio

n of

Sho

re S

tatio

ns s

ervi

ng s

hips

in th

e N

orth

Atla

ntic

Tra

de.

List of MARCONI TELEGRAPH OFFICES on SHIPBOARD.

Ships marked with an Asterisk (*) are fitted withSpecial Long Distance Receives.

Aberdeen Line-' Inanda*Inkosi

Allan Line-CorsicanGrampianHesperianTunisian

*Victorian*Virginian

American Line-New YorkPhiladelphiaSt. LouisSt. Paul

Anchor Line-CaledoniaCaliforniaColumbiaFurnessia

Anglo.AmericanOil Company -

IroquoisNarragansettNavahoeTamarac

AtlanticTransport Line-

MinneapolisM innehahaMinnetonkaMinnewaska

Austrian'Thalia

Austro-AmericanLine-

AliceArgentinaFrancescaLauraMartha WashingtonOceaniaSofia Holienberg

Batavier Line-Batavier II.Batavier III.Batavier IV.Batavier V.

BelgianMail Packet-

La FlandreLa RapideLeopold II.Marie HenriettePrince AlbertPrincesse

ClementinePrincesse ElizabethPrincesse HenriettePrincesse JosephineVille de Douvres

Booth Line-*Antony

Bowring Line-Lloyd- Florizel

Rosalind

gE;

Canadian PacificRailway-*Empress of BritainEmpress of ChinaEmpress of India

*Empress of IrelandEmpress of JapanLake ChamplainLake ErieLake ManitobaLake MichiganMilwaukeeMonmouthMontcalmMontezumaMontfortMontrealMontroseMount RoyalMount Temple

Cie GeneraleTransatlantique

*ChicagoLa BretagneLa Gascogne

*La Lorraine'La Provence*La SavoieLa Touraine

CompagnieCyprien Fabre-

GermaniaMadonnaRomaVenezia

is

List of .Marconi Telegraph Offices on Shipboard (continued ),

Cunard Line-*Campania*Carmani a*CaroniaCarpath in

*EtruriaIvernia

*Lucania*Lusitania*Mauretania

PannoniaSaxoniaSlavoniaUltonia

*Umbria

Dominion Line-CanadaDominion

Hamburg.American Line -*Amerika*Batavia*Bluecher*Bulgaria*Cincinati*Cleveland*Deutschland*Graf Waldersee*HamburgKaiserin-Auguste-

Victoria*Moltke*Patricia*Pennsylvania"President Grant*President Lincoln*Pretoria*Prinz Adalbert*Prinz Oskar

Holland-AmerikaLine-*Nieuw Amsterdam*Noordam*Potsdam*Rotterdam*Ryndam*Statendam

Isle of Man SteamPacket Co.-

Ben My ChreeEmpress QueenViking

KoninkliikeHollandscheLloyd-

FrisiaHollandia

La Veloce Line-AmerikaArgentinaBrasileEuropaNord Amerika

Lloyd Italiano-CordovaFloridaIndianaLusianiaMendozaPrincipessa MafaldaVirginia

NavigazionemGenerale nItaliana

CampaniaDuca degli AbruzziDuca di GenovaLazioLiguriaLombardiaPrincipe UmbertoRegina ElenaRe VittorioSannioSardegnaSiciliaUmbria

Lloyd Sabaudo-Principe di

PiemonteRe d'ItaliaRegina d'ItaliaTomaso di Savoia

69

North GermanLloyd-

BarbarossaBerlinFriedrich der GrosseGeorge WashingtonGrosser Kurfurst

*Kaiser Wilhelm II.*Kaiser Wilhelm der

GrosseKonig AlbertKonigin Luise

*KronprinzessinCecilie

*Kronprinz WilhelmMainNeckarPrincessin AlicePrincessin IrenePrinz Friedrich

WilhelmRhein

Peninsular andOriental SteamNavigation Co.-

MalwaMantuaMorea

List of Marconi Televaph Offices on Shipboard (continued).

