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U S DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH,EDUCATION & WELFAREOFFICE OF EDUCATION

THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROMTHE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGINATING IT POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS STATED DO NOT NECESSARILYREPRESENT OFFICIAL Of f ICE OF EDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY

EXPLORING HO-NEE-UMIN THE

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"EXPLORING HO-NEE-UM IN THE SPRING"

Section I: Teacher Information

A. Objectives and Explanation of Materials Page 2

B. Bibliography Page 3

Section II: Teacher Reference for the Filmstrip

A. Outline of Themes Page 5

B. Script Page 7

T--1 C. Transparency Master or Trail Guide Page 27CrS(31%

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The work presented or reported herein was performed pursuant to a grantfrom the U.S. Office of Education, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.

Duplicate Copies Available from

Visual Education Consultants, Inc.

P.O. Box 52, Madison, Wisconsin

53701

2

OBJECTIVES

Enjoyment

Concern(' > Awareness

Enjoyment A tour should be a happy experience for the child.

Awareness A tour should encourage discovery. A child becomes aware byusing all his senses by looking closely, listening, touching,and smelling.

Concern Appreciation and concern for preservation of our naturalresources is essential for all citizens.

EXPLANATION OF MATERIALS

Ho- nee -um. Trail

A portion of the Arboretum within the city limit: of Madison was chosen

for development of a nature trail suitable for use by school classes. Seasonal

and special emphasis slide tours of the area are planned for use by classes

preparing for an actual trip. Each tour emphasizes different themes all chosen

to promote the objectives above.

Inserted in the script are bracketed paragraphs providing the teacher with

additional information. Questions in the script are designed to encourage class

discussion during the viewing time.

For an actual walk along the trail at a leisurely pace at least an hour

should be allowed.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

General:

Leopold, Aldo, Sand County AlmanacA delightful collection of essays ranging from sensitive descriptionsof the inhabitants of the natural world to the author's thoughts aboutthe land a philosophy which has had far-reaching effects in theconservation field.

Milne, Lorus and Margery, Balance of NatureSome examples of disastrous, though often well meant, interferenceby man in natural systems.

Sachse, Nancy, A Thousand AgesA history of the University of Wisconsin Arboretum.

Watts, May T., Reading the LandscapeStory-like explanations and charming sketches which give the readera new historical and ecological understanding of the natural landscape.

Specific:

Archbald, Dave, Quick Key to TreesEmlen, John and Archbald, Dave, Quick Key to Birds

Easy method of identification and fun for children.

Barker, Will, Familiar Insects of AmericaLife histories of common insects.

Golden Nature Guide SeriesInsects Non-flowering PlantsMammals Pond Life

Simple identification to common species.

Jackson, H.H.T., Mammals of WisconsinInformation and pictures

Peterson, R. T., Field Guide to the BirdsA complete guide to bird identification.

Badger History resource unit "Wisconsin Indians" has a good chapteron "The Woodland Indians" written for classroom use. It is availablefrom the State Historical Society, $1 single copy. Ten or more$.50 each.

2 4

Suggested Books for Children:

Boulton, Rudyerd, Traveling with the Birds

Buck, Margaret, In Ponds and Streams

Darling, Louis, The Gull's Way

Headstrom, Richard, Adventures with a Hand Lens

Hess, Lilo, Foxes in the Woodshed

Hutchins, Ross, The Travels of Monarch XThe Amazing Seeds

Podendorf, la, True Book of Insects

Rounds, Glen, Rain in the Woods and Other Small Matters

Sterling, Dorothy, Story of Mosses, Ferns, and Mushrooms

Publications:

Pope, Clifford, H., "Turtle", Audubon Nature Bulletin

Sow ls, Lyle K,, "Life in Freshwater Marshes",Audubon Nature Bulletin, 1962

5

OUTLINE OF THEMES

These are ideas which appear in the script. Children should be encouragedto add their own observations related to the different headings.

Spring changes

Melting ice and snowEarthworm castingsNew growth:

Leaves on trees and shrubsNew needles on tamarackWater lily pads on waterSeedlings of wild cucumberNettles

Blossoms on trees and shrubs:Shadbush, bur oak, poison ivy, cottonwood, American elm, box elder,high bush cranberry, pussywillow

Spring wildflowers:Violets, bloodroot, white trout lily, marsh marigold

Bird migrationsSome passing through: hermit thrush, ducksSome arriving to build nests: robin, catbird, oriole, mallard

Appearance of chipmunks

Habitat ideas (some things which wild plants and animals need)Robins need good worm hunting areas.Birds need bushes for "cover", food, nesting.Birds and animals need water.Migrating birds need safe stopover places.Some animals and plants need wetland areas.Turtles, toads need different habitats at different stages of their lives.Woodland wildflowers need undisturbed woodlands.Fish need unpolluted water to live in.

