Death in Minutes Rescue Techniques From Cinfined Spaces
Transcript of Death in Minutes Rescue Techniques From Cinfined Spaces
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eath
in
Minutes
Rescue Techniques from Confined Spaces
TRAINER'S GUIDE
Author: Sean
Gallagher
Videotel Productions
84
Newman 5[[eer
Lo
ndon W IT
3EU UK
Tel: +44 (0)20 7299 1800
F
ax: +4
4 (0)20
7299
1818
Emai l: m
ai
l
@vi
deotelma
il.
com
Videoee P rodu
ceio
ns
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]
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DEATH IN MINUTES
Rescue Techniques from Confined Spaces
A VIDEOTEL PRODUCTION
The Producers would like to acknowledge the assistance of:
THE MASTER, OFFICERS AND CREW
OF
MV GRAFTON AND MV MELUSINE
Associated British Ports - Immingham and Port Talbot
BP Shipping Ltd
Caltee Safety Ltd
Chevron Manning Services Ltd
Chevron Shipping Company Lic
Euroship Services
Exxror Terminal
Humberside Fire Brigade
lACS
International Maritime Organization
Knutsen Oas Shipping As
Lincolnshire Ambulance Service
Princess Cruises
Shell International Trading Shipping Co Ltd
Zodiac Maritime Agencies
CONSULTANTS:
DON BOOTLE
STEPHEN CHAPMAN
PRINT
PRODUCER:
BARBARA STEINBERG
PRINT AUTHOR:
SEAN GALLAGHER
PRODUCER:
ROBIN JACKSON
VIDEO WRITER/DIRECTOR: GEORGE
BEKES
Warning:
Any
nnaulhofised copying. hiring, lendi
ng,
exhibirion diffusion,
sale
, public performance
or
other
exp
loita r on
of
this video is srried 1 prohibited
and may
r
esu
lr in prosecucion.
COPYRIGHT Video,e! 2003
Th is video
is
intended [Q
refl
ect the bes t available techniques J
nd
pracrices at [he rime of production, ir is intended purdy as
comrnc.:m.
o responsibiliry is accepted by Videocd,
or
by
any firm ,
co
rporation
or
organ isa tion who [ which has been in lny way concern
ed,
wirh rhe producrion
or au
h
o rised translarion, su ppl y or saJc
of this
video
for
acc ur
acy
or
any
information given hereon or
for
any
omission hercfrom.
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Contents
Page
1. Introduction
1
1.1
Who
this training package is aimed at
1.2 How to use this Trainer's Guide and the video 1
2. Rescuing
someone
from a confined space 6
2.1 What is a confined space?
6
2.2
The
need for special rescue techniques in confined spaces
7
2.3
When
to go in
to
rescue someone -
and
when to wait! 8
3. Rescue equipment 10
3.1 Essential rescue equipment 10
3.2 Special rescue equipment for different types
of
vessels
11
3.3 Care and maintenance of rescue equipment 11
3.4 Safe use of rescue equipment
11
4. Rescue
in
an emergency
12
4
.1
Basic rules in dealing with an emergency rescue 12
4.2 Assessing the situation 12
4.3 Making the area safe 14
4.4 Safety checklist 14
4.5 Major accidents and getting help
14
4.6 Multiple casualties 14
4.7 Fire
15
4.8 Smoke and fumes
15
4.9 Electrical hazard
15
4.10
If
a rescuer gets cramp or claustrophobia
15
5. Emergency first aid 16
5.1 Basic rules 16
5.2 Medical kit
16
5.3 Deciding when to treat a casualty
16
5.4 Assessing the casualty
17
5.5 How to give Rescue Breaths
17
5.6 Chest compressions 18
5.7 Recovery Position 18
5.8 Shock
19
5.9 Bleeding
19
6. Techniques for moving
an
injured person &om a confined space
20
6.1 Preparing the injured person for evacuation 20
6.2 Moving a casualty ftom a confined space quickly 21
6.3 Hoisting or lowering an injured person
23
7. Rescues
in
special conditions
25
8. Evacuating
an
injured person by helicopter
25
9. Practicing the techniques you have learned
26
9.1 Individual practice exercises 26
9.2 Practice exercises for pairs 26
9.3 Group practice exercises 26
9.4 Group discu
ss ion
27
10. Assessment questions
27
11.
Further
information
and
reading
30
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i eo t l roductions
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1
Introduction
Every year people have to be rescued from confined spaces aboard ship. Sometimes they have fallen and
are unconscious. Sometimes they have been overcome by fumes. Whatever the cause of the accident, the
injured or unconscious person
w ll
need
to
be removed from the confined space
as
soon
as is
safely
possible, while ensuring he receives no further harm, and - most
importantly
- without endangering the
rescue party.
In
recent years political tensions and heightened security around the world means there has been a big
rise in the
number
of vessels boarded and searched, both in harbours or at sea. Authorities in many
countries,
whether
Government agencies or military forces, are increasingly searching ships for dangerous
materials, smuggled weapons, drugs, illegal immigrants and
other
contraband cargoes.
Stricter safety regulations in force in many territorial waters are also bringing about more frequent
inspections of vessels by enforcement officers. Shipping companies, roo, are increasingly requiring
Masters to conduct more inspections of their own vessels to comply with tighter regulations and security
and so avoid suffering possible delays, or even fines, in foreign ports. Whatever the reasons for a search or
inspection, it
is
the responsibility
of
the Master to ensure the safety of a search party,
whether
they be
crew members or outsiders.
Since it is likely, therefore, that in the future more people will be going
into
confined spaces in your
vessel more often, one result will
be
that the chances of someone getting injured in a confined space on
your ship, and needing to be rescued, have become greater.
t
is important therefore, that
as
many of
your crew
as
possible are trained to conduct a safe and efficient rescue from a conf ined space. They may
need to use that skill sooner than you think.
The law
Many flag states have legislation requiring drills simulating the rescue of a person from a dangerous space
to be regularly carried out.
In
the
UK
the law requires these drills to be carried out every two
months
with each drill noted in the log book see page 30 for further information). Although other countries
may have different regulations concerning the frequency of such drills , it is
important
to regularly
practice rescue from confined spaces drills.
1.1 Who this training package s aimed at
D
ea
th in Minutes
-
Rescue Techniqu s rom onfined Spaces is a training package aimed at mariners and
marine installation workers
on
all types
of
vessel
or maritime
installations. t
is
also suitable for others
who have to enter confined spaces, such
as
surveyors, port inspectors, anti-drug smuggling agents, and
shipyard workers.
Whatever type of vessel the accident happens on, the methods of safely and speedily evacuating the
injured person from a confined space will be similar.
1.2
ow
to use this Trainer s Guide and the video
One person should be appointed to be the Trainer. To get maximum benefit from using this training
package with a group, the Trainer should follow as closely as possible the instructions set out. For this
particular tr aining package, the Trainer has a very
important
function in
running
the training session
and
a key role in
managing
the active participation of the group
attending
it.
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Using the Trainer s Guide
Firstly, before watching the video, you , the Trainer, s
hould
read this Trainer's
Guide
right through to the
end. You will need to be certain you fully understand everything in it in order
to
be able to successfully
run training sessions
on
rescuing people from confined spaces.
