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‘PEDAGOGY AS TEXT’: A LENS TO EXPLORE THE MINUTIAE OF PEDAGOGICAL ENCOUNTERS IN HEALTH AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION

Dr Amanda Mooney & Professor Chris HickeyROSE SeminarJuly 21, 2014

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EXAMINING PEDAGOGY

•Pedagogy as concerned with the process of knowledge and truth production

•How can we capture the intended and unintended learning that occurs through pedagogical encounters?

http://hubpages.com/hub/Two-Faces-or-a-Vase-10-Simple-but-Wonderful-Optical-

Illusions

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UNDERSTANDING PEDAGOGY

“how one teaches … is inseparable from what is being taught and, crucially how one learns” (Lusted, 1986, p. 3)

Curriculum

Teaching

Learning

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PE PEDAGOGY

Traditional pedagogies

Progressive pedagogies

Radicalpedagogies

Performance orientated

pedagogies

Participation orientated pedagogies

Demonstration,Explanation, practice

EG. Direct instructALT focused

Sport EducationTGFU

Movement education

Critical pedagogiesFeminist pedagogies

Postmodern etcTinning, 1997

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PRODUCING KNOWLEDGE ABOUT PEDAGOGY

“Expert discussions about pedagogy have emerged, primarily, out of the intellectual positions associated with two different paradigms; one scientific (behavioristic) and the other social (critical) theory…” (Kelly, Hickey & Tinning, 2000)

Scientization of the discipline…

ALT-PE (Academic Learning Time – Physical Education)

Technocratic rationalities….

Biophysical ways of thinking about movement (anatomy, physiology)

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CONTEXT: BOYS’ PHYSICAL EDUCATIONWhat we think we know….

–Students’ experiences of physical education classes can be diverse and varied (Lee, 2010)

–Boys’ experiences of PE are far from homogenous (Kehler & Atkinson, 2010)

–Examining pedagogical encounters can tell us much about the teacher, the student and the knowledge constructed during their interactions in specific contexts (socio-historical)

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PHYSICAL EDUCATION AS GENDERED….

Curriculum

Teaching

Learning

?

Message system through which ideas are constructed about, for example:

• Gender• Identity• The body• Performance / competence

/ ability• Peer relations

What theoretical tools are available to address these kinds of questions about pedagogy?

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PEDAGOGY AS TEXT….

•Gore’s (1990) consideration of pedagogy as text links the work of “Lusted and Foucault…[to] argue that focusing on the process of teaching necessitates attention to the politics of those processes and to the broader political context in which they are situated…The way that pedagogy is received becomes a process of negotiation, a struggle over meaning” (p. 106)

http://www.handmaps.org/

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Why Foucault?This research….

Discourse PowerTechnologies of the

self

• Provides a lens to explore how dominant discourses shape ‘truths’• How power relationships shape social interactions in PE• Encourage us to trouble the taken for granted…

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‘PEDAGOGY AS TEXT’: A METHODOLOGICAL LENS….

•Gore (1990, 1995, 1998) – empirical approach to examine practices of power in pedagogy

– Developed 8 coding categories – surveillance,

normalisation, exclusion, classification, distribution,

individualisation, totalisation, regulation

•Wright (2000) – focused on linguistic realisations of these categories through close analysis in a spoken context

Physical Education Teacher

Education

Girls’ gymnastic lesson…

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TECHNIQUES OF POWER•Surveillance – panopticon….perception of permanent visibility..•Normalisation –conforming to standard – defining normal•Exclusion – negative effect of normalisation, self and others…•Classification – categorising groups, individuals….dividing practices•Distribution – bodies in space, time•Individualisation – giving individual character to one person•Totalisation – giving collective character•Regulation – controlling behaviour – self and others

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GOLF AT THE DRIVING RANGE – ‘IT DEFINITELY WASN’T A ‘HOLE IN ONE’ LESSON

Gore argues that if we move beyond the preferred reading of the text it is possible to “point to a range of possible readings which can be characterized as extending from acceptance to opposition. One’s reading of the scenario will depend on one’s subjectivity/subjectivities” (1990, p. 109).

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THE MESSINESS OF PEDAGOGICAL ENCOUNTERS…..Rachel comments, “the plan was to have some sort of swinging practice initially without using golf balls. I think the number one focus for me was definitely safety…During Rachel’s instructions on how to grip the club and adopt the correct stance, three students picked up their cones and started shouting into them like a megaphone to the person next to them whilst four others who were waiting in line behind their partner decided to sit or sprawl about on the group. Whilst watching the footage, Rachel comments, “These are all the things that I have to encounter and sometimes I think am I the only person who has to deal with this sort of behavior?....

