Dead or Alive: Managing Both in Mass Fatality Incidents
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Transcript of Dead or Alive: Managing Both in Mass Fatality Incidents
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Dead or Alive:Managing Both in Mass Fatality IncidentsMartin A. Luna, D-ABMDILaramie County CoronerCheyenne, Wyoming
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Poll Question
In my career, the largest mass fatality incident that I have worked on involved
A. 6–20 fatalities
B. 20–100 fatalities
C. Over 100 fatalities
D. I have never worked on a mass fatality
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Definition
What is mass fatality?
Number of victims
Capacity of affected jurisdiction to respond
The type of disaster
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Natural disasters
Accidents/incidents
Pandemic events
Onset• Sudden
• Unexpected
• Sudden
• Unexpected
• Expected
• Preplanning
Deaths• Hundreds or
thousands• Tens or hundreds
• Hundreds or thousands
Infectious disease issues
• Same • Same• Potentially very
high
Legal context• “Nobody
responsible”• Medicolegal
framework• Public health legal
issues
Forensic investigation
• Identification
• Cause of death
• Identification
• Cause of death• Actual cause of
death
A Descriptive Framework
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Commonalities
• All victims must be identified
• The need to preserve evidence
• Treat remains and relatives with dignity and respect
• Political pressure
• Public health concerns
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Public Health
Why take a public health approach to management of the dead following mass fatalities incident?
Not just about identification
Physical health of survivors and relief workers
Impact on other healthcare providers
Mental health
Legal issues
Assessing the impact of the disaster
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Assessing Disease RiskPresence of infectious
agent
Exposure to the agent
Susceptible host
• Victims of natural disasters die from trauma/drowning/fire
• Unlikely to have acute (epidemic) infections
• Possible chronic infections
Natural disasters• Public usually not
exposed
• Body handlers most likely to be exposed
• Susceptible to common chronic infections
• TB• HBV & HCV• HIV/AIDS• Enteric pathogens
O Morgan. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2004: 15(5);307-12
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Assessing Disease RiskPresence of infectious
agent
Exposure to the agent
Susceptible host
• Victims of natural disasters die from trauma/drowning/fire
• Unlikely to have acute (epidemic) infections
• Possible chronic infections
Natural disasters• Public usually not
exposed
• Body handlers most likely to be exposed
• Susceptible to common chronic infections
• TB• HBV & HCV• HIV/AIDS• Enteric pathogens
GlovesBasic hygiene
VaccinationTB, HBV
O Morgan. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2004: 15(5);307-12
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Risk to the Public
• Assessment suggests low risk
• Public may be isolated from incident
• Mortuary personnel may be the only “general public” at risk of exposure
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Workers
• Potentially a “high risk group”
• No “occupational” infections
• Physical injuries
• Hazardous working environment Injury
Tetanus
Hepatitis
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Body Recovery
• Feel the need to begin immediately
• Confusion
• Lack of prepared recovery personnel
• Those that die in medical care facilities
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Equipment: Basic
Local equipment usually available
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Equipment: Technical
More sophisticated equipment Not available Necessary? Time to respond
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Managing Body Recovery
• Difficult to set up systems for body recovery “after” the disaster
• Should be considered as part of preparedness at local level
• Expectation that it will begin soon after the incident
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Challenges
• Public/media want rapid disposal of bodies
• Demand proper identification of victims
• Short time before decomposition
• Identifying suitable storage
• Limited resources
• Preserve as much evidence as possible
• Families wanting closure now!
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Methods for Identification
• Viewing and visual identification
• Individual identifying features (scars, marks, tattoos)
• Collection of photographs
• Advance forensic techniques Fingerprints Dental DNA
• Other
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Viewing
• Decomposition may be too advanced after 24–48 hours
• Logistically very difficult to arrange
• Distressing for relatives
• Error potentially quite high
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Photographs
• Photographs: face and body
• As soon after as possible
• Possibly the best postmortem information available in mass fatality incident
• Not as simple to do as it sounds Quality of photographs
Availability of photographic equipment
Cost
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Advanced Forensic Methods
• Standard methods Lack of antemortum data
Availability of resources
• DNA techniques Collection of sample material
Facilities and expertise unavailable
Cost and practicability
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Other Methods
• Personal effects Identity cards
Distinctive jewellery
Clothing
• Location of body
• Posters and flyers of missing
• Internet sites
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Suggestions for Identification
• Photographs and documentation
• Personal effects data
Viewing and visual identification if possible+
Storage + Forensic investigation when needed
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Data Management
What do we do with the data?
Lots of photos, information.
Difficult to use for identification.
Who owns the data?
Who verifies the identification process?
Provided for “lessons learned.”
Legal aspects.
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Poll Question
In your jurisdiction, how many bodies can be stored at once?
A. 1-10
B. 10-20
C. More than 20
D. I don’t know
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Storage
• Not possible to keep bodies for long without storage
• Limited options if numerous bodies Refrigeration
Ice
Dry ice
Temporary burial
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Refrigeration
• Existing facilities too small
• Funeral homes do not have capacity to hold too long
• Refrigerated trucks can be used
• Up to 45-50 bodies in each container
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Burial
• Preserve evidence
• Location of suitable grave sites difficult Local communities
Environmental health concerns
• Operational difficulties Lack of suitable documentation
Single graves or trench graves?
Clearly marked, not a “hole in the ground”
Minimum burial depth, distance from water sources, etc.
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Coordination and Support
Body RecoveryCommunities, volunteers, police, military, non-governmental organizations (NGOs)
IdentificationDoctors, medical staff, forensic specialists,
FBI, DMORT, NGOs
Death certification Coroners, physicians
Disposal Coroner, ME, funeral directors
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Technical Support
• Planning assistance for technical support
• Potential sources of support
American Red Cross
Mutual aid
DMORT
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Disaster Preparedness
• Develop fatalities management plans
• Build local capabilities Police/Fire
Military
Red Cross
Hospitals
Mental health organizations
Clergy
State partners
Public health
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Review
1. Consider whether recommendations are suitable to all “mass fatality events.”
2. Time for action is short. Decomposition 24–72 hours Body recovery begins immediately
3. Specialized equipment or teams may arrive too late.
4. Simple methods of identification and data management need to be developed
5. Temporary burial may be best storage option where refrigeration is unavailable
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6. Management of dead needs to be included in disaster preparedness.
7. Coordination by single person/agency with clear mandate and legal authority.
8. Technical support is needed for governments/local organizations.
9. Active engagement with the media.
10. Ongoing program of systematic learning from future natural disasters.
Review (cont.)
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Above All…
• Planning
• Training
• Exercising
Exercise beyond “The Hero”
Include multi-disciplinary approach to exercises
• After Action Reports—Implement
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And More…
• Yearly training in fatalities management issues
• Additional time spent exercising recovery and processing
• Develop capabilities now
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Sources
A Working Group Consensus Statement on Mass Fatality Planning for Pandemics and Disasters: July 2007
Joint Task Force Civil Support Mass Fatality Working Group
www.homelandsecurity.org/newjournal/Articles/displayArticle2.asp?article=160
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Questions
Martin A. Luna, D-ABMDI
Laramie County Coroner
310 West 19th Street, #410
Cheyenne, WY 82001
307.633.4513