The video,
Death in
Minutes an important note
It is important for you to know that this training video is presented in a different way to mo st other
Video tel training videos. The video,
Death in Minutes
does not simply show live action
demon
strations
of what to do. Instead,
Death in Minutes
aims to:
• capture
and
hold the attention of the group being trained
through
showing a 'true story' drama of
how a real rescue became necessary on board a vessel
• emphasise the deadly dangers of not following the correct procedures for
working
in confined
spaces
• show examples of the sort
of
mistakes which can lead to an
injury
happening in a confined space
• provide you, the Trainer, with a series
of
opportunities to start discussions with the training group
about the sort
of
things that can go wrong on a ship and which may lead to a rescue having
to
take place from a confined space.
First of all, therefore, you will be using the video to stimulate interest
amongst
the training group in the
subject of rescue techniques from confined spaces. Then , from the knowledge and examples you have
learned from the Guide , you will be able to move
on
to discussing with the group how accidents can
happen in confined spaces and, using those examples, you can then go on
to
teach them the basic
techniques
of
how ro safely rescue a casualty from a confined space. So before you run a training session,
it
is
important that you are completely familiar with the contents of the video and with the
Trainer's Guide.
Using this Trainer s Guide and the video together
t is
essential that you
understand
how the key scenes in the video
link
up with corresponding sections in
the Guide . At the end of particular scenes you will need to put the video temporarily
on
'pause' , and take
a few minutes to ask those in the training
group
qu estions about what they have just watched in that
scene.
You
should get
them
to
discuss
what
the different characters have
done
- either right
or
wrong
and
how events might have been handled better.
Th ere are 20 such key scenes in the video, listed in the chart (on the next page). Before you run
the training session, play the video on the VCR you will be using in the session
and note
the
counter number
for the end of each scene on the chart. These counter numbers
or
timings (depending
on
the make of the VCR) will be your markers for starting the
group
discussions
about
each
of
the
key scenes.
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Key scene nd
of
scene xamples
of
issues
Minutes/seco nds for discussion
y
group
or counter-number
•
Procedures for receiving
non-crewmembers aboard?
l.
Search Party (SP) coming aboard
•
Identification?
•
Safety briefing?
2. Master's discussion with SP leader • Safety briefing?
·
• Master s instructions?
SP leader's command
of
his party?
3
Master's continued discussion • Safety of access for SP to bilges,
with SP leader
about
the search
·
steering flat
and other
spaces?
Safety
equipment
on SP?
•
Safety briefing?
•
Permits?
•
Identification?
members on fo'c's'le
4
Second mate meeting two SP
• Reporting presence of strangers
to Master?
5.
Master's continued discussion with
•
Mastet's handling
of
the matter?
SP leader about the search •
SP leader's plan for the search?
•
Does Master know how many in SP?
•
Communications with
SP?
6
SP members in fo'c 's'
le room
•
Behaviour?
•
Safety equipment?
•
Safety briefing?
•
Permits?
• Precautions?
tank
7.
SP member going down forepeak
• Safety gear?
•
Precautions?
forepeak tank to help his mate
8
Second SP member going into
•
Safety gear?
9
Emergency alarm going off
•
Ship's emergency procedure?
•
Does everyone in
the
group
know
the procedure?
10. Second Mate
stopping
SP leader • Right or wrong?
going
down
forepeak tank
•
Hurry up!!' - right
or
wrong?
1. Rescue team going down tank
•
No
hard hats
on
rescuers?
•
Who is
counting the
number
of
rescuers going down?
• Who should be treated first? What
injuries take priority?
•
Why
air given
to
one
man and
not
the other? How do you decide?
•
Should rescuers have
made
an
assessment
and
reported
to
First Officer?
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12. Stretcher rope not long enough • Has your ship's rescue equipment
been tested?
• What
lessons can be learned from
this scene?
13. Second Mate giving instructions
on
how to use stretcher
•
Should crew know how to use
stretcher?
·
No tag lines (for guiding up
stretcher) ?
14. SP members lifted through hatch
•
Should stretcher rope have been
attached to a rail or pipe?
• What
First Aid to be given?
•
What
happens next?
15. SP casualty having his pulse checked
•
Is
that the correct way to take
someone's pulse?
•
If
still alive, how
do
you get him up
on deck?
16. Master ordering SP members in
engine room to be sent to bridge
•
Why
does nobody know where
they
are?
•
Proper procedures?
17. Injured SP
member
with broken leg
·
Why
is
it taking so long for
someone to find him?
18. Using winch over hatch
·
Do
crew know how to set up and
use one?
•
an one be improvised?
19. Injured SP
member
being treated
by medics
and
fire service
•
If
this occurred
at
sea could crew
deal with
it?
•
Where
is
medical kit kept?
20. Master and First Mate reviewing
rescue procedure
•
What
else went wrong?
•
Do all crew know how to get
someone
out
of
a double -
bottomed tank?
Each of the above scenes raises many more issues and questions about safety and rescue procedures in
confined spaces. Use each the examples given for each scene to start
off
the discussion amongst the group
during
the training session.
If
necessary, re-run any scene again so the group can check what happened
and make suggestions about what should have been done.
unning
training session
Assemble the group who are to be trained and explain the importance of the subject
as
set
out
in the
Introduction section). Explain how the training session will
be
structured (watching th e video, discussing
what
they have seen, going through the Guide,
and
so on). Tell them there will be role-playing exercises
during
the session (make this sound like it will
be
fun.
You
may
want
to offer small prizes ). Let the
group
know
that there will also be a quiz at the end
of
the session, to make certain everyone has
understood the basic techniques
of
rescuing someone from a confined space and how to use the ship's
rescue equipment.
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Now
let the group watch the video right
through
, from start to finish
and
without
interruption
At
the
end, ask each of the
group what
they thought of it and what they have learned from it.
Now
re-run the video again, this time
stopping
it
at
the
end of
each
of
the key scene
s
Discuss
with
the
group
the safety
and
rescue issues
touched on
in each scene. After each scene ask them:
• what was
done
correctly?
•
what
was
done
incorrectly?
•
who
should have
done
what?
•
what
would you, the
uaining
group, have
done
differently?
•
what
precautions s
hould
have been taken?
• which
of
the events
shown
could just as easily happen on board
your
ve
ss
el?
•
did
anyone notice any
other
examples
of
bad
or
dangerous practices?
Encourage everyone in the training group to
point
out at any time while the video
is running if
they see
any
other
examples
of
bad practice.
L
as
tly, after
watching
the video
through
for the second time
and
having discussed
all
the things
which
went
wrong, you should ask each of the
group how
easily -
or
not
- could
e ch
o them
perform
a rescue
similar to the
one
they
had just
seen?
The next stage of the training exercise is to go
through
this
Guide
with
them
in detail, section by section.
Have
available examples
of your
ship's rescue equipment to demonstrate.
At
particular sections of the
Guide
you can perform some of the role-playing exercises to highlight
important
aspects
of
rescue
techniques (see Section 9 for examples of exercises) . Keep asking questions to different
members of
the
group
about what
you have
just
been talking
about or
demonstrating
- i t will ensure their
attention
remains focused.
