Deadline Citizen Suits: An Idea Whose Time Has Expired

8/12/2019 Deadline Citizen Suits: An Idea Whose Time Has Expired

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DEADLNE CITZEN U: EWHS IME HAS EXP

Willim Yeaan

E OF OE

NO U TIO

EIE IIN SIT A B I SE O1

OII ... . . 54

A. lean Air At eadlines ntllin atred Aenies

wth Preise retion

. 54B. lean Ai At tzen Sits ontroll atred Ageby Wdening Partiiation .. . 7

ViEE 60 EPA omliane with lean Air At eadlne

Wol . . . 6B A!enyFon tzen Sits oer Mied eadline 62

IV I IO N IN I SUIT O

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onress ntended jr lean Air At eadlnes to etterontrol PA; Howee eadline Hae ed to a oss o

65

ontrol .. . .. . . . . 6B onress ntended lean Ar At tzen Sts to and

Partiaton; Intead They are a Mean by ihPaation Sresed 7

V SOUTO JU IL N ORO 75

A Jdiial Fixe . . . 75B ongresonal Fxes . 78V ONUIO 79

TROIO

he Cn r ct' ha a erou ting problem Reltv to otherrgory ttute, th t elte wth dedlne Indd th t cot fr too ny t t h tht th nronental rotecton

. Wlla eata a enor feo at t Cetiv nr ntut a

aket tn tak bad n aiton DC2 a Ar At eer t te 90 (ub N 91 -6 0 8 Stat 66 19

19, u No. 9 9 9 tat 68 19 ), and 1990 (ub N 1 0 -9 0 Stat6 1 99 Aendent at e and etded fedal utrty d by e

Clan A At f1963 (ub. 8806 Stat. 92 (96 3, an e 96 Ar QhA Pb L 90 8 8 1 Stat. 8 9 eaue e od trutr f atwa abled n t 190 aendnt tat e ta t o anay n t ae

1


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5 Aaahan aa Rss Ja [O 8:51

Agency (EPA) is evidently verwhelme Frm 993 20, Aprmulgated 98 percent 96 ut f00 o its nn-discretnary respnsi

bilites pusuant t three cre Clean Ar pogams past statutry deadnes,by an average f07days late' The simpematter f the fact is thatAhas far mre datecertain duiesthan i hasthe resurces t achieve

EPAs untimelness by itself, isnt necessarily prblemaic; it is after Cngresss fault fr assgnng respibilities witut apprpriatingcmmensuratefunds4 C ab, the agency can be expected useitsdiscrein t best alcae its limitedresurces Hwever the CleanAir

Act empers prvateparties t suehe agency in rder t cmpel thepefrmance f verue regulatry actins and this dynamican agencythat as t many deadnes and a publc ght t sue ver any misseddeadineshas prven very prblematic Virtuay all deadline lawsuits areled by natina envirnmental rganizatns hat have ncreasnglypliticiedagendas far remvedfrm thepublc interest Cnsequently its nw the case that specal nterests eectvey are setting the egulatpririies f the A States, which are suppsed t be As parners ncleaning the natins air under the cperative federalism reguatregime establshed by the CleanArAct are being left ut f his agencypriiy settng

Bththe acts anmaluslyhgh number f datecertan duties and itsprvisin empwering citizens t sue er missed deadlines are abypructf the intelectuaenvirnmenint which the law was enactedIn 90 when Cngress passed the Clean Air Act, regulat capture the

ry was the ascendant schl f thught regading the administrae staeAt te time wascnventinal wisdm,n academia and amng the public at large, that reguated entities i e industy had cme dminateregula agencies The w sutns t agencycapture accrdng t

this shl f thughtwere t 1 enhance Cngressina cntrl veragencies thrug sttur devices ke me detaied nstructns witdeadinesfr actin and gran greaterrgts t the public t partcipae

in the reglatry prcess, thrugh means like citien suits ver misseddeadlines Of curse, there wasverlap between ese tw remedies Amissed deadne by EA cud engendera citien suitt cmpel actin

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23-204] Dde Czn Sljfs 55

a aor me limi S Ts evce incaes a evimenal saescoai mor congrssionaly rc meabes o aio a o oerreglao saes a rermore a e la Ar Ac possesses e

ms ealins al rer o ersa e prevalence ansraiv eales in

evomeal sas gerally a Clean ir Ac in parca snecessary o rs appecia e ielea clae i wc es lawswee passe. Mr eviromnal reglaio cam o beg nge ary an mi 97s a peo ogra pbc an scolay skepcsmegarig ecacy glao A e m i as wey belevea amsrave agecis wee oma by spcial essprrly

e reglae enies (e nsry)a peoo pejoaively kowas "rglaory capre

Capr eory was a reacio o New Dalera egaor sasa coere roa powr o amnsaiv agencis o regae n epbic nes By h lae 9s, wa cooy el a amisraiv agencies a bee egae oo mc scrio eaig o eiromaio o cap by specal nss9 s mos cycal [ocapr eorss aege venal n e o o a "revolvg oor

bew rglaors an isres y rga Mor covion-

1. U.S. Govrnt Acotiy Oe http:wwwao ovlonraerul?fdRuSrh&ot=&enydendnt+Ani+a+Got+Copoation&uenyEnroenta+roetionAy&tyMaor&rioiyA&enda %201 %2200&end_d=%2F 4%2F2013&bnedate%2dd%2Fyyy&ndLdat 2%2F31 %220 1 &in-o_date&ndaodate 2%2F20%2F2013&erhed&StSea lat iited Ot 201 3 aa oletd foGovret Aounabily Oe edral Rul Dtaa Th erh a narrowed tojor reulaton by A o Jna 200 to Otober 4 2013

16 See e.g Clea Air At 2 SC 7401 1 70 Clean Waer At 33 U.S 121 2) Sae Dii Wte At 42 U.S . 300f 74) Tox Subtan

Cotrol At 1 SC 2 0 1 6 ) 1 7. Mathw D . in Polg Eomeal Regulato orceet: oopeato Captre

a Cze Su 21 81 10-10 2002); Jol A Mint Ha Iryapued e A? Apps Mae ee's aptve Age Theo Aer F Yea 1

FH R. 1 -14 200; Toa W Mell aptue eo heor 72 C.K L. RV. 103 10003 17) Bary Boyer & ol

Meider vat Relatoy Eoeet A eay Aee of Ce u ueeel EvroeLw 3 BUfF L 833 3-4 1

18 See e. d Counation At of 34 7 US 20 a) rannederl Couiatio Coion reulaory nd raeai ower i t piintr) see so hoa W Merll au heo d he rts 7 72

C- 03 104804 17 . Mk Sednfld Bedig te ls lexble Rgulato a/ Orats Aec

5 AM L RV. 42 4 1 ) Zi ot 1 at 1-11720. o a rew of he hitoy of adei ittr the xin of "rvovn

door see Willa T orey Jr. A Tt of th Rvolvn Door yothi a th CC23 A . 666 1 7) in s no 17 10-110.


