Deaf History Notes Illustrations by Brian Cerney
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Transcript of Deaf History Notes Illustrations by Brian Cerney
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DeafHistory Notes
Illustrations byBrian Cerney
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Figure 1.1Communication and Language
Animal
Communication
Animal
Communication
Human Communication
Language
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Figure 1.2Background Knowledge
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Figure 1.3Expressive Modalities of Communication
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Figure 1.4Perceptive Modalities of Communication
Perception of
Communication
Perceptive Modalities
• Auditory (ears / hearing)
• Visual (eyes / sight)
• Tactile (skin / touch)
• Gustatory (tongue / taste)
• Olfactory (nose / smell)
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Figure 1.5Communication within a Physical Setting
Physical Context (Setting)
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Figure 1.6Examples of Communication Modalities
Expressive / Perceptive Modalities of Communication
Image / S ight Sound / Hear ing Textu re / Touch
• Drawings - cartoon figures - life like sketches • Markings - arrows
- PRINTED WOR DS
• Human Sounds - screams - SPOKEN WORDS • Mech a nica l Sounds - doors sl amming shut -MORSE CODE TONES
• Objects - fen ces - sculptures • 3-D Markings - 3 -D arrow on a s ign - BRAILLED WORDS
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Figure 1.7 - Language Encoding Systems
Expressive / Perceptive Modalities Language Channels Image / Sight Sound / Hearing Te xture / Touch
Writte n Languag es
• Typed Symbol s • Morse Code
Symbols
• Morse Code Tones
• Spel ling Aloud
• Bra illed Symbols
• Raised Let ters Signed
Languag es • Signed Symb ols • Tactil e Sig ning
Spo ken Languag es
• Pho netic Alphabets
• Manual Cues
• Spoken Symbols
• Tado ma • Tactil e Manua l
Cues
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Figure 1.8 – LSF & ASL as Part of the European Signed Language Family
American
School for
the Deaf
ASLLSF
c. 17701817
The Paris
School
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Figure 1.9 – Deaf Education Timeline
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Figure 2.1 - Language & Culture
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Unit 2Timelines In History
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Figure 3.1 – The Outer, Middle & Inner Ear
Inner Ear
Semicircular Canals
Auditory Nerve
Cochlea
Middle
Ear
Outer
Ear
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Figure 3.2 – Audiogram Variables (Decibels & Frequencies)
125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
Mild
Moderate
Severe
Profound
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Figure 3.3 - Components of the Cochlear Implant
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Figure 3.4 - The Anatomy of the Eye
Lens
Iris Iris
Anterior
Chamber
Ciliary BodyCiliary Body
Cornea
Posterior
Chamber
Vitreous
Body
Vitreous
Body
Retina
Choroid
Schlera
Conjunctiva
Centralia Retinae
Optic Nerve
Nerve Sheath
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Figure 3.5- The Bones of the Hand
Metacarpals
Carpals
Phalanges
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UNIT 3 Section 1 Review Questions
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UNIT 3 Section 2 Review Questions
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Figure 4.1 - William Stokoe's Milestones
1955
Stokoe begins teaching
at Gallaudet College
1960
Stokoe publishes first
research on ASL
1965
Stokoe publishes the
Dictionary of ASL
1972
Stokoe begins publishing
Sign Language Studies
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Figure 4.2 - Possible Communication Components
William Stokoe’s
“Possible Communication Behavior of American Deaf Persons”
English
- lipreading
- clear articulation
ASL
- facial expression
- manual symbols
- gesture
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Figure 4.3 - Observed Communication Components
William Stokoe’s
“Observed Communication Behavior of American Deaf Persons”
- clear articulation
- facial expression
- lipreading
- manual symbols
- gesture
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Figure 4.4 - ASL & English Diglossia
James Woodward’s
Original “Diglossic Scale”
English
Formal
ASL
Informal
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Figure 4.5 - "PSE" Composed of ASL Elements
James Woodward ’s
Original “Elements of PSE”
English
- Articles (a, an the)
- plurals with “s”
- verbs of being (is, am)
- progressives (-ing)
- completives (had + Past Tense)
ASL
- Spell the words A, T-H-E
- plurals with reduplication
- use of sign TRUE
- progressives by verb reduplication
- completives by use of FINISH
“PSE”
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Figure 4.6 – ASL & English Influencing Contact Signing
Contact Signing
ASL
Signs
English
Grammar
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Figure 4.7 – ASL and English Features of Contact Signing
English Features Used
Engl ish Featu res NOT Use d
ASL Fe ature s Use d
ASL Fe ature s NOT Use d
Conjunc tions (and, because , but)
Verbs + pre posi tions (go with, look at)
Agreem ent Verbs (sub ject / ob ject)
Aspec t Inflection (duration, in tensi ty)
Eng lish mouth patte rns
Re lat ive C lau ses S igns without mout hing
Top ica lizat ion
Prep ositions Compara tive "mor e" ASL Determi ners (index ing/ pointing)
Eng lish or der (? ) Determiners (the, this , that)
ASL word order (?)