At the
end
of the training session give each of the
group
a
photocopied
copy
of
the quiz
on
page 27. Use
the results to check
that
everyone has
understood what
you have been teaching
them
from the
Guide
egular practice can save lives
Nobody
can really learn rescue techniques from
just
a Trainer's
Guide
like this,
or
even from
watching
the video.
These
are simply the means
of
getting crew
members
t
think
about the emergency rescue situations they
may someday
have to deal with.
t
is important
for crewmembers to
conduct
regular practice exercises
on
how
to
rescue a casualty from
within
a confined space.
t
is also
important
- and required
by law -
to
practice
how t
give first aid. Practicing rescue
and
first aid skills
might
someday help save someone's life - perhaps yours
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2 escuing someone from a conrmed space
2 1 What
is a
confined
space?
A confined space can be regarded
as
any area:
• where there are limited openings for entry or exit
• where there
is poor
natural ventilation
• where the air or atmosphere may be unbreathable or explosive
• where there
is
potential for an inrush
of
material and a person becoming buried or submerged
• where there may be poten tial for becoming trapped
• which has not been designed for occupancy by people.
onfined
spaces
on
a vessel can include:
• boilers or other pressure vessels
• void spaces
• pump rooms
• cargo holds
• ballast, oil or gas tanks
• duct keels
• crankcases
• double
bottom
tanks especially under the engine
room
space)
• fore and aft peaks
• tics where the framing gets gradually smaller)
• cofferdams
•
pump rooms
•
engine room bilge spaces
•
deep tanks
•
steering flats
•
shaft runnels.
Some
of
the dangers associated with confined spaces include lack of air or light, poisonous or
inflammable fumes, very high or low temperatures, slippery surfaces and falling objects.
Confined spaces are not the only dangerous areas in a ship,
as
there are hazards on deck and in
machinery spaces
as
well. However, if an accident does happen in a confined space, the rescuers will fInd
it more difficult and hazardous to move about and they will have to move more slowly
as
shown with the
casualties in the forepeak tank shown in the video.
he Videotel training package
ntering Into
nclosed Spaces shows the precautions and procedures that
should be followed before entering a confined space
t
undertake normal duties. Ideally, crewmembers
should have already seen the video before attending this training session.
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Permits to
Come
board Permits
of
Entry into Enclosed Spaces
Some sbipping companies operate a system requiring Permits to Come Aboard to be issued on their
vessels, which require the provision of a Health and Safety briefin
g as
well
as
issuing Permits of Entry to
those
wanting
to
go into the ship's confined spaces.
Legislation
in
the UK,
in
accordance with MC , requires an assessment to be made of the risks from
work
activities in enclosed spaces. This must rake
into
account the task to be done, the equipment used
and the people who are going in, so as to es tab lish the controls required to minimise or eliminate the
risks. If entry into an enclosed space is unavoidable then it is the Master's responsibility to set up a safe
sys tem of work, including the issuing of Permits, and to ensure that
emer
gency evacuation arrangements
are in place. The
sys
tem should
be
geared towards specific risks, namely:
• fire or explosion
• lo
ss
of
consciousness
or
as
phyxiation
• drowning or entrapment
Usually Permits of
Entry not
only authorise
entry
to a confined space,
but
can also set
out
rules and
conditions, such as:
• location of the confined space
• work to be carried out
• who will carry out the work
• what part or partS of the vessel will be affected
• any shutting down required, either electrical or mechanical
•
monitoring
and testing to be done
• breathing apparatus required
• duration of the Permit
• any changes allowed to the specified work
• circumstances allowing cancellation of tbe Permit
• emergency evacuation equipment to be on hand
• where there
is
a danger of toxic atmosphere then sufficient sets of breathing apparatus to be
provided, along with safety belts, ropes and winches, and preferably also gas monitors, along with
ventilation fans
and duct
s and a communication system
• who will be stationed at the entrance to the confined space while the
work
party is inside it.
2 2
The need for special rescue techniques in confined spaces
As the entrance hatches to confined spaces are often very small, it can be difficult to pass rescue
equipment such as stre tchers and breathing apparatus tbrough or to evacuate an injured person from
them. In some confined spaces the entrance hatch may be as smal l as just O.Sm (18 inches).
The atmosphere and physical conditions inside the conflOed space may also be hazardous, and there may
be
other
potential dangers, such
as
flammable materials. t can also be difficult to lift someone up and
even more difficult to manoeuvre
them round
a tight corner
or
carry
them
to
a hatch. Walkie-talkie
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radios may not work deep below decks. There may be no lights except for the (Orch you are carrying.
Would-be rescuers hunched up in the small space may themselves have a sudden a((ack of cramp or
claustrophobia. In a confined space, the lack of room makes it
much
more difficult to carry out normal
rescue techniques.
U
of these circumstances mean that special techniques need
0
be used to evacuate an
injured person
0
safety.
2 3 When to
go
in to rescue
someone
- and
when
to wait
Often , would-be rescuers fail
to
see
that the situation around a casualty is still dangerous for others - and
have paid the price of failing
0
do
so
with their lives. Before attempting
0
rescue an injured person from
a confined space -
stop
First, make a careful assessment of the situation, and then decide your course of
action. The assessment must be realistic however hard that might be
on
the fate of the casualty. If you do
not truly believe that you can safely reach and rescue the casualty - then you probably can't o not end
up a dead hero. Instead, do the clever thing - go and get help.
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Real Life Case Study : Death - the penalty for failing to think ahead
Failing to properly assess the dangers in confined spaces and rushing to help in an emergency without
first thinking the situation through, are two serious offences - and both can carry a death penalry!
'
and then there were fourl': A real-life and death case study
During the shipyard refurbishment of a SSm barge, the work team's supervisor opened three of the
hatches
t
the vessel's nine holds, telling one of [he workmen that he was going down
t
check for cracks
in the hull. They did not know that none
of
the hatches had been opened for two years .
one down
After a while the workman realised he had not seen his boss come back up again. He shouted down one
of the hatches, but getting no response thought perhaps his supervisor had m aybe come up unnoticed.
The
workman mentioned the mysterious disappearance to one of the other supervisors and continued
searching. Looking down another hatch he spotted a stationary flashlight beam and, further along, he
was dimly able
t
make out the sprawled shape of his supervisor lyi
ng
at the far end of the hold .
three down
The
workman raised the alarm and with one
of
his mates standing by the hatch to give a
hand
, he went
down into the hold to help his supervisor. Just then, a loader operator also coming to help saw the
workman by the hatch suddenly slump forward and
fall
in. Thinking fast, he ran back to alert others
about what had happened
four down
Returning with another supervisor, the loader operator was given a rope and told to go down into the
hold. Reaching the bottom, he collapsed unconscious
as well
Taking a deep breath, the supervisor
himself climbed into the hold. Finding four unconscious men down there he quickly returned on deck
and used his radio to call for yet more assistanc
e.
When
help arrived, the supervisor took another deep breath and again went down into the hold with a
rope . The res cue parry then pulled up the unconscious men one by one, with the last out being the first
supervisor. He was dead, asphyxiated from lack of oxygen in the hold.
