Dean Acheson 1893-1971: A Biographical Sketch

Born Dean Gooderham Acheson on 11 April 1893, in Middletown, Connecticut, the son of Edward Campion Acheson, an Episcopal bishop, and Eleanor Gertrude Gooderham Acheson; 1915 graduates from Yale University with 'gendeman C' s', having first attended the Groton School; 1917 marries Alice Stanley, with whom he will have three children; 1918-20 graduates from Harvard Law School; serves as law clerk to Supreme CourtJustice Louis D. Brandeis; 1921joins law firm of Covington and Burling, with which he will be affiliated for the rest of his life; 1933 President Franklin D. Roosevelt appoints him Under Secretary of the Treasury at the recommendation of Felix Frankfurter; resigns six months later in protest against the reduction of the gold content of the dollar; 1936joins the Yale Corporation, on which he serves until 1961; 1941 appointed Assistant Secretary of State, and serves under Cordell Hull and Edward Stettinius; 1941-4 helps coordinate the lend-lease pro­gram during World War II; 1941-53 at State Department, he is responsible for the Bretton Woods agreement leading to the establishment of the World Bank, assistance to Greece and Turkey under the Truman Doctrine, groundwork for the Marshall Plan, development of American atomic policy, forma­tion of NATO, peace treaty with Japan, diplomacy over the Korean conflict, US policy toward the People's Republic of China, creation and rearmament of West Germany, and the era of bipartisanship in foreign policy; 1945-7 appointed Under Secretary of State serving under James F. Byrnes and George C. Marshall; retires temporarily from State Department in July 1947; 1949returns to State Department as President Truman's Secretary of State; 1953 leaves office under a hail of criticism and McCarthyite accusations of being 'soft on communism'; 1953-60 returns to law and becomes outspoken critic of the Eisenhower-Dulles foreign policy; 1957-60 serves as chairman of the Foreign Policy Committee of the Democratic Advisory

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Council; 1960-3 becomes important unofficial foreign policy advisor to President Kennedy on the Berlin and Cuban crises; 1964-8 advises President Johnson on the Vietnam War; March 1968 tells President Johnson he should pull the US out of Vietnam; 1968-71 serves as important unofficial advisor to Presi­dent Nixon; 1970wins the Pulitzer Prize for his sixth book, the autobiographical Present at the Creation; 1971 dies on 12 October of a stroke, at his country home in Sandy Spring, Maryland.

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OVERVIEW OF BIOGRAPHICAL SOURCES

There is no comprehensive biography of Dean Acheson, partly because Acheson himself wrote with such authoritative ability and literary flair, most notably demonstrated in his Pulitzer Prize-winning memoir of his years in the State Department, Present at the Creation (1969). To date, five published bio­graphical profiles exist, and one of these, Walter Isaacson and Evan Thomas's The Wise Men: Six Friends and the World They Made (1986), portrays Acheson along with five others (Chip Bohlen, Averell Harriman, George Kennan, Robert Lovett, and John J. McCloy) as a premier architect of US postwar foreign policy. Gaddis Smith's Dean Acheson (1972) is a volume in the Ameri­can Secretaries of State and Their Diplomacy series, and therefore focuses primarily on his foreign policy achievements and blunders while he held that office from 1949 to 1953. Douglas Brinkley's Dean Acheson: The Cold War Year.s 1953-1971 (1992) examines his career after he left government and became an advisor to three presidents. Ronald Stupak's The Shaping of Foreign Policy: The Role of the Secretary of State as Seen by Dean Acheson ( 1969) analyzes Acheson's perspectives on the proper role of the Secretary of State in Anerican government.

DavidS. McLellan's Dean Acheson: The State Department Year.s (1976) is the nearest thing to a full-scale biography, although the book gives short shrift to the last seventeen years of Acheson's life. McLellan concentrates mainly on the political as contrasted with the economic and elitist interpretations of Acheson's foreign policy. Forrest Pogue's masterful George C. Mar.shaU: States­man 1945-1959 (1987); Robert Donavan's Tumultuous Year.s: The Presidency of Harry S Truman, 1949-1953 (1982); and Melvyn P. Leffler's A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration, and the Cold War ( 1992) offer important historical and biographical portraits of Acheson in government.

OVERVIEW AND EVALUATION OF PRIMARY SOURCES

Dean Acheson was the author of six books, plus three volumes of collected articles and speeches edited posthumously. The first of these, A Democrat Looks at His Party (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1955), is a polemic presenting the virtues of the party from 1933 to 1953, in which he also touches briskly upon such topics as pollsters, intellectuals in government, demagogues, the New Deal, war, and life itself. There soon followed an updated reassessment of Woodrow Wilson's famous book, Congressional Government (1885), entitled A Citizen Looks at Congress (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1956), a penetra­ting analysis of Congress, its relation to the Chief Executive, and the role of