Some effects of manLawn mowing, parking lotsUse of DDTCreation of a refugePlanting of shrubs and trees: in yards, in refuges, in hedgerowsCausing wildflowers to become scarcePlanting (and protecting) wildflowersPlowing of prairiesLaws to protect song bird nestsBuilding of Council RingBuilding streets and houses (effects on spring water)Draining of marshes (effects on wildlife and lakes)Use of land to produce special food crops for large populationPollution of lakesLittering

5 13

Glimpses of the pastGlaciersInvasion of bare land by plantsIndian times:

Prairies with a few open-grown oaksPrairie firesUse of native plants and animals by Indians: bloodroot, nettle,

red dogwood, ducksVillage located near the spring

Pioneer times:Location of inn near the spring

76

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Prepared by ti, Irwin, V. Kline anaA, Anderson with the cooperation of the

Arboretum Staff and the Local MaterialsProject ESEA Title IIIM. 4 Peterson, Director

Ron Austin, Photographer

1

Colophon(Bird calls.)

2Title Frame

SPECIAL NOTE:

Please do not judge thequality of the beautifulfull-color pictures in theFilmstrip by the appear-ance of the black-and-whitephotos in this Guide!Obviously, there is no com-parison between full-colorand black and white pic-tures.

Recommend Grade level 3-4; Teachers shouldshow only part of the set during each classperiod to allow time for student discussion.

3Credit Frame(Bird calls.)

Note: Teacher's supplementary materials areincluded in brackets following narrative script.

4Within the limits of the city of Madison, but wondrouslyremoved from the city bustle, a narrow island sheltersa small pond.

A comparison with the map on the next slidewill identify some of the distinctive landmarks:Dudgeon School, Monroe Street, the largeisland, Lake Wingra and Ho-nee-um Pond.

7

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Situated across Monroe Street from Dudgeon School,the island, the pond, and the mainland near the pondare part of the University of Wisconsin Arboretum.A trail provides opportunities for exciting discoveriesat any time of year.

A printed map of the Arboretum posted in theHo-nee-um parking area is available at a smaPcost from the Arboretum office. At the back ofthe teacher's guidebook is a map of the markedtrail to be used as a transparency master orfor individual student maps.

6When spring begins at Ho-nee-um, melting ice andsnow make artisitic patterns. Rapidly changing sceneswill unfold as the plants and animals respond to warmerand longer days.

The spring season advances rapidly, each daybringing new changes in the area. These picturesattempt to give an idea of what kinds of thingsmay be seen, but the time of the trip willdetermine what will actually be discovered.

A suggested classroom activity would be torecord on the class calendar spring eventsobserved in the neighborhood.

7

Even before the snow has melted, the cheerful songof the robin can be heard. Most of our robins spendthe winter farther south and fly north in flocksin early spring. At Ho-nee-um, robins are oftenseen on the mowed lawn and along the clearedareas such as trails and parking lot. What arethey hunting for? Do you think that some of man'sactivities may help the robins find food? Which ofman's activities might harm robins?

Robins are an example of a bird which appearsto have benefited from such activities as farmingand lawn making. Worm hunting is easiestwhere soil is uncovered or grass is kept short.One of man's more recent activities, sprayingcity trees with DDT, has been fatal to manyrobins.

8

8Here is a sign of a creature which robins like tofind and eat. The earthworm takes in soil along withdecaying leaves and other dead plant material. Whatis not used for food passes through its body and isdeposited at the surface in these little mounds ofsoil which are called "earthworm castings". Earth-worm castings are one of the first signs of spring,As soon as the ground thaws, the worms move up

from their deep winter burrows. You may want to watch and record on yourclassroom calendar the day on which the first earthworm castings appearfa your neighborhood.

The mound of worm castings is about the sizeof a nickel. The activity of earthworms loosensand enriches the soil. If the children observea robin before sighting the first earthworm sign,they may wish to discuss what else robinscould eat which would be available such aslast year's berries.

9The trail begins at the parking lot where many shrubsare growing. These provide "cover" or places ofsafety for birds and animals. Very early in spring,before leaves are showing on the trees, one of theshrubs bursts into bloom.