How it happened .. . and how it could have been avoided
An investigation later revealed that the air in the holds, which had been unopened for two years,
contained just 16 oxygen. Those holds should therefore have been classed as 'confi ned spaces' and
been:
• identified
as
such
• prohibited from entry by signs or other means
• subject to a written 'confined entry' programme, detailing everyone's responsibilities, safe work
procedures, lockout, verification and testing, ventilation, standby persons, rescues, lifelines,
harnesses, lifting equipment and co-ordination ofwork activities.
If these measures had been in place then the supervisor would not have died, nor would three of his
workmates have come close to death. Also, every year half of those killed on board have died because
they rushed to the rescue of another crew member without having first made a proper assessment of the
situation.
Think
ahead - or end up dead
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escue equipment
3 1 Essential rescue
quipm nt
• Respirators. These will usually be Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA), approved for entry
into an oxygen-deficient atmosphere. Some SCBA sets can be attached to an external airline as
well
as
using its own air tanks. However,
CNG-type
external airlines (usually connected to the
SCBA
with a bayonet-style fining) can be heavy and awkward, and can cause difficulty for a
rescuer moving
around
a confined space. t is better instead to have
SCBA
sets equipped with
double masks. It is
important
to know that most types of SCBA only
contain about 40 minutes
of
air, and probably a lot less if the user is breathing fast and deep. If the rescuer is sharing the set
with a casualty then the air supply is halved again.
• Resuscitators, with oxygen supply, and
preferably of the MARS type
Manual Automatic
Resuscitation System). A resuscitator can feed regular
and
measured bursts
of
air or oxygen to a
casualty, using either a
hand
or battery-operated pump
• Aspirator, for sucking out and removing fluid, dirt or other material blocking the windpipe of a
casualty
• Body ptotection, such as tough overalls, with suitable pockets for tools and other items, ideally
also with fluorescent sections, or marked with reflective tape, for easy identification
• Foot protection, with steel toecaps (200 joules
is
recommended, although
standards vary in
differe
nt
countries), good grip and oil resistant
• Protective headgear and safety goggles
• Torches with lanyards
• Headlamps
• Axes
• Ropes
• Rescue hoists
• Blocks or pulleys
• Defibrillator, to electrically stimulate a heart which has stopped beating (although there needs to
be great caution when using electrical devices in certain enclosed spaces, for example when the
atmosphere may be combustible).
• Stretchers
• Harness for hoisting someone up
• First aid kit
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3 2 Special rescue
equipment needed
for different types
of
vessels
Particular types of vessel will often need to carry special rescue
equipment.
Nuclear-powered vessels, for
example, will carry geiger counters, radiation suits,
decontamination
packs
and TLD
badges for
monitoring
radiation levels. Rescuers going into a confined space which may be
contaminated with
radiation
might
also wear dosimeter badge
s,
which display a digital reading
of
radiation levels.
LNG
tankers
may
also carry extra
equipment
such
as
additional firefighting items
and
medical antidotes
t nitrogen inhalation
or
damage t the eyes. Tankers
should
also carry explosimeters
and
suitable gas
detectors .
Should
a vessel regularly carry a potentially dangerous cargo, for example,
drums
of toxic
or
corrosive
materials, then special rescue tools and other appropriate items, such
as
toxic
monitors which
can be
worn by crewmembers, along with
more
specific
and
suitable medical supplies, may be
added
t a vessel's
standard equipment so
that
any spillage, leakages or accident can be better dealt with.
3 3
are and maintenance
of
rescue
equipment
• Manufacturers' instructions
should
be
kept with
each item of
equipment. These
need to be used
during
the training sessions to familiarise the training group
with
the
equipment
as there will be
no
time to read the instructions
when
an emergency actually
happens
•
All
rescue
equipment should
be checked regularly to ensure all items are there
and that
everything
is in full working order
• Battery-powered items
should
have their batteries changed every three months
• All items
with
moveable parts
should
be fully tested every three months
• Oxygen cylinders should be checked monthly
• Rescue ropes should have a usage and date tag at one end,
and
be stored and carried in special
rope bags
or
spools.
It is very important to regularly
maintain and
check all rescue
equipment. Remember
the confusion and
delay seen in the video
when
it was discovered
that
the rope attached to the stretcher was
to short
to
reach the
bottom of
the tank! Just one
unnoticed
defect in one item
of
rescue
equipment
could result in
someone s death.
3 4
Safe use
of
rescue
equipment
Some
items of rescue equipment require special training to use.
There should
be a list of such items
detailing which crewmembers have been trained
t
use them. As
many
crewmembers
as
possible
should
be trained in using all items of rescue equipment and there should be regular refresher tra ining sessions.
Those
using rescue
equipment should
understand their limitations. Remember, for example,
that most
types of SCBA usually only
hold
about 40
minutes
of air,
and
even less
if
the user
is
breathing quickly
and
deeply in hot
or
difficult
conditions
. Similarly, Emergency Escape Breathing Devices (EEBD)
only
contain
between 10 t 15
minutes
of air,
and should
therefore
only
ever be used in emergency escape
situations rather than by rescuers.
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escue in
an
emergency
4.1 rules
dealing
with
an emergencyrescue
to theemergency to help casualty
• Alert
• thearea
to
Stopothersenteringbeforethe rescue team arrives
adistance
or
even fromoutsidethe
L V l l 1 l 1 I L U
space
to
enter
space, theareaaround the
• If
sure
at
leastone personremains atall times attheentranceto
space
condition
if
it is
to
him.
Assess the
and examine scenecarefully
situation
• Understandwhat beforeyou takeaction
• Lookfor toyourselfand injured person
t
ask
him what
also helps t stayconscious
aidon the casualty-
but
only
if
you arecercain
what
to
do
• If it is
thisemergency. Most
a and
you should
know
t
IS.
• Carry out
A are to:
• IdentifYany
t
himselfor to the
• Assess
S II1
Y IJ U I IL
• Work
out aplan how
t
theinjuredpersonout and what or
• Assess
he
arushedrescue
attempt
resultin therescuers!
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Real Life Case Study 2: Before you rush to help - stop Your life depends on it
It's a natural
human
instinct
if
you see a crew mate in danger to immediately rush to their aid. To
stand
still
and
assess the situation can be very hard. But
on one
vessel several crewmembers died
and
others
were injured because they all rushed to help a crew mate in difficulties - before anyone
knew what
was
causing the danger.
It s only dirty water
The Bosun and ten deckhands were
working on
a 3000 tonne deep sea trawler, hauling in a last
30 tonne
net of pilchards before
making
for port after four weeks fishing off the coast of Mauritius. With the lower
hold
already nearly full, it would be necessary to store this final load in
one
of the vessel's six stern
refrigerated seawater (RSW) tanks, located along the
port
and starboard sides
of the
caged fish processing
area.
As
the tanks
had not
been cleaned since at least the last voyage,
the
Third Engineer came aft to
pump one out
before the fish were stored away.
When
he opened the
tank
doors, a surge of dirty black
water gushed
out
into the caged area
around
him
.
s
the foul water swilled
about
the Engineer
suddenly
collapsed face
down
into it.
They ran to help, and ran to their deaths
A
deckhand
saw
what happened and
called
out as
he and
another crewmember
ran
into
the cage to help.