258

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the committee system in the House and Senate. The William L. Clayton Lectures that Acheson delivered at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, later published under the title of Power and Diplomacy (Cam­bridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1958), deal with NATO's military requirements and political precepts for coalitions of free states. Sketches from Life of Men I Have Known (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1961), contains wonderful personal vignettes of Acheson's close association with world leaders including Adenauer, Churchill, Marshall, and Vandenberg. Acheson's next book, Morning and Noon (Boston: Houghton Mifllin, 1965), is a charm­ing and nostalgic autobiographical account of his childhood in Middletown, Connecticut, his time spent at Yale and Harvard, his years as law clerk to Justice Brandeis, and his service in the Roosevelt administration. Present at the Creation (New York: W. W. Norton, 1969), is the brilliant Pulitzer Prize­winning account of his years in the State Department (1945-53), when he was a key architect and manager of American foreign policy during the presi­dency of Harry S. Truman. Fragments of My Fleece (New York: W. W. Norton, 1971), Grapes from Thorns (New York: W. W. Norton, 1972), and This Vast External Realm (New York: W. W. Norton, 1973), are collections of posthu­mously published essays covering a wide range of topics related to law, gov­ernment, politics, and foreign-policy decision making. The central public papers of Dean Acheson as Secretary of State can be found in The Pattern of Responsibility: From the Record of Dean Acheson, edited by McGeorge Bundy (Boston: Houghton Mifllin, 1952). Among Friends: Personal Letters of Dean Acheson, edited by David S. McLellan and David C. Acheson (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1980), is a wonderful selection of witty and informal personal letters written to friends, associates, and family.

In addition to his own published writings, the collected primary material is rich. The Sterling Memorial Library at Yale University is the repository of his personal papers including all his post-secretarial papers from 1953-71. Acheson's own records and correspondence from his tours of public service are located at the Harry S. Truman Library in Independence, Missouri. His oral history pertaining to his role as foreign policy advisor to President Kennedy can be found at the John F. Kennedy Library in Boston. The Dean Acheson oral history seminars on his State Department years, including accounts given by Averell Harriman and Paul Nitze at the Institute for Ad­vanced Study, Princeton, 1952-3, are available on microfilm at the Truman Library. The Department of State Bulletin (1941-53) and the Foreign Relations of the United States (1945-53) are helpful government sources.

SELECTED SPEECHES AND ARTICLES BY DEAN ACHESON 1936-1971 (The following can be found in the Dean Acheson Personal Papers at the Sterling Memorial Library, Yale University.)

'Roger Brooke Taney: Notes Upon Judicial Restraint', Maryland Bar Associa­tion, 4 July 1936.

'Some Social Factors in Legal Change', Law Club of Chicago, 22 January 1937.

260 Select Bibliography

Harvard Law Review Banquet (50th Anniversary) 17 April1937. 'Mr Justice Cardozo and Problems of Government', Bar and Officers of the

US Supreme Court, 26 November 1938. 'An American Attitude Toward Foreign Affairs', Yale University, Davenport

College, 28 November 1939. 'International Ladies Garment Workers Union', New York City, 4 June 1940. Letter to New Y orlc Times regarding transfer of US destroyers to England, 11

August 1940. 'Shall We Give Further Aid to Great Britain?', American Forum of the Air, 13

October 1940. 'Is a Hitler defeat essential to the United States?', Town Meeting, 13 January

1941. Brandeis, Louis, remarks at funeral service for, 10 October 1941. Lend-Lease Act reviewed, statement before US House Foreign Affairs Com­

mittee, February 1943. National Council of American-Soviet Friendship, 14 November 1945. 'Mutual Advantages of the British Loan', Economic Club of Detroit, 18 March

1946. 'International Control of Atomic Energy', CBS broadcast, 23 April1946. 'Random Harvest' speech, Associated Harvard Clubs, 4June 1946. Bryn Mawr College address, 11 June 1946. American Society of Newspaper Editors, 18 April1947. Delta Council, Cleveland, Mississippi, 8 May 1947. Wesleyan University (Conn.), 15June 1947. Wellesley College (Mass.), 1 October 1947. 'What Should We Do for Europe Now?', Town Meeting, 14 October 1947. Commonwealth Club of San Francisco, 28 November 1947. 'The US in World Affairs, 1947-48', foreword to book published by the

Council on Foreign Relations, Harper's. Marshall Plan statement before US House Committee on Foreign Affairs, 28

January 1948. 'Diplomatic and International Significance of the European Recovery

Program', Philadelphia Bulletin Forum, 10 March 1948. 'Success Has Its Problems Too', State Bar of Michigan, 30 September 1948. 'The Quality of American Patriotism', State Department Bulletin, 1 May 1950. 'American Policy toward China', statement before Joint Senate Committee, 4

June 1951. 'Devotion to Duty Lauded in Department', Department of State Bulletin, 29

October 1951. 'Freedom's Case Against Dean Acheson', (Felix Wittmer) Department of

State for the Press, 19 May 1952. 'The Role of the Bible in our National Life', National Council of Churches,

29 September 1952. North Atlantic Council Statement, 18 December 1952. Award presentation to Dean Acheson by the Chiefs of Foreign Missions, 19