Subordina te clauses
Modal Con structions (can, must, e tc)
Ro le Shifting
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Figure 4.8 – Bilingual / Bimodal Language Contact
“Conversational”
ASL“Pure” English
“Conversational”
English
“Contact” English
“Contact” ASL
“Pure” ASL
More Linear
Suffixes, Prefixes,
Emphasis on
Word Order
More Spatial
Simultaneous
Production of
Meaningful Units
Interaction of ASL & English Continua:
Variation in Two Languages
(therefore, two lines)
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Figure 4.9 – Three Different Manual English Codes
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Figure 4.10 – Manual English Codes Are Not Languages
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Figure 5.1 – Telecommunication Aspects of the ADA
Telephone
Relay Services
Public
Phone TTYs
911 TTY
Accessibility
Hotel
TVs & TTYs
ADA
Impact On
Telecommunications
1990
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Figure 5.2 – Factors of Core Membership in the Deaf Community
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Figure 6.1 - Source and Target Texts
Source Text
Target Text
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Figure 6.2 - Simultaneous Interpretation of Monologic Discourse
Source Text
Target Text
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Figure 6.3 - Simultaneous Interpretation of Dialogic Discourse
Source
Target
Target
Source
Source
Target
Target
Source
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Figure 6.4 - Consecutive Interpretation of Dialogic Discourse
S
T
T
S
S
T
T
S
S
T
T
S
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Figure 6.5 - Consecutive Interpretation of Monologic Discourse
S
T
S
T
S
T
S
T
S
T
S
T
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Figure 6.6 - Transliteration (simultaneous) of Monologic Discourse
Source Text
tARGET tEXT
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Figure 6.7 - Transliteration (simultaneous) of Dialogic Discourse
Source
tARGET
Target
sOURCE
Source
tARGET
Target
sOURCE
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Figure 6.8 - Elucidation (consecutive) of Monologic Discourse
Source
? - ? -
Source
? - ? -
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Figure 6.9 - Elucidation (consecutive) of Dialogic Discourse
Source
? - ? -
Source
? - ? -
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RID Code of Ethics 1979-2004
Tenet 1: Interpreters / Transliterators shall keep all assignment-related information strictly confidential.
Tenet 2: Interpreters / Transliterators shall render the message fait hfully, always
conveying the content and spirit of the speaker, using language most readily understood by the person(s) whom they serve.
Tenet 3: Interpreters / Transliterators shall not counsel, advise , or interjec t
personal opinions. Tenet 4: Interpreters / Tr ansliterators shall accept assignments using discretion
with regard to skill, setting, and the consumers involved. Tenet 5 : Interpreters / Transliterators shall request compensation fo r services in a
professional and judicious manner. Tenet 6: Interpreters / Transliterators shall function in a ma nner appropriate to the
situation. Tenet 7: Interpreters / Transliterators shall strive to furthe r knowledge and skills
through participation in workshops, professional meetings, interaction with professional colleagues and reading of current literature in the field.
Tenet 8: Interpreters / Tr ansliterators, by the virtue of membership in o r
certification by the R.I.D., Inc., shall strive to maintain high professional standards in compliance with the code of ethics.
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RID Code of Conduct (adopted 2005)
Interpreters have a profess ional responsibility to: Tenet 1: Adhere to standards of confidential communication. Tenet 2: Possess interpreting competence commensurate with the
communication event. Tenet 3: Actively engage in ongoing professional development. Tenet 4: Demonstrate respect for all consumers and their diversity. Tenet 5: Demonstrate respect for the profession, other colleagues, and
students of the profession. Tenet 6: Render services linguistically accessible and appropriate for the
situation. Tenet 7: Conduct themselves in a manner befitting the assigned setting. Tenet 8: Ensure that working conditions are conducive to excellence in
service delivery. Tenet 9: Serve as a resource on interpreting and relevant services, as needed. Tenet 10: Maintain ethical business practices.
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Figure 6.10 – The Triangle of Professionalism
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Sampling of College CoursesWhich Should Satisfy Requirements as
RID PROFESSIONAL STUDIES
ANT Anthropology ITP Interpreter Tra ining Progr a m
ASL Americ a n Sign Language JR N Journali s m
BUS Bus iness LAT Latin Language & Culture
CRT Court Reporting MMC Multime dia Communication s
ENG Eng lish Writing & Litera ture PSY Psychology
FCL Foreign Culture & Lang uage RUS Russian L a nguage & Culture
FRE French Langu a ge & Cu lture SO C Sociology
GE R German Langu a ge & Culture SPA Spani sh Language & Culture
ITA Italian Lang uage & Culture SPH Speech
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National Deaf Community Organizations
AADB American Association of the DeafBlind AAAD American Athletic Association of the Deaf AGBAD Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf ALDA Association of Late Deafened Adults ASDC American Society for Deaf Children ASLTA American Sign Language Teachers Association BDA Black Deaf Advocates CAID Convention of American Instructors of the Deaf CAN Consumer Action Network CIT Conference of Interpreter Trainers CSUN California State University at Northridge GUAA Gallaudet University Alumni Association NAD National Association of the Deaf NCOD National Center on Deafness (Northridge, CA) NCSA National Cued Speech Association NFSD National Fraternal Society of the Deaf NTD National Theatre for the Deaf NTID National Technical Institute for the Deaf RID Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf SHHH Self Help for the Hard of Hearing TDI Telecommunications for the Deaf, Inc. WFD World Federation of the Deaf