The
Bosun
and another
deckhand rushed to the edge of the cage to see
what
was happening.
When
the
first two crewmembers reached the Engineer they also collapsed unconscious into the foul water.
The
Bosun, too, began to
feel
faint,
and
then his
companion
next to
him
collapsed
as
well. Five
men
now lay
unconscious, three of them floating in the water from the
RSW
tank.
And then seven then eight and then nine
The
rest
of
the deck party
now
began to realise there was
something wrong with
the air in the cage area.
One ran to the bridge for the self-contained
breathing
apparatus (SCBA), while
another ran
t get the
Skipper. A third
man
came aft from the hold to
fll1d out
why the fish
had stopped coming down on
the
conveyor belt. Seeing the three bodies floating in the water in the cage he
went in
to try
t
drag
them
out. He,
toO
collapsed unconscious
into
the water. Two
more
crewmembers came to the stern and,
seeing the casualties, they rushed to help before they too began t feel dizzy and
had
to stagger back.
'For Chrissake, it s bloody empty '
The
Mate
and
other
crewmembers had
now come on
the scene, along with the
crewmember
carrying
the
SCBA.
There
was angry frustration when it was discovered the
SCBA
could
not
be used to rescue
the
men
because its airtank was empty
Confusion continued
when the Fishing
Mate
arrived from the bridge
and, ignoring
all
warnings, rushed towards the cage, where he too collapsed. Ten
men
were
now
down.
Three invisible killers - gas, unthinking haste, and bad maintenance
At
the
inquiry into
the accident it was found
that
the foul water locked in the
RSW tank
had been
contaminated
with scraps
of rotten
fish which, left swilling
about
for weeks, had caused a chemical
reaction which produced toxic gasses - including hydrogen cyanide
When
the water was released to gush
out into the fish processing area, the hydrogen cyanide also escaped into the air in the cage. As well
as
the
Third
Engineer, two
of
the
men who
first ran to help
him
also died,
with another
eight crewmembers
being injured
during
the series of rescue attempts. The
inquiry
also said casualties
would
have been fewer
if
the
SCBA with
the
empty
air
tank had
been properly maintained.
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4.3
Making
area safe
from any
•
put
yourself at
remove him away from it.
Protect from any further danger. If
is
still in
could still again. you
a action such
as
or
the area safe. Sometimes you may to
more
to
If you cannot remove the
4 4
Safety checklist
or
condition
remove away from
there is to the casualty. If that
is
not
try
to
move or
then try
to
move [he
are some the a confined space
to
ou to
to rescue someone :
an you think
of
any questions you need
t
ask specifically in connection wi th your
nd
its
confined
Think
casualty our of the space.
how
you can recover siruation and still
wrong
with
plan you have Uf{ ) r lu < i
about how you can
Major accidents
and
getting help
]f
there has in the
you
accurate assessment
and sort of
space, or
if
you
ship s
sort of
injuries
help with a smaller
then
4.6 Multiple casualties
you are not a you can
on
the
what you
wrong
decision
on
who should be treated first
nobody
will criticise you
are rescued or
a
your
it is bener
0
do to
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4 7 ire
Without
putting yourse lf at risk, get the injured person out of the
confined
space
and
away from the fire
s
quickly
s
possible. Close ll hatches behind you to try to contain
the
fire. Get help to fight the fire.
4 8
Smoke and fumes
Never
enter
a
smoke or
fume-filled confined space without special protective
equipment and
a
supporting
rescue team.
If
it
is
going to take longer
than
four
minutes
t remove a casualty from a
smoke or
fume-filled space
then
you
must
try to get air to
him
instead .
After
four
minutes without
air a casualty
may
suffer brain
damage. However, it
is
even
more
difficult to get
through
a
hatch and
move
about
in a
confined
space
with
a respirator. You
must
also consider
whether
you need to take a
second mask attached
to
your
respirator for
the
casualty
to
use.
Consider whether
you need
to
take
an extended
air lead. Think
ahead. Remember,
if
you are
sharing
your
respirator
wi
th
a casualty
then
you are halving
your
air
supply and
you may
only
have
eight or
ten minutes to get
yourself and the
casualty
Ollt
of the space.
Finally, never, ever, take
off
your
respirator
mask in
a fume-filled space (only ever take
off
your
SCBA
cylinder
pack if
it is absolutely necessary so
s
to be able to squeeze
through
a small
hatch
-
but
never
ever remove
your
mask )
4 9 lectrical hazard
If
a casualty has been electrocuted, the
current
may have caused his heart to
stop
beating
and
he
may
also have suffered burns.
Contact
with high-voltage
current
usually
means instant death and
severe
burns. The casualty
may
be
twitching if he
is still in
contact
with the
current.
High-voltage current
might also have flung
the
casualty some distance from the source of the live electricity. f possible,
turn
off
the source of the electricity.
Do not touch
the casualty
until
you are completely certain he
and
the
area
around
him is
safe.
4 10 f
the rescuer gets cramp or claustrophobia
t
has been
known
for rescuers in confined spaces to
suddenly
have an
attack
of
cramp or
claustrophobia.
Cramp can quickly
come
upon you in a confined space because you are
hunched up
and sweating in the
heat. Usually
cramp
is felt
s
painful spasms in the calves of the legs, the arms
or stomach.
Resting for a
minute,
moving into a position where the leg
or arm
can be straightened
and
gently stretching the
muscles affected can relieve cramp.
Claustrophobia is
the
sudden
onset
of
an overwhelming feeling
of
fear
and
panic, and brings
on an
overpowering urge to get
out
of
the confined space
s
quickly
s
possible.
Claustrophobia
can develop
because the rescuer is already mentally stressed and his body's nervous system is
pumping
adrenalin into
him,
and
then
this
is
made worse by the heat, lack
of
air and darkness in the confined space. A severe
attack of claustrophobia in a person may resemble an epileptic fit. Be gentle and reassuring
with someone
experiencing claustrophobia,
and
try to calm
him
down.
The most
effective cure for clauStrophobia
is
for
the person experiencing it to
understand
why it
is
happening. Even
if
the feeling does
not
go away it can
be better con trolled
if
you
understand what
is causing the claustrophobia
and
the feeling of panic.
Claustrophobia
may also be controlled by closing the eyes for a
minute
and taking deep, slow breaths.
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5.
mergency First id
5 1 Basic rules
There
are four basic,
imporrant,
rules you need
to
understand
for treating an injured person at sea:
1.
Always assume a casualty to be rescued from a confined space
is
still alive
2. Treat the most serious
condition
first, such
as
unconsciousness
3.
If
faced with a medical
problem that is
beyond the skill
of
anyone
on
board, get
on
the radio
straight away
and
get expert advice
4.
Don t
guess. Unless you are completely certain
about
the correct medical
treatment to
give
ro
an
injured person
then
go back to Rule (c).
The
Videotel training packages,
First
i
Parts
and 2
can provide mariners with a good understanding
of
how to diagnose
and
treat the most
common
medical problems
that
can be
encountered
on board a
vessel.
5 2 Medical
kit
All companies provide their vessels with a
standard
medical kit.
t is the
Master's responsibiliry to ensure
that
there
is
such a medical kit
on
board and that it
is
complete .