January 1953. FDR Four Freedoms Award to Harry S. Truman, 28 September 1953. Post-War Foreign Policy Second Phase, Woodrow Wilson Foundation Dinner,

1 October 1953.

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Pusey, Nathan M., address in honor of, 20 November 1953. 'The Responsibility for Decision in Foreign Policy', Yale Review, autumn 1954. 'Instant Retaliation', Nw York Times, 28 March 1954. 'Reminiscences of a Supreme Court Law Clerk', Pittsburgh Legal]ouma~ 29

January 1955. Dean Harry Schulman memorial services, Yale University, 5 April 1955. 'The Parties and Foreign Policy', Harpers, 1955. 'To Meet the Shifting Soviet Offensive', Nw York Times, 15 April 1956. 'The Significance of Soviet Productive Power', Brandeis University, 10 June

1956. 'Legislative-Executive Relations', Yale Review, Summer, 1956. 'The Shape of Foreign Policy Issues in 1956', Western Suburban Democratic

Club of Maryland, 26 September 1956. 'The Bases of a Foreign Program', Nw York Times, 6 January 1957. 'The Administration's Proposed Joint Resolutions Relating to the Middle

East', House Foreign Affairs Committee, 10 January 1957. Annual Dinner of the Yale Daily News, 12 April 1957. 'Moralism in Foreign Policy', The Reporter, 2 May 1957. 'Is NATO Useful?', Western World- August 1957. 'A Word of Praise', The &porter, 5 September 1957. 'Culture after Breakfast' Letter to a friend regarding James Reston column in

the Nw York Times, 9 December 1957. 'Germany-U.S. troops in', American Council on Germany, Inc., 30 December

1957. Rublee, George, sketch for the Groton School QJ.larterly. Nw York Herald Tribune, Book and Author Luncheon, 17 February 1958. 'Morality, Moralism, and Diplomacy', University of Florida, 20 February 1958. 'The Illusion of Disengagement', Foreign Affairs, April 1958. 'Factors Underlying Negotiations with the Russians', Eddie Jacobson Memo­

rial Foundation Dinner, 15 April1958. Jefferson:Jackson Day Dinner, 3 May 1958. 'Meetings at the Summit- A Study in Diplomatic Method', University of New

Hampshire, 8 May 1958. American Association of Law Libraries, Washington, DC, 3 July 1958. Quemoy crisis, statement on, 6 September 1958. 'The Foreign Service as a Career' (excerpts from letter) 6January 1959. DiamondJubilee Celebration for Harry S. Truman, 8 May 1959. 'The Great Fish of Como', Harper's,June 1959. 'Inter-American Development Bank', House Banking and Currency Commit-

tee, 5 June 1959. 'Thoughts about Thoughts in High Places', Nw York Times, 11 October 1959. 'En Torno de las das Americas', Combate,Juiy-August 1959. 'Revising FoiWard Political Strategies and Improving the Organization of the

Free World', National War College, 21 July 1959. 'The Premises of American Policy', Orbis, autumn, 1959. 'The Atlantic Nations and the Free World', NATO Parlimentarians Confer­

ence, 18 November 1959. Homage to General Marshall, The Reporter, 26 November 1959. 'Should U.S. policy change on Russia?', Foreign Policy Bulletin, 15 May 1959.

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'Canada: Stern Daughter of the Voice of God'. Memoirs of Sir Anthony Eden, comments on, 20 January 1960. Griswold lOth Anniversary Dinner, New Haven, Conn., 20 February 1960. German Reunification (NANA) article, 29 February 1960. 'The Debate on Defense', The Reporter, 3 March 1960. 'Stories by Dean Acheson', Hary>ers, June 1960. 'The Nature of Our Times', Goucher College, 13 June 1960. 'Errant Vaparetto', The Reporter, 15 September 1960. Western Suburban Democratic Rally, Bethesda, Maryland, 28 October 1960. Berlin speech, Kansas City, Missouri, 30 November 1960. Russians, Dean Acheson on, Saturday Evening Post, 25 March 1961. Churchill, Winston, Dean Acheson on, Saturday Evening Post, 18 March 1961. 'Adenauer and McCoy' by Dean Acheson, Hary>er's, April1961. Bevin, Ernest, article on by Dean Acheson, Hary>er's, May 1961. 'Fifty Years Mter', Yale Rcoiew, autumn 1961. Meaning of Access to Berlin, September 1961. Herridge, W. D., letter concerning, 1 October 1961. Joint Economic Committee, statement before, 5 December 1961. Speech, 'The Hazard', Peale Museum, 15 February 1962. Truman Library address, 31 March 1962. Honorary degree from Yale, 11 June 1962. 'Mr. Justice Frankfurter', Harvard Law Review, November 1962. Atlantic Alliance speech, West Point, 5 December 1962. 'My American Morning', Saturday Evening Post, 15 December 1962. 'The Practice of Partnership', Foreign Affairs, January 1963. 'Obstacles to Partnership with Europe', Caltech speech, 7 March 1963. Panel on Cuba, American Society of International Law, 25 April 1963. Anglo-American Conference, English Speaking Union, 1 May 1963. 'Short Cut From a Natural State of Innocence to the Land of Wordly Wis­

dom', Esquire, July 1963. Letter to Senator Fulbright concerning National Academy for Foreign Affairs,