The script and pictures will proceed alongthe trail in the order indicated on the trailmap. At school beforehand and in the parkinglot before the tour begins, a review of tourmanners might be helpful. Some rules might be:

1. Stay behind guide or teacher.2. Walk quietly.3. Use eyes and ears.4. Do not pick plants or disturb the animals.5. Do not drop litter.

'0Looking closely, we can see the narrow petals ofthe flowers of this shrub. It is called shadbush.

In the eastern United States fish called shadswim up the streams to spawn at the sametime as this shrub or small tree blooms; hencethe name "shadbush". Other names for thesame shrub are "Juneberry" and "service-berry".

9 10

1111

Before long, leaves will appear on shrubs and treesand soft greens will catch the sunlight along the trail,which leads us first to . . .

12. . , Ho-nee-tun Rock. This large boulder wasdelivered to this spot by a glacier a powerful,grinding, bulldozing river of ice which moved downfrom the north thousands of years ago and thenslowly melted. Can you see something about the

-.1, shape of this rock which tells us that it was bumpedand shoved along by a glacier? Can you imagine howt the bare ground looked right after the glacier melted?

What happened to the trees and other plants which were here before the glacier?How did new plants get started? How many things can you think of which mighthave happened here since that time?

The chipped off and rounded corners are evidence of glacialaction. Glaciers destroyed the plant life, leaving the bareground exposed. Seeds from areas not covered by glacierswere carried by wind, birds, and animals to the exposedearth. The most recent glacial advance in this area endedabout 20,000 years ago. This glacier greatly affected ourpresent landscape for it created our famous lakes, includingLake Wingra, leveled off some of the hills and depositedsoil and rocks. It moved from the northeast as far as theMadison area. Southwest of Madison (Dodgeville, etc.), theland forms are those of anunglaciated area. Since the timeof the glacier, different kinds of plants and animals havecome and gone; Indian tribes have camped nearby; pioneerfarmers have used the land; a city has grown withina hundred feet.

13One exciting thing happened here about 30 years ago.(Quite recently from the point of view of a boulder!)That was the time that the area we call Ho-nee-umbecame part of the University of Wisconsin Arbore-tum. Dredges were used to create the pond and thelong island as a special refuge for birds and otheranimals. Can you imagine how the island and theshores of the pond looked at first? Once again the

plants began to grow on bare earth some spreading in naturally, othersplanted according to a careful Arboretum plan. Today, it's hard to imagine

10

that the island and the shore were ever without a dense cover of shrubs and trees.Today, the island, pond, and the mainland near the pond have truly become arefuge for the plants and animals which live there.

Before it became part of the Arboretum, a real estatedevelopment was contemplated for the area.

14The carved letters on the rock in the clearingremind us of this. "Ho-nee-um" is the WinnebagoIndian word for a refuge or sanctuary.

See "Winnebago Indians of the Four LakesArea" in the teacher's guide for "Legendsof Lake Mendota".

15

Across the clearing from the rock grow two largebur oak trees. Notice the out-stretched branchesgrowing quite low, which tell us that these trees havealways had a great deal of light. They were nevercrowded by other trees. What is the shape of treeswhich grow in a forest? The first settlers to come toDane County found a land of open grassland calleda prairie. Here and there in the prairie grew a few

widely spaced oaks which must have looked like the trees we see here.You will want to look at the thick bark which would protect such a tree from thefires which burned through the prairies when the Indians lived here. What hashappened to the prairies which were here?

The side branches of forest grown trees are shaded outand die while still small, so that a forest grown treedevelops a tall straight trunk with branches mostly at thetop where the light is. Most of the prairies which oncecovered much of Dane County have been plowed, yieldingsome of the richest farmland in the country.

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16This picture of the same trees was taken a little laterin spring. What changes do you see? How many plantsseem to be in bloom in this picture? Let's lookclosely at three kinds of flowers which are in thepicture.

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17One of the bushes has white flowers . . .

Hawthorne

18. and another has pink.

Crabapple

19The yellow color of the bur oak is due to young leavesand long dangling catkins of tiny yellow flowers.Perhaps something else will be blooming on the dayyou visit Ho-nee-um so that you will discover adifferent beautiful pattern when you look closely.

20Three large trees can be seen across the clearingfrom the bur oaks. In very early spring these"Three Sentinels" as the trees are called, looklike this. Compare this picture to . . .

For those especially interested in identificationthe three trees left to right are box elder,bur oak, and hackberry.

21. . a later one of the same trees. What changesdo you see?

1312

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4

22Poison ivy can be seen near Posi; #4. In very earlyspring it looks like this.