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56 ppchn Ntra Rurc w V 8:

l, the ged tht unfeed genc dsen ve tme engendes sle ltnshp n whch the mes, ttudes nd hnkng f thse

gulted cme pevl n the pp nd hnkng f egults,dng t netve vsght

It s wdel cknwledged th cptu he sgnntl nencedCngess' pssge f mj envnmentl stttes dung the 170sMndfl f gencs cptued spec nteests, Cngss sght tetke cnt f the dmnsttve ste hugh gsltve mns Cmped t pevus gencuthzng stttes, envnment lws n the

170s wee lnge nd cntnd me pese dectns nd dtecetndedlnes These e plc pespns dvted cptuethests

he 70 Clen A At ws the st mden envnmenl sttutend the pte the's sw ve the dfng f the l ws ptullcte Ths xplns wh the egs fes s m dednes,whch w hen nve devce nd the sjec f mch deletn Asnted the u stct Ct f the Sthen stct f ew Y,"he stt dednes f EPA ctn wee nt the ndveen pdutf unnfmed cngessnl tn ut wee the delee esult f studed t jnt cngssnl cnfeence"25

seent mendmens t the Cn Act fth nwedPAs dsen mpsng even me dednes Td PA's dte

2. Marr Benstei, Reuatn Buiness By Ineenen Con 3 N J. 83

(Prceton: nceton Unersity Prss, 1955) as ctd in Paul Sabae Social Movemensad Reguato Ancis: oward a More Adequate-and Lss Pessmstc-Theoy of"Clientele Capture 6 Pol' Sci 31, 33 197.

22 Znn, sura note 17, at 12 ("e evalig view s hat [te] bod of esea oncaptre had a major inunce on th desn o mecan buracra. Coness leadts lesson.) (footnote and ctaton omtted); Bay oyer & Eol Mednger, PriaReuato nJoeent A Pena Aseen o en ut uner Feera nvonenaa, 3 BF L Rv 833, 83 (1985 ("T Cean Ar Act an the Cea Waer Act]were enacted at a tme when apture' thoes dominatd scholay and popa

hougt abot reulaton.) (ciation oitted)23 Sdn A Shapiro & Roet L Gcksman, Congss te uee Cour, an te Quet

Reouon n Antae w 1988 DK L 819 827 1988 Seideneld ura ote 18at 33444 Thoma W. Mrl, Cure eoy an e Cour: 3 CH R 039, 102 (1997)

24 R Shep Melick oluon Deanes an te CaionJ alue, 7 P I 1232 (984) ee aso Be A Acrma & Wiliam T. asl, Cean CoaDrty A 22Y UV. P 26, 26266 (198

2. Nw York v ouch, 54 F Supp. 00, 063 (NY 983) (cton ottd)26 ee 42 SC.A 709d)() West 2013 and 42 SCA 741b)I)(B (st

213), espctve h 197 Clea Ai Amnmets aded a responsbly or PA topeoca evew Naiona mint Quaiy Standards eve ve as) an New

Source rfoanc Standars (ey 8 yeas) n 1990, usted wit PA's sow ace


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203-204] Dl n S 7

certn respnbtes pusnt t the c nr nd nterlced.Csder fr empe he nl mben r Qly StnddNQS the fundtn reguty cheme f the Clen r ct f

97 0 her e ntnde NQS ndrd r plutt must revew nd f necs reve thee sndrds evey ve er ed QS n turn trggr epnsblt y l 5 0 tte t submt hn hree yers n mplementtn p t chee the revedNQS fter ste ubmt QS mpleettn pln P hsx mnths by whch t me "cmpetene ndng. Upn such dng he ct reqre E t pprve r dpprve pln whn twelvemnth hu dedlne eve ve yers c engender 00 me

In sum the Clen r c f97 0 w uenced by wdespredpubc nd cdemc upcn tht umted grnt f dcretn tdmsrtv gence hd led t ther cptre by ndusty thereby undrmnng regltr eecveness hu, nfrmed meme f Cngressught t prcrbe E freedm f ctn wh mre hrugh drctve Stur dedne wee pm methd by whch P dd nthr ws lnger ttute wh mre detled gdnce h htrepns why the Clen r c cntn sgncntly hgher number

edcern requremen reltve t ther gencuthrzng w

B lan r zn S ntrllng pt ncb ng rcpn

Reguy cpure the cndnt sch f hught n the dmntrtve stte n he97 0 wrned ht the numbe ne cuse f gency

potants that EP ad to regulate but wake alo posd 22 dadline by whihource of azdo air pollutt ee to b regatd. Se S. GomntAconabilt O Ce Ar Ac A Has Coed Mo ofhe o Requred y he99 Amedm MaY Wer mletd e (May 200 httpj/wwwgaogov/set/02643d

2 2 A 7408-7\0 (Wes 212 Ricd E Ayre & May Rose Koei C A A K 3

Robert J Mainau, Jr & aid Noo eds A bihing, d ed 2 "Tregltory s tablihed by he Clan Ai Atof 1970C w bsd prmary ont onpt o nationwd ir qait goas Naional mint Qlit tandars} nndidua plas to meet thos gol

29 0 CFR 0.01 (2013 e ix ceia poutans a arboMonoxid Lead itrogen Dioide Oone arl outon, ad Sulfr Diod

30 Sup ote 7d1 See rain Naral Resours fense Conc, 21S 60, 63-67 (975). nder

t oopratve fdalsm strtur tablshed by t Cln Air At, EA st nowidstandads wi a n implmned by th states in hebeief tat oca oals nowbst t regona odiion hat mo eenty rduce i potion

32. 2 USC.A 4\a)(\

3 d. at 710k)()B4 d 4\)(2-


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58 Aaahan aua Ru a Jua VO. 85

domnton by specil nteests ws excessive feedom of ction ccodeddnstte gences y New Del egulato legslton. Afte oel

brod stttoy gnts of dmnstte screton, "the second mostmpotnt condton peedent o cpte s n mblnce n the ptcp-ton of competng nteests gops n the gency's domn 35 Wheesndst hd the esoces to he the yes epets nd lobbysts tomke the oces hed[] othe voce n the pocess lcng esorcesemned mte6 The soton to ths esoce mbalnce ccoding tocpte theosts ws to gnt the pblc gete ptcptoy ghts n theeglto pocess o ths end, Congess ncded n the Clen A Act noe cten st poson7 whch confeed pon pte ctzens theght to se EPA i the genc fed to mee ny of the Clen A Actscopos denes o eglto cton.8

The concept of empoweng pte ptes to se the goenmentoe ts e to potect the envionment ognted wth gop ofeg

ctsts who beleved tht the jdc s best sted to democtethe dmnstte pocess9 One sch scho Unesty of Mchgn

w pofesso Joseph S pt ths de nto pctce n 168 by dftng model lw o the Michgn egislte tht empoweed ny peson to sethe stte o pte pt whose ctons thetened the enonment40S's b, n t dectly nenced Mne Sento Edmnd Mske, thechef sponso of the 97 0 Cen A Act As chmn o the jsdctonlSente Comttee Sen Mse ntodced cten st poson ntothe commttee dft tht ws bsed on Po Ss mode bl

Sen Mskes ctzen st poson sved obectons on the ooof the Sente nd then n Confeence It toed wo pes of ctzensts n the Cen A Act n the st pe ny peson my commence cl cton gnst ny peson who s leged to hve oted o to