29 July 1963. 'The American Interest in European Unity', The Hague, 18 September 1963. 'The Monroe Doctrine: Dead or Alive?', Think, October 1963. 'The Dilemmas of our Times', (Brien McMahon Lecture) University of Con-

necticut, 18 November 1963. Atlantic Crisis ( 1964) by Robert Kleinman, review by Dean Acheson. 'Foreign Policy of the United States', Arkansas Bar Association, 4 June 1964. 'Ethics in International Relations Today', Amherst College, 9 December

1964. 'Of Mice and Mail', Amherst College Assembly, 10 December 1964. 'The American Image Will Take Care of Itself, New York Times, 28 February

1965. 'Ambivalences of American Foreign Policy', University of Indiana, 5 March

1965. 'A Toast to Columnists', 19 March 1965. 'Cyprus: the Anatomy of the Problem', Chicago Bar Association, 24 March

1965. 'The Truman Years', Freedom House Award, 13 April1965. George C. Marshall (Polaris submarine) launching, 21 May 1965.

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'Olney Plan', Maryland National Park and Planning Commission, 22 June 1965.

'Voice of Experience', Washington Post, 14July 1965. 'Isolationists are Stupid', Saturday Evening Post. 'Advice to Young Academic Propagandists', Reporter, 12 August 1965. Salute to G. Howland Shaw, Washington Post, 22 August 1965. 'The Fairy Princess', The &pmter, 7 October 1965. Frankfurter, Felix, Resolutions re Bar of the US Supreme Court, 25 October

1965. 'Without Fear or Favor', Washington Post, 31 October 1965. 'Europe: Decision or Drift', Foreign Affairs, January 1966. 'History as Literature' (SAH dinner) Smithsonian Institution, 31 March 1966. 'The Atlantic Alliance', (Hearings) Subcommittee on National Security -

Senate Committee on Government Operations, 27 April1966. 'The Crisis in NATO', (Hearings) House Foreign Affairs Committee, 17 May

1966. Prize Day, Groton School address, June 1966. 'The Lawyer's Path to Peace', Vifginia Qy,arterly Review, summer 1966. 'The Holiday', Atlantic Monthly. Burling, Edward B., memorial services, 4 October 1966. Rhodesia, comments on, Washington Post, 10 December 1966. 'The Earrings', Atlantic Monthly, 1966. 'Crisis in Rhodesia' review, Washington Post, 4June 1967. 'A Farewell to Daisy Harriman', 5 September 1967. 'Acheson Writes off DeGaulle', Washington Post, 10 December 1967. 'Acheson on Greece', Washington Post, 20 December 1967. 'Range Practice', American Heritage. Crusader's Centennial (letter to editor) New Yom Times, 31 March 1968. Truman, Bess, unveiling of portrait at the White House. 'The Arrogance of International Lawyers', American Bar Association, 24 May

1968. Have I Ever Lied to You?, by Art Buchwald (book review) Washington Post, 26

May 1968. Exeter College address, Exeter Bulletin, 9 June 1968. 'The True Election Comparison', 1 July 1968. 'This Simian World', foreword to, October 1968. 'Drop Reformist Intervention in Rhodesia', Washington Star, 22 December

1968. 'Violence Perceived', Washington Post, 30 December 1968. 'Acheson Says Luck Saved]FK on Cuba', Washington Post, 19 January 1969. 'The First Hundred Days', American Society of Newspaper Editors, 16 April

1969. Supreme Court, statement before Senate Committee on the judiciary, 16July

1969. 'A Citizen Takes a Hard Look at the ABM Debacle', Washington Star, 27 July

1969. 'The Greatness of Harry Truman', E:squire, October 1969. Milwaukee Jouma~ World Affairs Council Award for Distinguished Service in

Foreign Affairs, 10 October 1969. Smith, Gaddis, interview with Dean Acheson, 12 October 1969.

264 Select Bibliography

Rhodesia, statement on before House Committee on Foreign Affairs, 19 November 1969.

'Nixon Policy Backed', New York Times, 24 November 1969. 'Oppression in Brazil', Washington Post, 5 March 1970. Rhodesia, letter to Congressman Gross (Ia.) concerning Congressional Record,

25 March 1970. Harry S. Truman portrait presentation to the National Portrait Gallery, 9

April1970. 'The Changing American Scene', Maxwell Air Force Base, 13 May 1970. Foreign Affairs: 'The Sage of Sandy Springs', New York Times, 20 September

1970. 'Acheson Urges Brandt's "Race" to Moscow be called off', Washington Post, 10

December 1970. SouthwestMrica, US Involvement in New York Times, 2January 1971. 'On South Mrica', New York Times, 21 Aprill971. 'The Purloined Papers', New York Times, 7 July 1971. 'The Eclipse of the State Department', Fureign Affairs, July 1971. Rhodesia statement before Senator Bryd's committee, 7 July 1971. 'A New-Old China Policy', New York Times, 22july 1971. 'The Berlin Agreement Is No Gift', New York Times, 12 September 1971. 'Russia's Goals in the Middle East', New York Times, 14 October 1971. 'Economic Pressures Endanger Our Security', Washington Star, 12 December

1971.