Red Star Line-VinlandKroonlandLaplandVaderlandZeeland

Royal Mail SteamPacket Co.-

AmazonAragonAraguayaAsturiasAvon

SiculaAmericana White Star LineSan GiorgioSan GiovanniSan GuglielmoSan Guiseppi

Societa DiNavigazioneItalia-

AnconaBolognaSienaTaorminaToscanaVerona

AdriaticArabicBalticCanopicCedricCelticCreticCymricLaurenticMajesticMegan ticOceanicOlympicRomanicTeutonicTitanic

Wilson Line-

(),1,)

A List of the Vessels fitted with theMarconi System of Wireless Telegraphysince the above was compiled will be

found on page 92.

By Royal Warrant.

The King Edward VII. Gold Cup

Designed and Made by the

Goldsmiths' & Silversmiths' CompanyLimited

Only Showrooms : 112 Regent Street,London, W.

91

Supplementary list of Marconi TelegraphOffices on Shipboard.

Allan Line -CarthaginianCorinthianIoanianMongolianNumidianParisianPretorianSardinianSicilian

American Line -IlaverfordMerion

AtlanticTransport Line-

ManitouMarquetteMenomineeMesaba

Cie GeneraleTransatlantique

Charles RouxGuadeloupe

*La Champagne'La NavarrePeron

Donaldson Line --CassandraAtheniaSaturnia

La Veloce Line -

ItaliaOceanaSavoia

Leyland Line --

National SteamNavigation Comapany Limited, ofGreece-*Patris

NavigazioneGenerale Italiana

Duca D'Aosta

Peninsular andOriental SteamNavigation Co.-

ChinaEgyptSalsette

HellenicTransatlantic Red Star Line --Steam NavigationCo.- Gothland

SamlandThemistoclesAthinai

92

RotterdamscheLloyd-

GoentorKaroiOphi rRynjaniSindoroTabananTamboraWilis

Societa DiNavigazioneItalia-

Ravenna

StoomvaartMaatschappy" Nederland"-

GrotiusKonig Willem II.Konig Willem III.OrangePrinses JulianaRembrandtVondel

Thompson LineTortona

White Star Line -

AfricAthenicCorinthicIonicMedicPersicRunicSuevic

NAPLES (ITALY)

BERTOLINI'S PALACE

mostits

CENTRALDRAINAGELARGELARGE

THE BERTOLINI'S is "the last word" of modern hotelrefinement with homelike comfort. q Quietest, highestand healthiest situation in the Grifeo Park, commandingmagnificent panoramic views of Vesuvius, Naples and

whole Gulf. q Suites and Bedrooms with Bath and W.C.

STEAM HEATING. ELECTRIC LIGHT. VENTILATIONTO THE SEA. WINTER GARDEN. BAR. VERANDAH

TERRACE. FIVE O'CLOCK TEA. DAILY CONCERTSPARK AND GARDEN. OTIS EXPRESS ELEVATORS

FROM CORSO VITT. EMM.

The "RESTAURANT BERTOLINI" is of world's fameMarconigram and Telegram Address - - BERTOLINI, NAPLESLieber's Code Used. Iut. Telephone N. 820. F. BERTOLINI, Propr.

MADRID

GRAND HOTEL de la PAIX

Full south on the "Puerta del S91"Steam Heating. Baths. Elevator:: :: Courriers and Guides :: ::

FIRST CLASS T. CAPDEVIELLEProprietor

(13

THE

London TelegraphTraining College,

LIMITED.

Morse House, Earl's Court,South Kensington, London,

S.W.

For Wireless, Submarineand Inland Telegraphy,

THE CO L EGL kesiablishedfor seventeen years) has TwoRADIO TELEGRAPH STATIONS

situated about five miles from eachother, licensed by the PostmasterGeneral, and fitted with completeinstallations of the latest types ofinstruments, including Two SETSOr MARCONI'S MULTIPLE TUNERSAND MAGNETIC DETECTORSspecially supplied by MARCONI'sWIRELESS TELEGRAPH COMPANY,LTD., for the training of studentsdesirous of entering their service

Good and LucrativeAppointments

are constantly being secured ByTHE COLLEGE for its students, inboth the WIRELESS AND CABLESERVICES. Many hundreds alreadyobtained.