Most
items in a medical kit will contain
instructions. Follow the instructions carefully when using the item ro treat a casualry. If you are
not
certain how ro treat a casualry then first get medical advice over the radio.
Every ship should always carry the latest edition of the Ship Captain s Medical Guide/International
Medical
Guide
for
Ships.
It
is
also worth having another good first aid guide on board. If it
is not
clear
from the guides
about how to
treat a casualry
then
medical advice can be
obtained
over the radio in an
emergency.
5 3 Deciding where to treat a casualty
If there
is
no immediate danger to the casualry
or
the rescuers in the confined space, then first aid should
be performed
on
the
spot
before the casualry
is
removed. If the casualry's injuries are life threatening,
then
emergency first aid should
be
performed before he
is
moved.
If
the casualry
is
in further danger from some hazard,
then
he should
be
immediately removed from the
space
and
treated once he
is
in a safer place.
The
aim
should
be to remove
the
casualry from the confined
space
as
soon
as
possible,
but without
endangering either his life
or
those of
the
rescuers.
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5 4
Assessing the casualty
Casualt} s condition Actions
-
Unconscious, no pulse or breathing Get help.
Give 2 rescue breaths (also known
as
artificial ventilation or
artificial respiration - see below) and then give 15 chest
compressions
(see
page 18)
This
is
one cycle. Aim to give 4 cycles per minute until their
vital signs change
Unconscious, no breathing, pulse
OK
Give ten rescue breaths
Get
help
Continue
artificial ventilation at a rate
of
ten breaths per
minute
(remember to breathe yourselr)
Unconscious, breathing and pulse
OK
Treat any life-threatening injury
Place him in the recovery position (see page 18)
Get
hep
_
Conscious, breathing
and
pulse
OK
Give appropriate treatment
Get h elp
5.5
How
to give rescue breaths
1.
Commence rescue breathing by giving
TWO slow effective
rescue breaths.
2. Tilt the head back using two fingers
to
lift the chin.
3. Pinch the casualty's nose, take a full breath, cover their
mouth
with yours making a good seal and blow into the casualty's
mouth
for about 2 seconds mouth-to-mouth).
Out of
the
corner
of
your eye watch for the chest rising then you know that
air
is
getting into their lungs.
If
the chest fails to rise, the most
likely cause is an incorrectly opened airway. Re-adjust the
position
of
the head and try again.
4. Remove your lips
and
watch chest fall.
5.
Give two slow, effective rescue breaths, by repeating steps 1-4.
6.
If
there is any difficulty in achieving effective rescue breaths ensure that:
• Casualty's mouth
is
clear of any obstructions
•
There
is adequate chin lift head tilt (the most likely cause
of
failure to inflate the lungs)
•
You
have made a good seal around patient's
mouth
with nostrils closed.
Make up to 5 attempts to give two slow, effective rescue breaths before assessing circulation.
7. If there are NO signs of circulation (is the casualty moving, or coughing?) or you are unsure,
START
EXTERNAL CHEST COMPRESSIONS (see
over).
8.
If
you are sure circulation
is
present, continue rescue breaths at a rate
of
ten breaths a minute.
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5 6
Chest Compressions
If
you need
to
give External Chest Compression (ECC), you
must
also
continue to
provide rescue
breathing
so
that you are artificially circulating oxygenated blood
to
the brain and body tissues.
Procedure if a patient is not breathing after giving two rescue breaths you cannot
detect circulation
1. Find base
of
the STERNUM (breastbone).
2. Place the heel
of
one
hand TWO
finger widths up from the base
of
the
sternum.
3. Cover the first hand with the other hand and interlock fingers. Keep your
fingers clear
of
the chesL
You
use the base
of
your palm to push down with.
4. Kneel
as
close to the patient
as
possible.
Lean well over them with your arms straight and your shoulders over their
sternum then press down verticaJly on the breastbone 4
to
5 cms/1 to 2 inches.
5.
Release the pressure and repeaL Compressions should be at the rate
of
approximately 100 per minute.
6. The ratio
of
chest compressions to breathing
is
5 compressions
to
2 rescue breaths.
5 7 Recovery Position
It
is
unlikely there will be sufficient room in a confined space
to put
an unconscious person who
is
breathing and has a pulse into what
is
known
as
the 'Recovery Position' while the rescuer goes for more
assistance. However, once the casualty has been rescued
and
may stili be unconscious, this position
should be used
as
it ensures the airway remains open. There are different versions
of
the Recovery
Position but the one shown will prevent a casualty from rolling on to their back when the ship moves.
Kneel beside the casualty and open the airway by using head tilt, chin
lifL Straighten their legs, and place the arm nearest to you under their
thigh, with the palm uppermost. Failure
to put
the palm uppermost
may result in dislocation
of
the casualty's shoulder when you
turn
them.
Bring the arm farthest from you across the chest, and hold the hand
palm outwards against the casualty's nearest ear.
With
the other
hand
grasp the thigh furthest from you,
and
pull the knee up, keeping the
foot flat on the ground.
Keeping the hand pressed against the ear, pull at the thigh to roll the
patient gently towards you, on to their side .
Adjust the upper leg so that both the hip and knee are bent at right
angles. Tilt the head back to ensure the airway remains open.
The
hand
under the ear can be adjusted
to
ensure the head stays tilted . Maintain
constan t checks on the airway and breathing, monitoring circulation
and
recording respiration rate frequently.
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5 8 Shock
Shock is caused when the body s circulatory system
is
unable to provide
adequate
circulation to the body
tissues . t results in the slowing of vital functions,
and
in severe and untreated cases can lead to death.
A person suffering from
shock
may have some,
or
aU
of
the following symptoms:
• cold
and
clammy skin
•
feels nauseous (sick)
•
a fast, then faim, pulse
•
fast, shallow breathing
•
thirst
•
loss
of
consciousness
After treating the injuries, reassure the casualty
and
keep
them
warm, possibly by covering
them
with
a
blanket. Keep the casualty s legs raised slightly.
Do
not
allow them to
drink
anything.
If
they are thirsty,
moisten their lips
with
water.
5 9 Bleeding
If there is
no
forei gn body in the
wound then
bleeding can be controlled by applying direct pressure to
the
wound.
If a
wound
does contain a foreign body, build up pads
around
the
wound
to aUow pressure
to be applied over the
wound without
pressing
on
the foreign body.
If
applying direct pressure to the
wound
does
not
work,
then
press on the artery between the
wound and
the heart (see diagram
of
the three
main
pressure poin
ts
.
Once
the initial bleeding has been controlled
you can
continue
the
treatment
by applying pads and bandages. ELEV TE the affected
part if
possible
and
remove constricting items such
as
rings
and
watches.
Name Location
1
SUBCL VI N
artery Beneath the collar bone
but
can be difficult to locate
2)
BR CHI L
artery
Underneath on
inside of bicep
3
FEMORAL art
ery
Top
of
leg in groin
ressure
points
to
control leeding
If
there
is
a large gaping
wound
you may need to pack the
wound
with
gauze pads before applying
your
pads and bandages.
Make
sure
yo
u
look
for foreign bodies.