Index

Acheson, Dean Atlantic Union Committee and 43-4; Britain and 29-35,45-6,73-4,115-6, 141,176, 182-4,245-6;China and 109-24, 197-8, 212-3; European Community and 36-42;Japan and 133--55; Marshall and 211-30; Marshall Plan and 1-22, 183--5; NATO and 28-51, 159; NSC-68 and 159-72, 194-5; nuclear weapons and 55-71, 160, 165; Truman Doctrine and 73--103; USSR and 176-205; and passim

Acheson-Lilienthal plan 55, 61-4 Adenauer,Konrad 40,176,199 Mghanistan 86 Air Force, US 164-5 Albania 96-7 Allen, George 96 Allen, H.C. 29 Allied High Commission 199 Allison, John M. 145 American Civil War 67 American Committee for a Free

and United Europe 36 American Red Cross 229 American-Soviet Friendship

Council 69 Anglo-Turkish-French Alliance 80 Ardahan 81 Armenia 81, 83, 90 Army Department 7, 138-9 Atlantic Union Committee 43-4 Atomic Energy Commission 62,

65-6,68,166 Attlee, Clement 60, 89, 94 Auriol, Vincent 40 Australia 120, 150-1, 172 Austria 217, 221 Axis 80, 85 Azerbaijan 84,87,89,96 Azores, the 45

B-36 164-5 Baku 84 Balfour,John 93, 225-6 Balkans, the 60 Baruch, Bernard 62, 64 Baruch Plan 185 Battle of Britain 30 Batum 81 Bay of Pigs 49 BBC 225 BBC Radio Reith Lectures 47 Benelux 28 Beria, Levrenti 82, 90 Berlin 8, 34, 49, 109, 186, 186,

189,194,199,250 Bessarabia 86 Bevin, Ernest 28-9, 31-3, 60, 83--5,

89, 94-5, 99, 115-6, 141, 176, 188, 195-6, 217, 219, 225-6

Bidault, Georges 217, 226 Bissell, Richard 20 Black Sea 82, 89, 91 Blackwelder, Justin 44 Bohlen, Charles 14, 123, 189, 221,

223, 225, 228 Bradley, Omar N. 142, 144-6,

151-2 Bretton Woods Agreement I, 180,

233, 235, 243--5, 248-9 British Commonwealth/Empire 7,

9-10, 29, 32, 34, 76, 115-6, 141, 183

Brown, Seyom 109 Bukovina 86 Bulgaria 79-81, 86, 90, 96-7, 203 Bullitt, William 77 Bullock, Alan 99 Bureau of the Budget 161, 171 Burns, James H. 167 Bush, Vannevar 57-8, 61 Butler, Nevile 226 Butterworth, W. Walton 114-5,

142-4, 191

266 Index

Byrnes,James 56-7, 60-3, 77, 84-5,87,89,94-5, 212-5,217,246

Cabot,John 118 Cairo conference 80 Canada 9-11,34,57,59-61,123,

235-6,239,246-7,250-1 Camps, Miriam 244, 250-2 Carnegie Institution 58 Carpatho-Ukraine 86 Carter, Marshall 224-5 Case, Everett 109 Chen Yi 119 Chiang Kai-shek 69, 112-6, 118,

121-2,124,134,212 Chicago Foreign Policy

Council 227 China 12-13, 17, 22, 60, 69, 86,

109-24, 137, 142, 145, 147-8, 151-2, 155, 160, 171, 182, 184, 191,194-8,202-3,211-3,216, 218, 230, 242, 251; China Aid Act 112-3; China Lobby 110, 112-3; Kuomintang 110-14, 119, 122, 124, 212

Churchill, Winston 31, 63, 82, 86-8, 101, 134

CIA 64-5, 123, 191 Clay, Lucius 139 Clayton, William 1-5, 180, 223-5,

228,239 Clifford, Clark 74-5, 220 Clubb, Edmund 0. 119-20 Committee on the Extension of US

Aid to Foreign Governments 3 Conant, James 61, 224 Connally, Tom 61 Coudenhove-Kalergi, Richard 36 Council of Europe 37 Council of Economic Advisers 226 Council of Foreign Ministers 93,

136,140,148,217,220 Council on Foreign Relations 235 Cuba 199 Cuban missile crisis 34 Czechoslovakia 6, 202

Dalton, Hugh 89, 94 Davis, James A. 213

Day, Clarence 50 Dedijer, Vladimir 97 Defense Department 111-2, 117,

124, 146, 148, 150, 152, 163-4, 166-7, 172, 192-3, 198,211-2, 229; Joint Strategic Survey Committee 148