3 Zi u 17 a 1173. Bary yr & l ege Prt Reu Emet A Prelimin

Assmet f tize uis unde ede! Enimentl L 34 B L Rv 33 83

(183 USCA 70438. Byur e 36 a 4 "e iizu w gie e pubi a g b

ar i free deii ad prvide ee riure a giaw i publ ariiai

39 Reue Silr Enlin te Admiste Polity: Admtate L nd en nitn f PluUm 3 L R 139 2.

d a 814 ee eelly ep Sa & e F Die reCiizeSu: Tree Yea' er Udr Miiga Eiea rei

4 E (141. Sill upr e 39 1416eey G ir Pte fement f edel Pollut Control L Prt 13

1030 0310311 (983 (elai e ual iy f ii i i b Gli k V


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2013201] Daie Cin S

e violo of n emssio stndd o lmito[] ,, is s knos enfoig itzen sut he ote tp utozes pesooJ omme ivil to . ginst te Adisto wee thee s

lleged le of the Admnistto to pefom o du . wihs no disetio[] s s kow s n gefoig ts pp ddesses e tte pe of tzen sut s eltes to edlesMissing dteetn du is leut file he PA to efom ondseto t, d is, teefoe sjt to n gefoingsuit

e dete ove te len A At of 70 idees t nuene ofpte teo o memes of ongess, who stessed the ptpto

m of e geyfoig lwsts4 Afte eiwg te legsltive hs-to, te Uited Sttes Cot of Appls, isi of Colum iuonuded t the itze sits poison eeted deliete hoe Cogess o wde tzen ess to the outs, s supplementl deeie ssune th the A would e impeeted nd enoed !

4. SCA 70(a (1 44 F B Css ehklJ Eviroal Ciz Si, EP ENVT. L &

J 55 ( Roet lcsman, Val of gc-Fig Sis o orcNdo 10 WINR L V 5 (00 Boye, a ote , at4.

5. SCA 70((.4 obe L Gcksman T gFo S To Eo oiona

i 1 WID RV. 5, 5 (447 d Between the wo types of itizen ss the pepondeace o e academic

liteaue focuses on enfocement sui.4 Gicsm p noe 4 a 5-57 Sea Cu Thoms, F 7, 7

(CA.DC 197 (esablishig th a satuto eline cone e cut nodiscetionay du on the ge.9 g POCY D HE o H EV TE LlAY

F Go H MM N PUB WK, 9D Cong A IV Y C I MNS 70 (Comm in 97 n SenWliam Spong We have ceuly peseved e gh of e public o paticipte epolltion batemen p ocess n one signcan epect e hve b oadened tha igt eave witte to the bll section uthozing ciens to bng sit on thei own elf osse eocemen of tnds emission eqements implemettion plns i. at9, Sen ug Scott duing Senate dete, Te bll establishes a nove concept of pulic

ptcpaon i he envioment enfocemen pocess he cties suis auoized theleislation wl ganee at publc ocils ae maing good on ou nion coimento poide meingl enviomental poetio http://abcusbateedu/musiechves/c7/CAA%0Debe%0 1 stml i. Sen Musie smted o heeco a memoandum statng th, he concept of compeling bueauaic agence tocay ou thei dutie is iteal to democic sociey . htp/abacus.atesedu/muskeachivesajc/1 7CAA %Debte%0 1 shl

50 Natul Reoues Deene Council, nc v. Tain, 510 d 9, 700 (D i

1975 ee lo es of the Eath Caey, 5 .d 15 1 (d C 197 "hs e

Act sees to encouge cizen patcipaon athe hn to teat it s a cuosy o aeoetic emed


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60 Appaahan Naa Rs a J [V 8:51

The itzen u provon wa unhanged y th 977 Cean Ar AAmenmnt, b roaene ghy n e 990 Cean Ar A men

men n orer o ari a uron couon Th hange oeno onen the prpoe o th pper

To rep ene eren't the on egave nnovaon orn optre heo n introue n the Ce Air At o 970 Lawmkernue n the ae nove provon e tzen whh enpowere prvate prte o ue he EPA the eny ae o perom nonetionay ute, among hem ng e-ertan ue By expannghe partpaoy rght o pro-rega pate, en werenene o rere the avantage n eource prevouy enoye y reg

te ene

II EVDN

A E' Cpan wt Can Dadn

EA rrent perormane meetng Cen A A i n a o,

"woe3 A reen rey on he tmene o ageny on ountha rom 99 o 20, EA promugae 98 perent (96 out o 200) ot nonretonr reponite puru to three ore Cean Ar progrm pa tatutor eane y n verage o 2072 ay te A o Jy05 peren o EPA atutory ene reponte or hee progrm22 o 22re pue, mang he avrage ottanng eane 27 ay e

EPA toay markey ower n ahievng aeeran utiehn in the reen pat A 2005 Governmen Aonty Oe revew

42 u.s.A 70(a) (pecng hat a prvae cten' auit o e agathe adntrao fr nn-perfmane f a oirenar dt nclued agec acn

"ureoab deaed).52 Sera Cb v. Tma 88 F.2d 8394 .C. Cr 98) Befre e 990 Clean

Ar At amenme e Clean Air A uua bfurcate jurdnl eme ahe oure of mh ofu a cte prientl n egal chaege) Fr more

ncuding a dcuon f h the 990 Cea Ar Ac amedme adree thiconfuo s Dael P Se jusdicton o Rvw Agncy Inton undr FdrEnrnmnal Lw 72 L J -6 (99

3 Wam Yeama EPA's Wul Ddn Pan a Qusn bout Agncy

Coptn, lm Chng guln "Su and Sttl Compeive Enerpre nuteWeb Mem No 23 O 0 203) pcergedefaeWllam%20Yeama%0%0P A' %0Wef%20eadlne%20Perfomance%0Rae%0Quen%20

Abut%20Agen%20Cometee fd at (The hree Cean Ar Act pogam ere: () A reponblt t eve

Natol Ambe r Quli Sandard eve ve ea (4 us.c 09(d)() (2)A repnbil o pmulgae and reve Natioa mn Stanard for HaardouAir Pluant ever egh ear ( SC 742(d-() an 2 2((2); and(3 EA' repnli reve Ne Sorce eformanc Standad ever egt ear (


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f EP pef etig lie rltt fr e f the eCle ir pgr lz be fu t the gey rulgt peret (15 ut 208 pt ue by erge f th

le y trt EP' Cle ir t regulti urrly re erg 69 h eue.7

Thre i l ubttl eie tht EP pere i ilrlywful i th uil prig f tt plet pl SP whh the key pli uet hrugh h tte exei thei pri repiblity fr regultig r plui uer th prti feerl regul hee blihe y the t EP itherppre r ippre ubit SIP withi 2 th but h gey

h be hily trut eig i SP reew repibiitie.I Mrh 20 the Eiret Cil f th Stt, i

pt prti iti f tt eiretl geylee/ ietie it uber e ue he ieli f SP pplby EP Thi etiet eer w expree by ultple te regultr bipr hrg hel 2012 y the Hu ergy Cre Ciee Ste Ll Ferl Cperti r theC r

5 S GOVERNMENT COUAlITY FFIC ! E PLJ!D M HE IS REQUIR BY I 990 NS YW LE E (May 2005 hp//www.asss/2502653pd

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6925 mns

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6. nny Hpknsn, EP Vow To Hlp Sas Solv "Nm O o I PoRfom (arch 20 203 //insda m/Enrnmnalcy-lr/Enirnmnlliy-0320/203/pa-ws--hlsas-s-umbr-nssu-sipprssrm/mnu-id-05hm as isid b 2 201