Keep a careful check for recurrence
of
bleeding -
if
the
wound continues
to bleed,
do not
remove the first bandage,
but
add
further
pads/bandages
up
to a
maximum
of
3. (If you
cannot
stop
the bleeding
you
may need to use pressure points
or
a tourniquet.)
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A tourniquet shoul only be used
s
a last resort
s
its use usually results in the amputation of the
limb it has been applied to. However
if
its use prevents someone from bleeding to death it should
be applied.
To apply a
tourniquet
use a piece
of
rope
or
a
wide
bandage or
something
similar to make a ligature and
tie it
around
the limb above the
wound. Tie
a stick
or
a similar object
into the
bandage using a r
eef
knot
. Twist the stick
tightening
the bandage until the bleeding stops. Using
another
broad bandage
gently tie the stick in
pl
ace so
that
it does
not unwind and
release the pressure.
If
proper
medical assistance is going to take a
long
time or
is not
available then radio medical advice
must
be sought.
6
echniques
for
moving
an
injured person
.ufrom
a
confined
space
6.1 Preparing the injured person for evacuation
Effective techniques
and good equipment
for moving
and
lifting casualties
out of confined
spaces are
well developed.
Firstly unless the danger
of
the situation
demands that
you get the injured
person out very quickly it
is important
that the casualty be firmly secured to a
stretcher
or other
similar type of cradle. However
if
speed
is
important
there
are simple
but strong
harnesses available
such s
the
standard
Type-E
most
commonly
in use which can be fitted to a casualty
to
enable
him
to be hauled
up
or
lowered.
When someone is entering a closed space such as a tank it is often advisable to be
wearing a harness as a precaution. ou will remember that in the video the First
ate
pointed out the two casualties down in the tank
had
failed to do so and so
made their rescue more difficult.
Other
more
secure devices
which immobilize
the casualty can
range from
an
ordinary stretcher to the
more
specialised Neil
Robertson stretcher to which the person is secured by straps. If
there are several casualties
and
only
one
harness
or
stretcher
available
s
was the situation in the video then an injured person
can be hauled up
with
a rope
around
his chest
although
this
method is a last resort and s
hould
be well practiced
s
was
pointed
out in the video.
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~ U J , u . u u y
can even be
Ct ,71>J)Pri
top
r
even t a
z u ) } a t ~ n
Whatever
the
means evacuation It IS
by
rescuers withoutan be
Moving a casualty
from
a
confined space quickly
If
you have to evacuate someone quickly U L ' ~ l ' ~ 1 C
can walk you will
t
ou
can also use a
t if you
you must move
with your feet
and bend your
arms ULJl l -
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drag-carry method can used in small spaces, such
s only one person can reach the
If his hands can
.t:.-,,,- OJ' ,,-,,-,
if he
is
conscious and can hold
o
to
or four-handed seats if are two rescuers.
escuer, or with
an injured person are
ree'-nf.tnr;;,ea method
c n be there is
an
1rJ1ur , / J
to
or use
l v ry
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6 3 oisting or lowering an injured person
Small, easily portable
man riding
winches are available,
and
every ship
should
have
one s
part
of
its
emergency
equipment.
However,
if
a vessel does
not
have one, and
if
there is no ship's derrick to lift a
casualty from a hold
or
tank, you can still
do
so by
purring
a beam across the
hatch with
a block arrached
to
it.
Once
the injured person
is
raised
to
deck level he can be lifted over
onto
the deck.
If there is
no
derrick and
no
block then a rope
runway,
or
cableway, can be
made
by
anchoring one
end
of
a tight line
to
somewhere inside the
hold or
tank, with the
other end
secured to a
point
above
deck level. A stretcher can
then
be secured
to the
line
by ropes
and
free-running clips
or
eyes,
which
will
then enable a deck party to
haul
up the stretcher
using
another
line arrached
to
it.
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If there
is
no suitable
point
for a line to be anchored in the hold or tank,
then the
line can instead be
secured to
tw
points above the deck
and
hang
down
into the hold.
The
stretcher can again be raised
as
with the previous
method
Great c re must be used when evacuating someone using these cableway methods. possible they should be
practised until crew members are confident ow to do them.
Finally,
if
there is no harness, no stretcher,
no derrick
and no
cableway, then the last
option
is to
drop
a line into the hold and
then either rope up the injured person
as
illustrated
on
the next page,
or
simply tie
the rope securely
around
his chest
as
a
very last resort,
and then
have
him
hauled
up
by two parties
stationed on
either side
of
the hatchway.
~ J J J J J
[
J
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im out then
IS way
to
do
it
rope
should a very resort when evacuation
very
7
Rescues
in
special conditions
Sometimes may to be conducting a rescue in a
space on
example if a
rescuers are
board a gas carrier or an oil tanker
or
in an area which s part of the room.
filled with
u ucmuuw
not cause a are nor
the confined spaces aboard your
8
vacuating an injured person y helicopter
f
someone has badly injured at sea it may be necessary by
t
receive proper attent ion. f the in a Neil-RobertSon of
he can hoisted up to the helicopter follow the instruct ions
crew.
Ui - ,; U.
in a helicopter-to-ship operation can
procedures
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Practicing the
techniques
you have learned
The
best way to prepare for
conducting
a rescue
is
to regularly practice
doing
so
Below are some practice
activities
you should
get crewmembers to carry out as an important part
of
this
training
session.
These
will give them experience of
what
they
may
later have to do for real. Practicing rescue activities
should
become a regular activity by the crew.
9 1 Individual practice exercises
Have
each of the
group
practice:
•
doing
a Fireman's Lift
• the correct way to drag
someone
• using a breathing apparatus
•
putting on
a breathing apparatus while blindfolded (to simulate
doing
so in the dark)
• changing a cylinder
on
a breathing apparatus while blindfolded (to simulate
doing
so in the dark)
9 2
Practice exercises for pairs
Split the training
group into
pairs
and
get each person in
turn
to :
• find the pressure point s
on
the major arteries
on
his
partner
• form three-
and
four-handed seats
• put their
partner into
a recovery position (see page 18)
• strap their seemingly unconscious
partner
into a harness
• share a breathing apparatus with his
partner
• drag-carry each
other with
the 'casualty' being conscious
• drag-carry each
other
with the 'casualty' acting as unconscious
• drag
or
push their
partner
through
a small
opening
(others can
hold
a Iifebelt, for example,
to
act
as a small hatch,
or
use a sheet
of
cardboard
with
a
hatch
'
cut
in it)
•
put
four
or
five tables together lengthways
and in
an shape, and drape blankets over
them
to
form a 'tunnel'. Have each
of
the pairs
in
turn try to manoeuvre their 'unconscious'
partner
along
the
tunnel
(make it a friendly contest and give a prize for the pair
who
do it the best
and
in the
quickest time)
•
do
the
tunnel
exercise again, this time
with
the pair sharing a breathing
apparatus
(again, make it
a friendly
competition with
a prize for the quickest passage
through
the tunnel).
9 3 Group practice exercises
• Have one
of
the group act as
an
unconscious casualty
and
prepare
him
for evacuation by rigging
up a makeshift hoist.