Au Illustrated Prospectus, con-taining full particulars of the workof the College will be sent on appli-cation to the Secretary, Dept. M.

94

John Jameson's* * THREE STAR

-4C WHISKEYPure Pot Still Whiskey, madefrom the Finest Home-grownMalt and Corn, and celebrated.for its superb quality for more

: : : than loo years. :: : :

By Royal AppointmentDistillers to HIS MAJESTY KING EDWARD VII.

JOHN JAMESON & SON, LIMITEDBow Street Distillery, Dublin

MARCONIWIRELESS APPARATUS FOR

YACHTSAmong those recently equipped:

s.y. "CASSANDRA" s.y. "TEKLA"s.y. "ATALANTA" s.y. "VARUNA"s.y. "IOLANDA" s.y. " N I AG A R A "

s.y. "LYSISTRATA"

Installations carried out byTHE MARCONI INTERNATIONAL MARINE

COMMUNICATION CO., LTD.,Watergate Horse, York Buildings, Adelphi,

LONDON, W.C.

THE

BRITISH SCHOOLOF TELEGRAPHY

The special feature of theTelegraph Services, as com-pared with other Branchesof Electrical Engineering,is the relatively small costand short duration of theperiod of training to attainproficiency, and the easewith which remunerativeappointments can be ob-tained on completion ofthe course. This is sub-stantiated by the list ofappointments obtained byour students within twelvemonths from the commence-ment of their training.

See advertisement page 97

179 Clapham Rd., London, S.W.TELEPHONE : 215 BRIXTON

96

THE

BRITISH SCHOOLOF TELEGRAPHY

The largest, best equipped, and most suc-cessful School in the Kingdom for experttuition in Wireless Telegraphy, Cable-graphy, and Inland Telegraphy.The School is conducted by Principalswho have had years of experience ofpractical Telegraphy.

85% of our Candidatespassed the Government Examination

in Wireless Telegraphydining the past year, followed by goodappointments. Over so appointments ob-tained by our Students in Wireless, Cable,and Inland Telegraph Services during thepast six months. List can be inspectedon application.

DAY AND EVENING CLASSESFees moderate and inclusive

PROSPECTUS FREE ON APPLICATION

179 Clapham Rd., London, S.W.TELEPHONE : 215 BRIXTON

97

Passenger's Notes

0

Passenger's Notes

99

THE

Marconi International MarineCommunication Co., Ltd.

Head Office :

WATERGATE HOUSE, YORK BUILDINGS,ADELPHI, LONDON, W.C.

ALSO

La Compagnie de Telegraphie sans Fil,19 Rue du Champ de Mars,

Brussels.

La Compagnie Francaise Maritime et Colonialede Telegraphie sans Fil,

35 Boulevard des Capucines, Paris.

Compagnia Internazionale Marconi,per le Communicazioni Marittime,

Corso Vittorio Emanuele 315, Rome.

The Marconi Wireless Telegraph Companyof America,

Lords Court Building, 27 William Street,New York, U.S.A.

The Marconi Wireless Telegraph Companyof Canada (Limited),

86 Notre Dame Street, Montreal.

Compania Marconi de Telegrafia SinHilos del Rio de la Plata,

132 San Martin, Buenos Aires.

100

Marconi"Cantilever" Ignition Coil

FOR EFFICIENCY, SIMPLICITY,ECONOMY, RELIABILITY

and HIGH SPEED

ForEnginesof allTypes.

Sole Manufacturers:

Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Co.Limited,

Watergate House, York BuildingsAdelp111, London, W.C.

TELEGRAMS: TELEPHONE:"EXPANSE, LONDON." 14340 CENTRAL.

r=tzi, 510g6 )1162oo q

E polsPi's °LILES DE Let ROPELith D s

t¢t

1.91t

/

1T111011111011111111-tat

...