62. T Fms wr hd n uly 31, uus 2 an mbr 29 2012 rardinh imlinss Es riw . Thrsa rks, kaa Dam ofEvmal Qal Rsp o Q sd Jo h Cla A orm Oy 31,202}, p//nrgymmr.s Isisrulansnrmmrus Ils/analysis/rum202031Marsd; ao Ban cad, da Dpamf Emal Rps o arpa Qso 3 Ouly 31, 2012 p//n rgymm rusIsis/rpubiansn rym rh s\/lsanayss/

fm/20203 arddf; s a/s hmas S Bra N amp Dpamof omal S Rpo o Qo od for a Ar A om uly 2012 s aso, Marha Rudlp Di f nirnmal rgams Sa f lrad,olad Dpam Pl Hal & Erom Rpo l A A ormQo Oly 27, 012 hp//nrgynnrhs/sis/rpbliansnrrs lsanalysis/frum/20120731 Iuack pd Marha Rudl

rd parmn l h and nirmn Rpo o la A A om ) Qso 2 (N 23 2012; h//ngmmrhus/ss/rplicans


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20204] Dai iiz S 63

ibl when iizen s leges he geny sse a deerin dedne nd he nly me bere he r is h ashin an appprie eible emedy Irreseive he remd dpd by he r

(i.e he mplane sede) he A is nd "in g ahemly[ ] he ms diligene in isharging s sr respnsiliies. ( It lws ha he very les, an genyring izen si vera mised dedline w reqire PA sh s limd reres he eglin isse

The pen-and-sh nare itien sis rdes bh pries iizen U menle negied me Ad while here s a dearh nasis regrding en Ai A izen sis ver EPAs nnperm

ane sar dedline here s a elh inrmain n CleanAir A selemens hs by sing sh selmens s a prxy, i issibe eae a da se geny-ring izen sis rm 17 resen, m whh we migh gin insighs?

Fr ses, envirnmenl rganizans raer han "izens wee ry virlly all (7 4 5) geny-ring izen sis ha ed

67 Beore e199 0 Cea Ac Aedments PA wod dend alegaton ofon-peormance of a daeetain dty with jisditona argument S anie P emijudio evie Ag/c ao u eerl EvioJet L, 2 I. L 65 7576 996 alo in he 90 the Agency nucceslly ed o age at it incus no o-dcreionay reponibiies afer a deaine pases See De supr oe 66 at 6;when the agency does not settle wi plan t is common practce for PA to ave

iity ad intead conet he plaini ropoed cedule as ueaonae. S, SieaClu ohnon 44 F upp 2d 6 52 (DDC. 26; e, Amecan Lung Asociation .wne F Sup 35 346 D Az 994

Pat V Section A

69 . aa Reorce Defene Conci nc. v Train 51 F 2d. 692, 7 3 D i97

7 S, ia Club v Califoia 65 Supp 165 174 (D Cal 97 (Inrebtig an agment by EPA ha comleing regaons at issue puuant to 42 76 i he time sough by the paitis "woud undy eoparde the meenaonof other essentia progrm he cout noed tha ing resorces in eponse o .cor

oder i commonpace for PA.

71. Gicsman upa noe 46 a353. Viay al ofthe iterature on citien su ocuse

on heir enfoemet apec raher han agencyfocng asec72 2 U.S.A 743g) Wes 213 requires notice in the Federa egister of

propoed setemen agreemet or conen decrees reahed usua to he Cean Air Act.

73 The electoic Fedea Regite is seacale aring at /1/1994 p://wfederaregsego

Of course the data se i neceaily ed due o he fact that it oly icoporateetlemets here e agecy and he painti eached ommon goud If he paescould not agee in etteme negotiaon and compiance shede wa istead icttedby cot order then uch an agecy orcing i wod al ouide the scope of hs

anl. n the text hese limaions are ackowledged hen germane This haing beenad it is he ahor's epeence [hat the preponderance of thee cae re eed


14/29


15/29

0-20 4 Dad Cz Ss

IV. O N E E N S ARE W K N N

65

A C/s nd a" Air Ac Dd Bf EPA;Hv Dadns Hav d a s of l

Since 199 A as misse 8 percent of s date-certan responsibiities ursant to three core Clean Ar Act progran by an average o moean ve yearsM3 te agencys non-erormance o ate-certain tieswere less exeme ten the binay system o accontabily, ereby private parties l agency-orcing citizen sits to enoce 1isse ealnsperaps col be sai to ork as Congress ntene Obviosy,

amaker oresa at te agency ol ss oe ealines; oteisetey oln't ve atorie agency-orcing itzen sits Congressoever ent too arH4 ae time imis to too many responsiblitis8sc tat A s evently overelme As a reslt e initiative orreglatoy acion es largey :it enironmental organiations actingrog agencyfocng sits

Ts last oint raises te nseting prospect tat Clean Air Act ealines en cope it agencyforcng sits act ork at a cross

prposes o te Congress's intent As explan above stattory tme limtsor reglatory action ere a legislaive x to te perceive problem ofamnistratve agences avng been "captre by special interests Anyet becase PA is conicaly late in completing its responsibilities, eagenc is sbject to ciien sits by environmental organizations7 icin practice means tat envronmental nteres grops rater an A oCongress ae establising As reglatory priorities s, Congresso "sotions to agency capre y insty (stattory ealines anagency-orcing citen sits) ave engenere sometng vey m aknto agency catre by environmenta specil interests

Tis pare s ter evience y te estence of a "revolvingoor beeen conservaion grops an A Consier, or example, ormer A egon 6 amnistrator Afreo Armenari o seve in

3 Yea, a ote 38 Ths sdy does ot address how ay deadie s oo y whih of orse has

ipictos fo the operato o f age foig ize sits a ogres iteded his iseet i ligh of the fats o the grodely tht PA s ot ocope wthitally all of its dateerti soiiitis.

8 pra r III ecto A86 pra Pat II Sectio A87 pra Pr I eco B.8 Tis egtie aspet of itze sts has ee addressed te adeic lierat

oweer it hs e bee alyze te cotext o epicl edece deosg

EPA's wofl rforae eeg date-etai deales idey A apiro &

Roert L Glks p ote 23 t 835; ao es & Ae Josep OCoea oe 9 t 973; Mattew D Zi p ote 17, at 37


16/29

66 Apc R L Jul 81

admnsran f sdnt Oam Bfr wa appntdrnal admnstar n Nvmbr 00 Armndar was a tnal

avsr wt t nvr Cladba Wldart Gadans AsA Rn 6 admnstat Amnda xtd t lat prts resli fm a cnsa aecy- zn t ld n a Calna t Wldat Gaans rsan t w Rn 6lmat mpd ptn ntrls x al-d pw pans nOklama and Nw Mx vr t tn tat als Aftr

89 Dave Ba, E non gna mo for gn 6 - gn gHaqa n ala EPA ov 2009 htp://ysee.pa.gov/opa/apessnsf/847f970934e855735900400c2ae935e9c4bb82760071b61OpnDocmAs on of ten egon jursicos, PA Rgo 6 oves regltor compianc nTas Olahoma ew Mico, Aansas, and Lsana