Delta Council 4, 136, 155, 222, 224 Denmark 46 Department of Agriculture 237 Dewey, Thomas 113 Dimitrov, Georgi 97 Donovan, Robert 29 Dulles,John Foster 28, 47-8, 115,

133, 141, 143-52, 154-5,217

Economic Cooperation Administration 6, 20-1, 36, 114

Eden, Anthony 199 Egypt 74 Eisenhower, Dwight D. 47, 49, 57,

213-4 Erkin, Feridun 93 Estonia 86 Euratom 42 European Coal and Steel

Community 15--16, 22, 32-3, 38, 41-2

European Common Market 33, 37-8,41-2,250

European Defense Community 33, 38-41, 176, 199-200

European Free Trade Area 250 European Payments Union 15, 22 European Recovery Program 6-8,

12,20,22,28,36, 100,161,190, 223, 227

Export Import Bank 240

Far East Commission 137, 139, 147, 192

Fearey, Robert A. 149-50 Feis, Herbert 109 Fermi, Enrico 66 Finland 86, 136 Foreign ministers' conference

(1947,London) 60 Foreign ministers' conference

(1947, Moscow) 3-4, 83-4, 185

Index 267

Foreign ministers' conference (1949, Washington) 8-9, 12-14

Foreign ministers' conference (1950, London) 14-15, 18-19

Formosan independence 114 Forrestal, James 5, 58, 60, 135-6,

139,142,164,216 Fosdick, Raymond 109 Foster,John 217 Four-Power condominium 40 Foster, William 20 France 2-3,6-11,15-17,20-2,28,

32,38-41,48,50, 70, 74,79-80, 100, 110, 153, 172, 176, 182, 188, 190-1, 197-9, 203,217,219,237

Franks, Oliver 13, 17, 29, 31-2 Fuchs, Klaus 69 Fulbright,]. William 36-8, 51

Gaulle, Charles de 35, 41-2 General Agreement on Tariffs and

Trade (GATT) 236, 241, 243-4, 251

Georgia 81-3, 90 Germany, East 37, 49-50, 189, 201 Germany, prewar 78-81, 85, 179 Germany, West 2-12, 16-22, 28,

33,37-42,47, 49,60, 85,135, 137, 139, 146, 171, 176, 182-93, 195-6, 199-200, 202-4, 217, 221, 234

Gilan 81, 84 Gordon, Kermit 239 Great Britain 1-2, 7, 9-15, 17, 22,

28-35,37,39-40,42-3,45-6,48, 57,59-61,73-6,78-85,89,9-5, 97-100, 103, 115-6, 141, 150, 176, 178, 180, 182-4, 186, 188, 190-2, 197-8,201,204, 217, 219, 224-5, 233-4, 236-7, 239, 240, 250

Great Depression 1, 1 78, 217 Greece 2, 73-5,77,86, 89,

93-100, 103, 135, 182-3, 219-20 Greek-Turkish Aid Program 100 Grew,Joseph 134 Gromyko, Andrei 62-3 Groton School 29-30 Groves, Leslie 61-2

H-Bomb 55, 64-71 Hammond, PaulY. 168 Harriman, Averell 226 Harvard University 4, 218, 222,

224-5 Hay,John 29 Henderson, Loy 73, 75-7, 79, 81,

84-5,91,93-6,98,103 Hilldring,John H. 213 Hirohito, Emperor 134 Hiroshima 55-6, 69-70, 92 Hiss, Alger 64, 69, 142 Hitler, Adolf 79, 85, 179 Ho Chi Minh 198 Hoffman, Paul 235 Hong Kong 115 Hoover, Herbert 135-6 Hoover,J. Edgar 64, 69 Hottelet, Richard 89 House Armed Services

Committee 164-5 House Committee on Foreign

Affairs 6 Huang Hua 119 Hull, Cordell 1, 215, 239, 245,

248,252 Hull,John E. 212 Humelsine, Carlisle N. 216 Hungary 86, 202 Hurley, Patrick]. 69, 212

Iceland 45-6 India 147, 192 Indochina 17, 70, 182, 195, 197-9 Indonesia 153, 182 International Monetary Fund 2-3,

12, 181, 237 International Trade

Commission 236 International Trade Organization,

Charter for an 237-8, 240, 243, 249

Inverchapel, Lord 94 Iran 63, 74, 78-9, 81, 83-91, 93, 6,

98-100,02-3,183,195,199 Iraq 87 Ireland 45-6 Ireland, Northern 45-6

268 Index

ltUy 2,20, 28, 74,136,182,203, 219

Japan 56, 60, 65, 83, 90, 110-11, 116, 120-1, 123, 133-55, 172, 179, 182-4, 186-7, 191-3, 195, 197,202-4,233-4,246, 249; GHQ/SCAP 136-9; Ministry of National Security 150; 'United States Initial Post-Surrender Policy for Japan' 135