The Syndicat d'Initiative, 19 Place Bellecour, willsend on application an illustrated guide with numerousphotographs, showing all the curiosities of Lyons andits surroundings.

LYONSis the centre of the most beautiful

Automobile ExcursionsLyons to the Orande Chartreuse

103 kilom. (64 miles)O

Lyons to Aix-les-Rains128 kilom. (79 miles)

Lyons to Clermont-Ferrand178 kilom. (ITO miles)

Lyons to Orenoble106 kilom. (65 miles)

Lyons to Vichy269 kilom. (205 miles)

Lyons to Bourg (Eglise de Brou)62 kilom. (38 miles)

Lyons to les Orottes-de-laBalme, 52 kilom. (32 miles).

102

The

Electric ConstructionCo., Ltd.

MANUFACTURERS OF ELECTRICALPLANT OF EVERY DESCRIPTION

Four of Eight 750-kwt. 6,600 -volt, 3 -phase Alternatorsinstalled at Park Royal Generating Station of the

Great Western Railway.

HEAD OFFICE:Dashwood House,

9 New Broad Street,LONDON.

WORKS:BUSHBURY,

WOLVERHAMPTON.

LIVERPOOL to NEW YORK & BOSTONTUESDAY and SATURDAY, calling at QUEENSTOWN,

NEW YORK & BOSTON to LIVERPOOLTUESDAY, WEDNESDAY and SATURDAY.

Steamers leaving NEW YORK on Wednesdays call at FISHGUARD only.Other NEW YORK Steamers call at QUEENSTOWN and FISHGUARO.

BOSTON Steamers call at QUEENSTOWN only.

CUNARD HUNGARIAN -AMERICAN LINEREGULAR TWIN-SCREW PASSENGER SERVICE BETWEEN

FIUME and NEW YORK,Calling at PALERMO, NAPLES & GIBRALTAR Westbound.GIBRALTAR, GENOA, NAPLES & TRIESTE Eastbound.

THE CUNARD STEAM SHIP COMPANY LIMITED,LONDON ... 63 Bishopsgate . St., E C., al.('

29-30 Cockspur Street, S.W.MANCHESTER ... 98 Mosley Street.GLASGOW ... 30 Jamaica Street.LEITH ... ... Exchange Buildings.GRE KNOCK ... 2 Brymner Street.QUSENSTOWN ... Cunard Wharf.BEDFAST 4/Queens Square.NEW YORK ... 21 to 24 State Street.BOSTON.. ... ... 126 State Street.CHICAGO ... ... 67 Dearborn Street.MINNEAPOLIS... Metropolitan Building.PHILADELPHIA 606 Chestnut Street.SAN FRANCISCO 42 Powell StreetWINNIPEG ... 349 Main St., roe. Portage AveST. LOUIS ... 219 N.10th St., 9 W. cor. (Hive.PARIS 2 bis, Rue Scribe.HAVRE 23 Quai d'Orlearis.FIUME ... ... Royal Hungarian Sea Nay.

Co., " Adria" Ltd.TRIESTE .. ... Schroder S Co.

GENOA ... ... Carlo Figoli.NAPLES ... Nicola Ferolla.PALERMO ... V. AdelSa & Bro.GIBRALTAR M. H. Bland & Co . Ltd.

Thos. Cook & Son. "ALEXANDRIA Rododamiehi & Co.CAIRO ... Thos. Cook & Son.VIENNA ... Karntnerring,4.BREMEN .. Harry Cohen.NICE ... 13 Rue Hotel des Poste,LUCERNE ... U. Frey-duidter.BASLE . Anglo-Contineutales

Reiss -BureauMONTREUX U Frey-Suldter.ROME Via Condotti, 20BERLIN Karl Riesel, IiOa linter

den Linden. (Brouckere.BRUSSELS ... V Bull 26 PlaceHAMBURG ... 15 Ferdinandstrasse.ROTTERDAM 22 GlashavenANTWERP ... Raydt & Bruyn reels.

8 S 12 WATER STREET, and 1 & 3 Ra NIFORD Sensor, LIVERPOOL.