90 [

91 Aredo Anndaiz idenied this aliatio in hs L, fond at tp//lylesmedu/aa/Aendaz.pdf

92. WdEah Gaias v acson, 870 F Spp. d 87 (N.D. Ca 012). In un2009 Wdarh Gardians led an agency-oring citizen su allegng tat EPA had failedto pocss the good neighbo" povsion (compiance wih US 40(a((D ofSIP submssions or Calfoia Coloado, daho, New Mexco North Dao Okahoma,an Ogon that were tggd by the 1997 ooe and paiclate matte NationAmbit Ar Qult Sandads evisio EPA a the pan psued setlementnegoatios ad a consent decee was appoved b t cot on eba 20 200

Contoversy steed om EPAs contetio hat th visility compont of he Cleair Acts good neighbo" povision 2 US 740(a)(Dii)) ceatd aresponsiiy o a state to hav a completed Regiona Ha pa (nder 4 US 7491) he efec of th agecy's conention was o bind th daline by whch PA hadto appov Reoal Hae SIPs wih the deadine y whch EPA had to approv goodneighbo povision SPs puuant to the consen decr achd in WilEah adiasv Jackson The atter timetabl was shoe ad o thi basis, PA ced it di no havethe im to alow some stas to evise he plans or ve to evaae thi ogialsumissons See Wlliam Yeama, EPA's New Regulaory Fron: Regon Ha and teaeover of State Pograms, S Chamber of Coerce 22) http//www

uschamecom/sies/default/les/ eports/ 107 _ERA_HazReporl pd; S aoScott Pru, Olhoma Atoey Generl,Testony bfoe te Sbco onTchnoog, Iomaon Polcy nergovnal Relao and Pocueme Reomo th House Cotte o Ovght and Govent Reform, Manat MadnessWen Su ad Sele st Isn Enogh e 28, 0) aaal htp//oversghthousegov /wpcoen/uploads/203/0/0 1206-28-Se -No -11-185-SC-Tch-Hg-onMandate-adesspdne 28 202

93 7 Fed Reg. 81728 (Dcmber 8 0 codied at 0 CFR 521923) hsul disappoved he states sbited Regional Haz and Interstate Trasport SPs and i

ther stad imposed a eea implmentaion plan quiing sr oxde scrbbr at sixco-e power plts i Okahoma he consent dc is note at 817388132 Wso are equied by h ems of a consent decee wih WdEah Gardias log wihthe US Distct Cou fo th Nothern Dstict of Calfoia, to ense that Oklahoma's[Cl Ai A ] i f 42 C 410( )(2)D) li d b D b


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2013-20 al n 67

signing in h sing f 2012 Anaiz iy fn mlymnit h Sia C's Byn Ca amaig

Arnaizs ling rin is t unmn amng

ltia aints a agny Crrnt PA gn 9 amnistatrJa Blumnfl fr am risly r at th Sirra CAn x-PA Rgin8 aministar Jams Mati rsgn n aly213 ha r f a a as an aty at Eninmntal Dfnsir ing ain t th agny EA Aing Assistan Aministatr f Watr any Stnr s a an t Cnn aministatinEPA an in tn h li s sh sr as th C-Dtr fth atura Rus Dfns Cunls Wat ga HlI hs a

nly h ms rminnt als A rling r isnt t ny siing simlaiy n rn

nirnmnal rganizatins an h sil insts tat far tha ar glay agnis fty yars ag n 190 hn Cngss iat n t itzn st isin f th Clan Ar A tras a rsmtin f altrism gin t iat atis h ul u EAt ml an agny ain Ding Snat at f al Sn

Approal n roulgaion of Ipeeon lns e Meico 76 e Reg3 Aug 22, 201 coie a 0 R. 526 his rul spproe he sessube Rgonl e an Inersae Transpor s an i ei sea ipose a eerlpleenaion pla requrig seeci calyt recion a e S ua enrig

ation cor powr plan. e consn ecee noe a 2390 [B]ecause of heisse ene for he isbil rnspor w are ner a cou-superse cosen ecreeene h ilErh rs[

9 i appelo EPA Oal nedaz Rsig ovr "Cc Cmmt UA

TOY (Aprl 30 202 hp//sao30.usaoayco/oeynsries/eniron

en/sQ202-0-30lanaizrsisa-ciiisovrci 568 132 / 96. iera ub loes Dr Al Aenai o eyon ol apaig GYCOM ue 30, 2012 p//wwwguirynewsco/soryasp?=0000375

9 )aed Blumet1d, dmitato Jo E 's a otht R ( , EAhp: wwwpgo/bouep/are-luenflainisaor-epas-pacic -sou w est-region-regon-9 as isie Oc 21, 203)

9S illa Yeaa Hw CE ad Toppd EP Ro/! 8 dmtato am MaNN NIU March 1 03 hp//enegyi2og2013/03/1/owceian-ii-oppleep-rego n--ainsrao r-esri

99 Id.00 Nacy e Acif! a d o Wae EA, p://wwwep.go/

aboup/nanysonecngassis-ainisaor-war las sie O 21 201301 osier or eaple Michael eaa who currey heas EA's Enironel

usic Oce Before jonig A, he wore o A Alice Houson on wos behal

e e a lawsui agains EA aegg he agcy ha ie o regulae zaros rpouio o reeies. x onths lae n Marc 20 13 Teaa was ppoine o he

EAs Eironeal Jsce oce as Augus, EA a he pini see he sihereby bining te agecy o a eain or acion erey P acobs E oRvw Rk adad R &E PUN L Aug. 19 2013.

102 Roet Mez Th Fuur f Cize u tee ad Lda R pR hp//congrssioalrsearc.co/R2012ouenpp


18/29

68 Appchn ual Ru w unl [O 8

Gary Hart averred that, The ctzen st provson] provdes nocentves to sut other than to protect te health and elfare of those

sg and ohers sarly stated"P Jeey Sax, the progentor of thetzen su provso04 beleved hat envrenta ltgants were actng ndefense of the pblic rs "15 Moreover there was a perasve nderstadg that proregatoy groups were sestrg operatons6 Whlethese assptos regardng private partes egaged tzen sts mayhave had erit n the they crtay do ot today

Ideed, vrtay ageny forcg ctzen sts are led by natona

envronmetal organzatos7 that wold e nreogzable to lawakersfort years ago n 17 , he Uted States Court of Appeals for the Ds-trt of Coumba Crut oted that g]rops suh as [NaturaResorces Defese Councl (NRDC) have ever been seure a-caly]"08 n 212 by cotrat, NRDC hd revees excess of $ mion9 At the otset of 212, Serra Cb, whch s responsble for apreponderane of agencyforg ctze sts had assets geater tha $82mon1 ore mportay these orgazatos are deployg ther co-

sderable resorces nto the poltca area11 Nato envroetaorgazatons ow routney edorse poltca canddates12 engage n getout the vote tatves,3 ad eve prode poltca advertsg. Serra

103 ELY DV upa not 4 at 310 Supra notes 31 ad acompanyig tt0 Sll upra ot 3 t 18106 S Bary Boy & Erol Medingr Patizn Rguat Efrcmt A Prmia

n Cin Sit unr ra ninma 3 L. 833 8381) his is the eason why Congrss authoe th cou to award gal f toplai in Cean Air A citizn sits

107. S upra noes 78-8 ad accopanying xt08 atual Rsours Dns Coul v EPA 12 F2d 3 138 DC r 1975)10 Naturl Resorcs Dns Counl nodat Statmnt f cis f a

ning Jn 0 2012 http//wnrdcorgut/nacs2012pdf last vistd Ot 212013)