Jessup, Philip 109, 189 johnson, Louis 66, 68, 112, 117,

122, 142-5, 147-8, 164-8, 170, 229

Johnson,Lyndon 42,50-1 Joint Chiefs of Staff 66, 94, 112,

121-2, 139-45, 147, 149, 152-4, 165-7, 170, 183, 191, 197

Kars 81 Kefauver, Estes 43, 51 Kennan, George 3-5, 10-12, 36-8,

47-8,50-1,63,67-8,77,96,102, 114, 123, 137-8, 140-1, 162-3, 166, 188-9, 191, 193, 204, 216, 222--6,228

Kennedy, john F. 34, 41, 48-9, 51 Keynes,John M. 31, 247-9, 252 Khrushchev, Nikita 82, 90, 250 King, MacKenzie 60, 247 Kolko, Gabriel I 09 Korea, North 121, 124, 146-8, 195 Korea, South 148,195,241 Korean War 19-20, 22, 39, 43, 46,

70, 109-12, 121-4, 146-9, 152, 159,170-1,195-7,199,203, 229-30,241-2

Krug, julius 226 Kurdish People's Government 84

LaFaber, Walter 109 Landon, Truman H. 167 Lansing, Robert 217 Lapham, Roger 143 Latin America 116 Latvia 86 Lawton, Frederickj. 171 League of Nations 90, 249

Leffier, Melvyn P. 78, 99, 109 Lenin, V.I. 81, 84 Lilienthal, David 55, 61, 65-6, 68,

166 Lincoln, Abraham 67 Lippman, Walter 222 Lithuania 86 Litvinov, Maxim 89, 93, 102 Li Shaoqi 120 London Economic

Conference 247 Lothian, Lord 247 Lovett, Robert A. 198-9, 215,

226-8

MacArthur, Douglas 122, 134--6, 138, 140-2, 144-9, 151, 191, 195, 230

Macedonia 96-7 Macmillan, Harold 35 Manchuria 60, 86, l18, 120, 124,

151, 191, 196 Manhattan Project 65 Mao Zedong 118-20, 124, 196,

212 Matjolin, Robert 242 Marshall, George C. 2-5, 8, 56, 74,

77, 102, 136-8, 148-9, 151-2, 211-30

Marshall Plan 1-22, 36, 68-9, 109, 160,183-5,221-30,233,235, 237, 240-2, 246; Committee for the 5-6

Matthews, H. Freeman 93 McBride, Sean 46 McCarran, Pat 112 McCarthy,joseph 109, 142 McCarthyism 55, 64, 69 McCloy,Johnj. 17, 31, 61, 200 McKellar, Kenneth 57 McLellan, David 159 McNamara, Robert S. 48 Medhurst, Martin 101 Mediterranean, the 28 Melby, John 118 Merchant, Livingston 114 Mexico 123 Miall, Leonard 225 Military Security Board 8, 188

Index 269

Moch, Jules 40 Moldavia 86 Molotov, Vyacheslaw M. 60, 79, 81,

85,87, 151,217,221 Monnet,Jean 37-8, 41 Montreux Convention 81-2, 90-2 Moscow Foreign Ministers

Conference 8~. 185 Murphy, Robert 188 Mussadiq, Muhammad 199 Mutual Defense Assistance

Program 159 Mutual Security Administration 21

Napoleonic Wars 178 National Association of Women's

Organizations 227 National Press Club 115 National Security Council 8, 66,

112, 118, 143, 146, 153, 168, 189, 195-6, 198,200;NSC-13/ 2 13S-9; NSC-13/3 139-41; NSC-20/4 187; NSC-372 114; NSC-37/5 112; NSC-48 112; NSC-49 139-40; NSC-68 19-20,22,68,70,159-72,194-5, 202

National War College 216, 222 Navy Department 91, 95, 152,

164-5 Nazi-Soviet Pact 79, 85 New Deal 235, 248 New Zealand 150-1, 172 Nitze, Paul H. 162-3, 167, 169-70,

172, 19~. 197-8 Nixon, Richard M. 49 Nordic Pact 46 North Atlantic Treaty Organization

(NATO) 10, 14, 17-19, 2S-51, 100, 109, 111, 159, 162, 167, 171-2, 187-8, 195-7, 199, 230,235-6,250

Norway 28, 46, 86 Nourse, Edwin G. 226

Office of European Affairs 93 Office of Near Eastern and Mrican

Affairs 73, 77, 79, 81, 85, 91, 98

Office of Scientific Research and Development 58

Office of War Mobilization 57 Oppenheimer,]. Robert 61-4, 66,

70 Organization for European

Economic Cooperation ~9. 12, 15, 20-1, 3~7

OFFTACKLE 121

Pacific Pact 149-51 Pan American Society 116 Patterson, Gardner 235-6, 238 Patterson, Robert 5, 57 Pearson, Lester 247 Pepper, Claude 190 Perkins, George 11 'Persian Corridor' 83 Persian Gulf 85 Philippines, the 151, 153 Platt Amendment 199 Pleven Plan 38 Plowden, Lord 237-8 Poland 64, 81, 86, 182, 202-3 Portugal 45-6 Potsdam Conference 82-3, 93 Potsdam Declaration 133-5 Princeton University 32, 38,