• Taken-for-granted truths about ‘good’ pedagogy can result in less than desirable student and teacher experiences

• The micro-political context is replete with dominant discourse-power relations that shape experiences of pedagogy

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In asking Rachel if she would do anything differently in her next golf lesson, she laughs and comments, “Have the golf pro take it…I think I had some good ideas with the formation of the cones to give them a particular spot to practice in, but maybe I needed some more demonstrations or perhaps could have had a student doing the demos, maybe I could have used the space a bit better, had them in lines instead of a semi-circle…when they are kicking things around and not standing still it annoys me, how else can you interpret that…I asked Rachel what type of information she was trying to convey during this part of the lesson, she states, “well they need some technical knowledge, I mean it is probably obvious to some of them but to many others who don’t know much about golf then I think they need to know…that’s the thing about teaching, you are constantly challenged to make sure you are catering for different learners….”

Disciplinary power….

• Distribution of bodies in space as marked out behind the cones

• Power as bottom-up: Student responses conveyed a degree of resistance to Rachel’s instructional phase, which, in turn, regulated her approach.

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…Rachel indicates to the boys that they can move over to the driving range but they need to stay in their pairs and ensure they stand well back from the student practising. She reiterates that once they have hit their ball they are to swap over for their partner to have a go and under no circumstances are they to go onto the range to pick up their ball until they are given instructions to do so. Despite this, after one hit, one boys runs directly after his ball and Rachel blows her whistle and yells at this student to get back. She runs her fingers through her hair clearly exasperated….the students wait for a minute and then go back to their practising and bantering between each other about the success, or otherwise, of each shot. Craig, a student who appeared to be struggling to make contact with the ball, commented in a follow up interview, “Really it was a crap lesson, I didn’t really learn anything new, I knew I couldn’t play golf before and now I know for sure, it is hard to concentrate when you have ten other boys changing that you’re going to miss it…

Disciplinary power….

• Classification of student ability – by teacher and by students themselves

• Surveillance of student behaviour that attempts to regulate

• Normalisation of student interactions as just a boys’ PE class

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Recognising that some members of the group had become quite unruly and were basically using this practice time as an opportunity to pick on the failings of other students like Craig, Rachel stopped the class to reiterate some of the key technique points when driving the ball. She commented on stance variations for the type of shot and the position of the elbows throughout the swing, reinforcing the importance of a hip-to-shoulder rotation through the swing. Matt comments, “We know all this Miss, show us your swing…how far can you drive the ball…”

Disciplinary power….

• Regulative effects of power relations in response to her students’ gaze (surveillance)

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IMPLICATIONS & CONCLUSIONS….

•Lens to examine the micropolitical context, but can also reveal macro discourse-power relations that shape practice

“the workings of power in educational settings should never be taken lightly or over-simplified, given that educational institutions and their assorted sets of practices provide ideal environments for the interplay of multiple forms of power – cultural, social and structural – forms that in many case are irreducible to the others” (Murphy, 2013, p. 8)

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REFERENCESGore, J. (1990). Pegagogy as text in physical education teacher education: beyond the preferred reading. In D. Kirk, & R. Tinning (Eds.), Physical education, curriculum and culture: Critical issues in the contemporary crisis (pp. 79-108). London: Falmer Press.

Gore, J. (1995). On the continuity of power relations in pedagogy. International Studies in the Sociology of Education, 5(2), 165-188.

Gore, J. (1998). Disciplining bodies: On the continuity of power relations in pedagogy. In T. Popkewitz, & M. Brennan (Eds.), Foucault's Challenge: Discourse, knowledge and power in education (pp. 231-251). New York: Teachers College Press.

Kehler, M., & Atkinson, M. (Eds.). (2010). Boys' bodies: Speaking the unspoken. New York, NY: Peter Lang Publishing, Inc.

Kelly, P., Hickey, C., & Tinning, R. (2000). Producing knowledge about physical education pedagogy: Problematizing the activities of expertise. Quest, 52(3), 284-296.

Lee, J. (2010). Students' evolving meanings and experiences with physical activity and sport. In M. O'Sullivan, & A. MacPhail (Eds.), Young people's voices in physical education and youth sport (pp. 108-122). Milton Park, Abingdon: Routledge.

Lusted, D. (1986). Why pedagogy? Screen, 27(5), 2-14.

Murphy, M. (2013). Social theory and education research: An introduction. In M. Murphy (Ed.), Social theory and education research: Understanding Foucault, Habermas, Bourdieu and Derrida (pp. 3-18). Milton Park, Abingdon, United Kingdom: Routledge.

Wright, J. (2000). Disciplining the body: Power, knowledege and subjectivity in a physical education lesson. In A. Lee, & C. Poynton (Eds.), Culture and Text (pp. 152-168). Sydney, Australia: Allen and Unwin.