10. Sira Club Foudatio Sira Cub undatn Anual Rrt a 3hp//www seracu boudatioorg/sits sraclbfoudatonorg ls/SCF_AR_2012FNA-webd ast vitd a ov 1 2013)

1 . S, g i Cu V Gu CU htp//cottirrluorgvotgid/donts last vsited Oct 22 2013)

112 [d 1 3 RDC Actio Fund Au th ND ci Fud, NRDC htp://www

rdatonundorg/aot (ast visitd O 2 2013) NRDC stard a 0 c(4advoacy group NRDC Ao und, to wor C dat and mobiliz voters]

accessd; T Sierr Clu, pac 2012 ns http//ontirruborg/polcslons/mpa2012 last visitd Oct 22 2013 Siera Clu's ocs &Electons wage organizatio boass o "Woking lose wh Oaa forAmria w rcrutd or ta 12,000 mmrs to join Envronnaists o Obama, o


19/29

0] Ddl ii St 9

lb h joied progee coliio o dv ce h hv ohig o do wih e evroe

h re ohr idcio h modr ome orgizo

poe rrower e o ere h he pbli lrge For exmple prvve, precoceived eime mog virol lwer h eged m r mo clculor h b od i he choll er Srel, pubc iere i o ved ch jdced viewo Arc be moreove, orol o modr evoml grop r pricrl pio o oil l decill o col de o e cer imporc o cme chg o hevioml moveme Nopri polig however dc h

he pblc h mred diere poreB kg vowed poliic co d exhbiig ecor-pecic

b h orgio cer oe cm o b cg hepblc ere lrge. hi i o w o gge mpre move be grop i lg cie u h hor do o dob h cer o h orgizio' d membr E, howvr, irelev he dipubl c i evromel orgo co beid o rpree he public r h oge ieded Rher

h hv becom pci ere, xhbg m o h m bhorrevovig door d pocl muclh o worried cpur heo i h 97

h roc ocom w o oreee b ceri lwmerWhe dbg he oerec Repor o h 990 Cle Ar AcAmedm o he oor o h Se Idho Se Seve Smmobervd h

Nembr 9 he Obama mpaign anwledged ur trtin le ing theCb wa a integ pa f the) win'}.

1 . Wlla Yeatman ack e a ! Cmpetv Entepe Inttute ly 10 http//erg/p-d-rtile/ atak-ae-ad

1 1 N Renik Pesiv Caiio "emcc iie im ebud LePoi SNC an 201 http://wwmnm/teehw/pgeveai0n -demnitiatve

1 e Zinn up nte at 1 A anuar 203 Pe Rea p aed Aean t name their tp pte r

the pidet a Cngre n 21. Strengthening nti enmy wa the rpiri eighte dealing wit gba warming a Pew Reearh Ceer

Prcg e re1 ks e Mide Pubi' Presfr Apl 22 201)http//www pewearh g/ dil-umber/ prtetingteeirnmentank--themidle-f-p-prtiefr-201 / lt iitd e , 0 ; A Aprl 201 pl byRamuen Rep ay vting Anea ele tht nding new enegy i mreprtan tan ghting gal warmig by tw t e margn muen Reprt 6%y dg New Ey Moe Figig G Wmig SSNRES April 201)

1 . nte 1 1 2- 1 an acmpanyg text; e o Tex PiBauray 1 213) ttp://texaplitiattxeu/pntlehtl


20/29

7 ppcn u Ru u VO85

hi bi dmand tht th niron rottion gnypromgat itry hundrd i n hond o nd

rgation or diring indi a indiida o i by.Mny o th promugtion r r ight ddn ht h on rtiid a unrb in th bixpry proid or itn ui agan tho who iotn th ghtt proiion o th nd in t gnyt i ut o u i it mi on ddn or hor on n on rgution th ra dring or bhind

thi bi w b th Nationa Enirnmnta obi withhir rmy o attorny] T m ht mny o th poriy a th don that drin who gt nwhr wh indry gt rgt r or how burdn-om t rguaion w b i no n th hand o Gornmnt proion nor in th hnd o tdrprnat o h pop b a th dirtion o thntiona nronmnt pia intr group

Viwd h i bom apparn ongr' ondugn indran dui h ngndrd pardoi ru Dadn r anmp o prn h pur o gn y pia intrts Howrby impoing too mny dn wmr id gny ptur bypi ntrt ting throgh gnyorng itn ui.

B Cnr Inn Cn r c n t T Expn rpn

nd T Mn b h rcptn Sppr

h itn it proion o th Cn ir t wa mnt to brodnpription in th rgutoy pro nd hrby rmdy rorimbn in aor o rgutd indtri tht w ondui o gnyaptr garding th pupo o itin th ond irtCour o pp ound ht "[T]h t to norag itin par-tipaton rathr hn to trt it a a rioty or horta rmdy

o b r tn uit ha aiittd grr patiipaton by ni-ronmn orgniation whh ha mpoyd th g di o n-n h rgtory ym and o in th i o hp Howr thr i monng dn that agnyoring tn uit in

101 Cong 1690 (1990 rr o Cons S. nr Accoun Congsso o 10s Conrss h Cln Ar A AmnmCorn por n 16890, (Sn 27 1990 aalabl a p

homocgov I -n qy I? 01 2[mp 0 gNjK: 0 1552 Se Pr II on B.11 nds of h v Cy, 3 2d 65 7 2 C 19761. S ra P II on B


21/29

203204] Dln 7 1

otraveto o ther oeoal oe are ata ht l pipn o the hole I at ny e eenly have started toe to aeor zen i as a aele arot to the

lea i ye eive ede hee states ad are ppe to or tade to olve t nn' ar qalle

For exae thtee Attore Geera st 21 2 led a reedo o Inn eue wih EP eein ae orreodeeth eht evroeta oraatos read eadle iien ui

I a oa tateet, e Attores nel rased the aeoer artated aove that Over e p tree ears the EPA haloed relator aeda to e larel deed ligin eleeni ha etered to th envnen oraatos artla theney Geeal ojeed to the at tht "Se epnie pleet a o thee relato have ltte oee o inpu thpe[ By exludin pariiatn e Se the neyGeera ared the EP eeen o ae-o i ndeineeive edeli I la e the ared that e rathetha eroetal seal terests ht sold e olaoratth P o piieing

artlar State oal ae oered aot the la o volven in ae-or tze t that erta P peing tate ipleenin las S) the eeta doet in wi tates

nonprot plini."; s also Greve upa note adaces te controversil tesis thaitize uts were neded to be sbsdy or eonmet goups)

124 Train supa note 31 at 667

25. La Bel EPA's t Cot l' us Wh Eo F (e. 201) http//ww.ores.com/sies/aye201 /02/1/ epassecre andcostly-su e-and-sete-ollsion-wth-eironmetalogiatios/.