2IS-9,235

Rabi, 1.1. 66 Rapallo Treaty 8 Reciprocal Trade Agreements

Act 1 Reid, Escott 34 Ridgway, Matthew B. 151-3 Roberts, Owen 43 Romania 86, 182, 203 Roosevelt, Franklin D. 30-1,

101-2,180,239,247 Rossow, Robert 96 Ruhr,the 4,6,8, 185,189-90 Ruhr Control Authority 188 Rusk, Dean 115, 122, 140, 153

Sadak, Necmeddin 92 San Francisco Peace

Conference 133, 141, 152-3

270 Index

Schmidt, Paul 85 Schuman, Robert 15-16, 32-3,

37-40,42,176,188,199 Sebald, William 139-40 Senate Committee on Banking and

Currency 181 Senate Foreign Relations

Committee 29, 118-9, 190, 199, 215,217

Sherman, Forrest 144 Skybolt 35 Smith, Gaddis 30 Smith, Walter Bedell 88, 221 Snow, Edgar 102 Snyder, .John 9, 57 Soviet-Turkish Treaty of

Friendship 81 Soviet Far East Committee 151 Spain 45, 250 Special Committee to Study

Assistance to Greece and Turkey 73

Sproul, Robert 143 Stalin, Josef 46, 60, 68-9, 77-9,

81-5,87-9,90,97,100-1,118, 182-3, 196, 199-200, 203-4, 221

Stalingrad 80-1 State Department I, 4-6, 10-11,

16,21,31-2, 35,43-5,66-7,69, 74,92, 101,109-10,112-3, 115-7, 119-20, 124, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141-7, 149, 152, 154, 162, 164, 166-7, 188-91, 198, 211-30, 237, 248, 250; Policy Planning Staff of 117, 137-9, 162, 167, 177, 188, 193, 216, 222-3, 225

State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee 3-4, 221

Stebbins, Richard 238 Steel, Ronald 109 Stettinius, William 180, 216 Stimson, Henry 5, 56-60 Strauss, Lewis 66 Streit, Clarence 42-3, 51 Stuart,]. Leighton 119 Suez 183 Sun Lijen 115 Sweden 45-6

Taft, Robert 227 Taiwan 112-5, 118, 121-4, 145,

151, 191 Tannu Tuva 86 Tariff Commission 236 Tito (Josip Broz) 100, 118 Tittman, A.O. 29 Trade Agreement Act 235 Transcaucasus 81 Treasury Department 9, 31 Treaty of Rome 41 Truman, Harry 5, 18-20, 37, 45,

49,55-61,63-71,73-9,83,85, 87-8,92-5,97,100-2,109-10, 112-4, 117-8, 120, 122, 133-4, 143, 146-7, 159-60, 164-7, 170-2, 189, 195, 198,212-4, 218-20, 222, 224-5, 227-30, 235, 238-9, 245

Truman Doctrine 73-103, 135, 160, 183-4, 220-1

Tudeh Party 199 Turkey 73-5, 77-3, 85-6, 88-96,

98-100, 102-3, 135, 151, 183, 219-20

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 2-10, 12-13, 15, 17-19, 22, 35-7, 40, 42, 46-7, 49-50,55,57-60,62,64-0, 73-96,98-102,113,116-21, 123-4, 137-8, 140, 142, 144, 146-9, 151-3, 159-72, 176-205, 217, 219-21

United Nations Organization 60, 75, 84, 87-91, 94, 114-5, 123, 143, 147-8, 151, 180, 195-6, 214, 245, 249-50; Security Council of the 62, 64,88,92,96

United States Congress 5-6, 14, 19-21,43-6,49,59,62,73-5, 102, 112-3, 115-6, 135, 143, 160, 170,183,213,217,219-20, 226-7, 229, 233, 235-6, 238, 240, 252

United States Strategic Bombing Sutvey 163

University of California, Berkeley 50, 227

University of California, Los Angeles 227

Vandenberg, Arthur 60-1, 74, 143-5, 190, 214-5, 217, 219-20, 226-8, 240

Vietnam 110, 124, 172, 194 Vincent,John Carter 212 Vinson, Carl 164 Vishinsky, Andrei 87, 140 Voters Alliance for Americans of

German Ancestry 29

Wallace, Henry 58, 64, 69, 246 War Department 4, 31, 91, 95,

135, 215-6 Ward, Angus 120 Warrel, Earl 143 Webb, James E. 143

Index

West Point 34-6 Western Union 28, 46 Wherry, Kenneth 39 Wiley, Alexander 192-3

271

World Bank, the 2-3, 12, 181, 240 World War One 36, 178 World War Two 30, 36, 39, 42, 47,

76, 80-2,99, 102, 111, 118, 146, 161,163,192,234

Yale University 30, 49, 178 Yalta 101 Yao Yilin 119 Ye Jianying 119 Yoshida Shigeru 146, 149-50,

153-4 Yugoslavia 96-7, 118

Zhou Enlai 111, 115, 119-20, 123

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