•
With
a crewmember acting
as
an
unconscious casualty, practice securing
him
into
(a) a Neil
Robertson stretcher, (b) an
ordinary
stretcher,
(c)
a
plank of wood,
(d) a table top.
• Practice the two
methods
of roping up a casualty ready for hoisting as described in Section 6.
• Using a diagram
of
the ship's construction, get the
group
to identify all the areas aboard
which
are
considered
as
enclosed spaces (as defined earlier, these will be areas in which it
would
be difficult
to
perform
the rescue
of
a casualty found there).
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•
If
there is access
[
any enclosed spaces on board your vessel you should try
[
conduct simulated
rescues from them using the methods described in Section 6.
In the event of a real rescue having t be performed at some time, plenty of practice can mean the
difference between someone being successfully rescued alive -
or
several crewmembers being killed!
9 4 Group discussion
Before doing the quiz in the next section, get the group
to
discuss everything they have learned so far,
and identify any aspect of rescuing someone from a confined space which is perhaps still not clear [
them. To start off the discussion you can pho[Ocopy the case studies appearing earlier (sections 2.3
on
page 9 and section 4 on page 13), and ask the group: what were the actions described in those two
accidents which should
nOt
have been done, and what should the supervisors, workmen and
crewmembers involved have done instead which were the correct and safe procedures?
10
ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS
Q1.
What
is
considered
to be a confined space?
(a)
Any compartment where the hatch
is
smaller than O.5m (18 inches)
(b) Any
compartment
where you can [Ouch a bulkhead or partition with your arms outstretched
(c)
Any compartment where it
is
difficult to move around in the normal way
(d) Any compartment where you cannOt stand up straight
Q2.
Which
of these can result
from
being in a confined space?
(a)
Reduction in electric power (b) Tools become
less
efficient
(c)
Water pressure in hoses becomes reduced (d) Walkie-talkie radio
s[Ops working
Q3 What is the first thing you should do if you see someone lying unconscious
at
the
bottom of a tank?
(a)
Check whether he is alive or dead
(b)
Shout
down to him and try [ rouse him
(c) Go and get help
(d) Tie a rope to a stanchion or handrail and throw it down to him
Q4 What does a dosimeter badge tell you?
(a)
Radiation levels (b) Oxygen levels
(c)
Nitrogen levels (d) Carbon monoxide levels
Q5
What
does a
TLD badge
tell you?
(a)
Whether
the person wearing it
is
qualified [ give you first aid
(b) Whether the person wearing it is carrying a Toxic Lead Detectot
(c)
Whether the person wearing it is qualified to carry
out
Treatment for a Lethal Disorder
(d)
Whether
the person wearing it has been in a radiation area
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Q6. What
is
an EEBD?
a) n Emergency Escape Breath ing Device
b) n Electronic Environmental and Biological Detoximete r
c)
n
Emergency Electronic Bypass
and
Deactivator
d) n Excess Ether Bilge
Drain
Q7.
you
discover several injured people in a hold which should you treat first after
having sent for help
a) Anyone bleeding a lot
b) Whoever is screaming the loudest
c) Anyone unconscious d)
The
nearest person
Q8. How long can an injured person be in a smoke-filled room before there
is
a danger
of
suffering brain damage through lack of air
a) 4 minutes b) 8 minutes c) 15 minutes d) 18 minutes
Q9 nobody on board knows for sure how to treat an injury what should be done?
a) Radio for medical advice
b) Keep the person warm
and
make for the nearest
port
c) Radio for a helicopter
d)
Check
the medical guide and make a guess what the best
treatment is
Q10.
f
a casualty has cold skin feels like being sick
is
breathing fast and says he
is
thirsty what
are
these symptoms
of
a) Shock b) Claustrophobia c) Cramp d) Smoke inhalation
Q
11. someone is unconscious and you cannot see what is wrong with him what should
you do first after having sent for help?
a) Give him chest compressions
b) Gently slap his face to try to bring him round
c) Give
him
mouth to mouth resuscitation
d) Check his breathing
and
pulse
12. a badly injured and unconscious casualty
is
in imminent great danger from a
hazard what is it best to do
a) Give
him
first aid and then move
him
b) Wait for help to arrive
c)
Move him to safety immediately
d) Try to revive him with
mouth to mouth
resuscitation
Q13. What
is
a Neil-Robertson?
a)
A type of breathing apparatus b) A portable winch
c) A stretcher
d) A special type
of
bandage for deep wounds
Q14. How often should items of battery-powered rescue equipment
be
checked?
a) Every
month
b) Every three months c) Every six months d) Every year
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Q15.
How
often
should
itemsof rescueequipment with moveable
parts
bechecked?
three (b) sixmonths
nine
months
year
Q16.How oftenshould itemsrescueequipment oxygen bechecked?
month
months
six
months
seizure
or
is still incontact
and the broken nervesarecausingthe
reducefeelingsof claustrophobia?
(b) a
Shut your
eyes and take
an
unCOllSC1011S casualtyistwitching
and
jerking,what isthelikelycause?
heart
Q18.
How
can
with
your
hands
should19.
Which
of
A TLD badge An identity disk
Q20.
What
isthe bestwayto liftan injuredpersonout
of
ahold?
to a
Q21.
Of
what
is
lype E
an
A of bandage
Atype for fluid
(d) A
Q22. I f you
A
lanyard
c)
A
filter to eye
Q23. Whose
safetyis
most important when
taking
confined
Yours
c)
In
Q24.On discoveringan injuredperson
in
a
....u
a) To
out
o anyone
else
beinghurt
Answersareon 30.
air
wearwhenevergoinginto atank?
A A lifejacket
(b) board
..........
(b) A type
out of eyes
into aconfinedspacewhat should you attached to your torch?
(b) A
(d) A spare
in
arescueattempt froma
there
space,what is yourvery
top
priority?
To
(d)
10
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11 Further information and reading
Confined Space Practice, Internat ional Association of Classification
V V ' A ~ C ' ' O ,
London
First Aid Manual, of St. John Ambulance, St. Andrew s Ambulance Association
and
British Red Cross, Marsden, Moffat
SCOtt,
Dorling
London
Guide to Safety in
Department
of Health and
Human
, , , , v,rpc
National
Safery and Health, 1987
International Medical Guide Ships, World Health Organisa tion, Geneva
MCA, UK
ode of Practices Merchant
L , 'V;) Spaces, Videotel Productions, London
First
Pans
1 2, Videotel Productions,
London
At Video tel Productions, London
1988 No. 1638
MERCH NTSHIPPING SAFETY
The
Merchant Shipping (Entry
into
Dangerous Spaces) Regulations 1988
Drills
6.
The
master of:
a) any tanker or gas carrier of 500 tOns and over, and
(b) any ship of 1000 rons over
space are held
at intervals nor twO months , and that a in the official
log book.
shall ensure drills simulating rescue a
Testing equipment
7. employer shall ensure
that
each ship where ent ry into a space may be necessary
shall carry or otherwise available an oxygen meter such device
as is
appropriate
to
the hazard likely
to
encountered in any space
on
board.
The
master
shall ensure that such meter and any such other testing are mainta ined in good working
order where applicable, regularly and calibrated according to
recommendations.
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