(Oaoma aama Arzoa eorgia, Ksas ebrasa Noth Dakot, MichigaSoth Caroia Soh aota, exas Utah, & Wyon)

2. Part IV, Secion A1 Oklahoa et Case :13\0026M Letter o E Scott uit, Oklahoma

Atoey enerl, to S. PA Freeom of Information Ocer, 1 (eb 6 ava a hp/ law gagov sites/law gagoles reae_les/pesseease/Fied%0

FIA%20Complai0ad%20hits.pd

28. 129. Id. at 2 Not ony does EPA's aio ham and jeopardize the Stes roe as

prer wit EPA but i harms e nterests o he ities o he Reqesng States Ourciiens e on and expect the States to implement fede eniomental law Often hesemplemenao eorts requre e Stes o desg as to mee te idiiualrcumsances o the Stae while potecting and adancing the environentl gols nd

reiemets of federal enviromentl aw We EPA cooraes with ogoemenal oganiios regang how edea eviroea aw shou e apie ad

impemente i an individul Sate and eludes the State from at eot the Sae and itsities are armed


22/29

72 Appaaa Naal Rucs La Jual [ 8:

odi o te'l meet nation-wide a i and emissions standadsDO

As explained aoe, te Clean Ai At ies A egteen monts to

appoe o disappoe SI esions sbmied b states bt te agen aseen onial late doing O3 e nieliness o EPA's SP poessing, in tn, as inited agen-oi lawsits b enionment

gops 132

Reen te ose neg and Coee Committee eld a teepat bipatisan om on "State, oal, a edeal Coopeation n teCean Ai At ding w sate egats epeatedl expessed te

station abot being omitted om setlement disssions psant toagen-oing itzen sis oe SP deaines Conside te ollowing

testimonies

en Dain, Deto Azona epatment o nionmental Qait: Oten times ation on SPs deemednimpotant is delaed o as as 0 eas. isexposes A o litigation o aie to peom a non-dis

etiona dt eslting in setlements tat pialeqie te aeted state to pdate and esbmit a SP on asede ageed pon b A and e plaintiwit noinpt om te stae . In een eas EPAs inationeite in appoing o disappoig SPs as eated an

enionment wee states igts ae been diminised14

Miael Kane, Seeta Pennslania Depatment o

Enionmental oetion: PA epeatedl ails to timelappoe SIs ale to appoe tese SIs in a timelasion inites netaint into e eglato poess. oeample ot Siea Cb and te WildEat Gadians

sed A oe is aie to appoe o den state ai pol-

0. EA, tae mpmenatn an Oeew EA, p://wwwpav/ar/ubana/spss/vw s vs Nv. 15, 213)

131 upa n 10; na s 123 n aanyn x

2 e e. Wa Garans v Jasn, 70 F. Sup 2 4 ND al 2012) In ln l Janary 1 1 201 1 , pln WlEa Guans n Sra b allA's falu k nal an n 2 SIs f 2006 vs M 25 NAAQS In ann pan l Auus 0, 2011, plans Sa lb an WlEa Gans

all EA l ak nal an n 10 SIs sb n spns 199 znAAQS rvsn

p n 62

1 Hn Dwn Azn Dpan f Envnna Ql, Papan Repne


23/29

030 4 edine Cien Su

n nr plns eng re n 20 ses nrM2

n Ard Der Dvsn Resure Mn

geen Flrd Depren f Evrnenl re-n "In se ses, PA s eleed ke n ese n, w unneessry sujs sel wsusrug spel nees grps s lure e ese sus re seled end sed drs wunp r eed ses ndeed ee ses generlyre prvded n ne ese negns unl seleen s reed "16

er Mrne, Jr., Csner ennessee Depr-en Envrnen nd Cnserv: "[T]ere s level unern nd dely n e S pprv press suld e rreed We ve een prlyllenged wen EA rg lgn reslunkes spe ens n e ses wuprvdng e ses prr ne r e pprn

nevene EA sud n e pered ses dedlnes n wss " 137

73

Se ls llege ner rs used er k ven negns reslng r genrng zen ss ver ssed SIdedlnes e s n pn s e A nd envrnenlgrups gee pn regulr eles leve ses n e rn Ses s je w respnsles engendeed y genyng wss reure resng prres Aner nern s

5 Mil Krr Pylvi Dprtmt of vomt Protti 1, 6 29 212, ttp//gmmrho . gvIit rpbi rg mmr h.gv//lyi/Aom20129/K.d

36 r Ard, Fod Dpmn o Eom on RspOs o PpQus ly 31 2012

17 Robrt . Mti Jr s pmn o om ConsoW Rmks of Ro Mu . Commisso (Novmr 2 202

1. S g Dw, sp t 34, t 1-2 I m t ttmt t

l gh tm fr th rbm of SP d itd ommit PA to dvlpig itow rl Imlmttio P, r IP to th p h SP Bi Ar

sup ot 36, t 3 Probm r wh th tlmt rqir PA impo IPi timm tt o llw td t t rmy gd ii i pdgSP bmil t otd

139 Se g. hm ly, mmii Idi prtmt f voml

Mgm, smY o Sum O Rguto Ro omm Atusw 5 21 b htpjdiy hogov/hrig/11th/0605201y%2065201df h o D bw PA pit rqir

tt o g hr rl t orpo w qirmoft ith th ipt tt thr th bt o th timg f th hgt mt ily djt


24/29

74 pchn Ntu Ru Lw ul 81

he een o whh reponiiie pu o elemen of gen foring ndemine he ii of te rf poon reglo

regme h ke ino oun regonl diion4n he rre nne when e gin ie of n genforng ii

zen ui, nd hve ried o priipe, he hve fe reine, om ohenvironmen orgnizon nd he EPA n ovemer 1998, for exm-ple Sierr Cl nd Miori Coliion for he Environmen led iizeni in he federl diri or for he Diri of Colm, eging hEPA hd med dedne proeing Mour SP. The e lerned

of he i nd ogh o inerene, dd llio 4 Thee e weehe regled eniie nd eed prie, he plini oppoed (unefll heir righ o inervene4

More reenl, on Sepemer 22 2 , Norh ko AorneGenerl Wne Senehjem ough inerenion in n genforng ii-zen og Wlderh Gurdin over he PA inion regding nme of SP evion Norh Dko' mong em reling from 007

revon of e ozone Nionl Amien Ar Qi SnrdRher hn weome he e priipion, in ordne wih e en-e of ooperve federim, PA oppoed (efu Norh ko'nvovemen

ven when e win inerenon no genfong iizenui,heir inpu i hunned Arizon for exmpe, uefll nevened in izen i rough numer of enironmenl group regrding PAsinion on he e' Regionl ze SP 4 Ye i priipor e

ended hee Aording o en Drwin ireor Arizon eprmenof Environmenl Qu, "ven hogh he Se w lied pr ohe lwi, Azon w nver onled eiher plin or i odefendn, PA, in nlizing or mnding he eemen ol o hve voed mr frron ou eng lef ou of elemen d

he pga ee he new equeens an ealne n nana an he ae

eng euce ee hese unexpece feea eueens en ce a heepene f he peig einenal priiie he ae w ie ahee.

40 ee E Pri sa ne 11 Cherl Han 998 Can Ar Lgan ay eah End Cleae A,

CLU . Dec. 00 h: I su2ealbnewlee98le-a-ltaoay-eahend-leaea.

4 iea Cu Wan F3 6 65 C. C 00.

14 d144 Td " 6814 WEah Guaa Jacksn, 011 s LXI 8788 a D. C.

ug 0146 d a *147 na aks Cne sn 0 WL 8 a * (. C.


25/29

21321 Dadn Czn i 5

cussins pursuant t agency-fring citien suits in ter enrnmentalstatts

hese re lgitimate cncerns. States blie they ar being cut ut

he rgulat prcess. Ths is n discunt the merits f sttementsic ae gnealy welcme n he sece dicial cnmy heprbm, ather, s with th ecutin f these stements Citien suitswere supped t be a mans by which prticatin in he regulatprcess is panded nd yet agency-frng itien suits ar achiinghe psite as crrently resled ewen enirnmental rganiatinsand , under the auspcs f the curts is eclusin is especiallytrubling in light f the lan ir cts system f cprati fdealism

Because states are respnsble fr implemening he act thy are Espartnr in eaning th natn's ar s suh ths staes ustiably pectt wr with th agenc n esalshing reguat prirties when facedwith fa mre statuty dadns than rsurcs, which s preisely thepredcament nw encutred by the E Instad the agency is negtating ts pririts in settlement discussins wth nuentia special intrestswithut any input frm t stats

SOLO JIIA AD COGOA

. ua xs

The Clean ct is replete ith deadlns du t te inuenc nCngess eertd b aptur hrists wh argued that datecertain dutieswud mtgat the special interst aptur' f regulatr agncies Hstricaly heer it has ren much easr fr legisars t establish reguatry respnsiblitis fr agnces than it has fr them t apprpra

sucint funds t meet these respnsibilities s a resut, is nwnundated wth Can r t dadlines This unfrtnat riy, in tuhas itiated he purpse f ageny-frcing citien suts er missed deadnes which necessarly result in a reshuing f the agencys lmitedresurces, in rder t ectuate th prrities f nirnmental speciantersts Mrer the pen-and-shut natur f agenc frcing citiensuits s cduci t stlements, whh ha rsultd in patcpaty cn

9 . Bed owle v PA 009 WL 5, a * 009).Svea vonmena oganzaions an a coen iz le agnc -oing snde h Cln Wa A 3 65) o comel PA o om i nonsceio d o is omehnsv en imiions o dischags no hhsaee Ba Seve l blic waewoks ssociions Mand Associaion oMicial We Agns, Inc, he V Assoco o Mna WsewAgncie Ic. , he Vginia Mnical Somwae Assocition Inc and h n WaAsociaon o Mlad ces invend Howev a beng ol ongabo o sbsc osid o h boad sco o he oc h [PA and he laiti

m b considig s a o sen agenciesmov o w a co odeqig he atiio in h slemen scssons


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21320] Dad n S 77

dcrging [t] ttutory reponiblt," t ort gged ere arewo rone b c te agncy mgt rov nfblt nd terebwarran de:

Frt oh tt bdget comtment nd mnoer dmnd equrd o omt te guen b etng dedne re beond te gnc' ct or odnd joardz e n1mentton of oter ena ogm Seond EPA m b unbe o condc uceneuton of b onro tenoog to detrmnc t be rctcbe or m coront robem ndtmnng te omonen of tcur ndtr

dscg5n ccordne te court gdnce A rotne defnd t

opod due b cmng ntng of ort don oud bemob o mment, bcu dong o oud rten ote gto rogrm nd/o rede ucn uton A orb e brden o demonrte t exe of n mob 6nd genc rre oome t on t ro terton ofe o defen2

In g o edence Cong oemed PA t dedne, cor' mob ndd b t dg comncde rood b EA n t o of gtng tzn t odem to m e fore for t tree Rgde etr o not t nfeb for PA o ce n one ln A At dn t u n ngn-forng tzen ut t rt mobe for te gn ce a of outnng dte-certn dute t on n d tng

Cean Ar Ac genc-foring tzn ut ort dfr to unmbgou ntn of Congre a mnfe n coded dedn3 nd found t t em no tn n ge' utor to t reg-

8 159 Id. a 1210 e, Sera Cl v. , F S 2d 6 & D. C 2 06

"Deeda r ar. i ha ll EA l ea el d rel re ha fall r f mee he ve reqe

[he rl he -ermae a a e' d [ A are haer dary lati lde le laiis e cee"

16 Alabaa er C Ce 6 F2d 2 59 DC C 199)12 , S 2d 5) (e r e a e it f de

rjed A' ed ee); he ahr ar a ae erb h as cepte A' hede al r dey t a e A aydeade

Sea Clb v Brer . u 2d 8 DC. Ci. 201) b nom."d he e f i ar h arre qabe ree

Cu i uwilli er a eed h ld eel eralze ayr he y reve.


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78 ppcn Nu Rus u 8

laory prioriti hat carly conict wt tho talihd by Con-gr

, , & Y thi raoing dni th tar rality that Congr, by

ablihng oo many Clan Air Act piriti i act alihd noBy broading i "impoibily tt, o a to accot or th impoiblitato btowd on EPA by Congr rriac o dadli, hcort wod br inorm i xrci o it i powrs ch a cond-ratio wold milia in aor o EA rpod chdl, ad thrbyaid roring o th agncy' it lgiima ad popr rol i dcidighow to aocat i limid rorc. Udr ch a chm o riw th

EPA wold b mch l liy o T tat wold b pad thirprt cocr rgarding paricipato

B Congressional Fixs

h Can Air Ac r om a ignicant aw I coan ar ordadi tha EPA ha th rorc to mt. h mot dirc ma bywhich Congr cold corrct thi dc i to imply cll dadli omh act, ordr to ma EPA' rponibiii mor raonbl Ay rg-latory dty o altrd i rld o a datcrtain im lmi by whicht mt b prormd) wold i b nodcrtioay o priat partiold rtain h ight to chalg th rglation' onpormac.Howr, rmoig th dacrtn dali wold ignicaty tr hdgr o dicrtio th cor wod accord EA A dicd i thprio cion, wh a datcrai dadlin i th bj o an agncyorcg citizn i that procd to igaio, th andad or rwig

EPA' propod chdl o o "impoibility I i poibl or EPAto compt h cotd rglaory actio in a horr drato, thcor will rc h agncy' propo y contrat, th i that EPA irird to prorm a nondicrtionay dy bjc o a cii it icomplld by th mch l ringnt rl o rao "'65 n drmiigwhhr th agcy' dlay i nraoabl th cor ha abihd orconidrato tha mt b balancd: (1 Th lngh o im ic th

agcy d o act aro; 2 h raoabln o th dlay in ght o thtattoy chm (3) th conqnc o dlay and ) how carrying otth cottd dy wold ac h agcy' abty to cary o it othrrpoibilti dr th att6 ioy, th acor ar mor -iti to EPA' limitd rorc rlai to it atoy rpoibiliti

Altraily, th Cong cold tablih a aory proc bywhich EPA priodcally wold tablh it ow obidig prioriti

1 ia Clb v h u d 6 8 (15 a Waa a Cul c 33 F.3d 10 10 (.

C 03 I 'l Ch Wk U 8 11 9 (DC C 199); ao,


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wh han Cgal ight6 Ahgh uh alin wlt ay th f f aw thi hm ai h i avantag futig PA pfa mting aln t ga plial

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VI COLO

th umm f 2013 th at imt a li WCmmitt lat lgia ) that u fm th

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In th tatuty vialin an agyfg itw itu in th Cla Ai At f 70. hy w utin t thpiv plm f agy apt an it ay nnpatiipati yth pli i th guaty ping t th Cng, f annh t h phlgy f atg talih t may alin.h paaial nu th Cg ggng attanuti i that h t lgilativ mhaim nly a ahivng thppt f what th w it t ta f waing palintt apt, ty ng aptu y it pial inttA inta f liitig patipati thy ihiit puli ipt intPA ting f piiti t allat th iia impa thipap mmn tai uiial an lgiativ man

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