Contact with any part of a poison ivy plantmay cause a rash in susceptible persons.Note: Non-susceptible persons may developthe allergy after contact with the plant. A sub-sequent exposure will then result in a rash.The best protection is to know what it lookslike and avoid it. At Ho-nee-um this one patchis allowed to grow so that boys and girls canlearn to recognize it.

23Later the leaves grow larger . . .

24. . and turn green. Are all the leaves shiny? Does

poison ivy have flowers?

The greenish flowers of poison ivy appearon a small stalk below the leaves and can beseen in this picture. The flowers will developinto white berries.

25For several days each spring the path to the CouncilRing is strewn with red catkins. Do you know wherethese come from?

26Looking up gives a clue. They are clusters of themale flowers of the cottonwood tree. Do you knowwhy the tree is called "cottonwood"? The femaleflowers remain on the tree and develop into seedssurrounded by a cotton-like material which helps theseeds travel long distances in the wind.

1314

1527Many of the seeds fall on the pond and for several dayscotton-like material floats on top of the water.

28Does it surprise you to know that such large treeshave flowers? All of our street trees have flowers,but few people notice them. Here are the tiny flowersof a common street tree, the American elm. Haveyou seen any tree flowers in your neighborhood?

Most street trees bloom very early. Theflowers are very small, so that the childrenwill have to look closely to discover them.

29Next stop is the Council Ring, a good place forlooking and listening. What will you discover?An insect? Moss? An acorn? A branch with buds?A flower?

The Council Ring is a good example of man-made architecture enhancing a natural setting.The following information is from A ThousandAges by Nancy Sachse, page 46. "Four yearslater an even larger pond, Ho-nee-um, wasdredged on the north shore. Besides thisundertaking in 1938, Arboretum land holdingshere were further enhanced by the KennethJensen Wheeler Council Ring, a memorial toa young landscape architecture student whodied on the eve of his graduation. The limestonering was designed by Kenneth's grandfather,Jens Jensen, creator of the Clearing in EllisonBay, Door County, and one of the early con-servationists who assisted in the formationof National Park policy under TheodoreRoosevelt. Supervision of the labor and muchof the stonework on the memorial was carriedon by the boy's father, Edison Wheeler, andthe Ring dedicated in a simple, moving cere-mony the Sunday of Graduation Week."

14

30Between the rocks of the Council Ring and uude.rthe trees grow some woodland wildflowers. An earlyblooming one is this white violet . .

16

Canada Violet

31

. . . with pink buds and yellow centers.

32Birds often are seen near the Council Ring, especiallyin spring, which is traveling time for many birds.Some of the birds seen in spring, such as the hermitthrush, are just passing through on their way fromwinter homes south of here to summer nesting sitesfarther north. Why is it important to have good placesto stop such as Ho-nee-um? Where do you find foodand shelter on a long trip?

The hermit thrush is a little larger than ourcommon English sparrow, and has a rustybrown tail which it raises slowly several timesa minute. Birds need food, shelter and pro-tection just as people do when they travel.Other song birds which are seen only duringmigration include kinglets, white-throated spar-rows, and many of the warblers.

33The catbird, like the robin, winters farther south andcomes to our area to build a nest and raise a family.The zlong of the male bird announces the boundariesof the "territory" he is prepared to defend duringthe nesting period. Catbirds are good mimics andcan imitate the songs of other birds. (Hold for theCatbird's song.)

Children don't have to be able to identify thebirds in order to enjoy hearing bird songs.If more than one bird is heard, have themnotice differences in lengths of song, pitch,quality sharpening ears rather than compilinga list of birds is a good goal for beginners.

15

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34Catbirds, like many other birds, need areas withbushes in which to build their nests. Sometimes theybuild in city neighborhoods where bushes have beenplanted. Are there some birds which nest in yourneighborhood? How can boys and girls help nestingbirds? In the country many farmers now have "hedge-rows" rows of bushes along roads and fences.Does this help the birds ? Do the birds help the farmer ?

Plantings which supply "cover" and nestingsites increase the number of birds using anarea. The birds help in control of insects.Children should learn to avoid disturbing nestingbirds. Watching quietly from a distance willenable them to learn something about thehabits of birds.

Collection of songbird nests without a permitis a violation of state law. Removal of anymaterial from the Arboretum is forbidden.

35The steps clown the slope from the Council Ringtake us to the spring. Because this spring was agood water supply the Indians had a summer campnearby right where Monroe Street and the frontlawn of Dudgeon School are today. Pioneers stoppedto refresh themselves here too, and when an inn wasbuilt across Monroe Street, water for the inn wascarried from the spring in oaken buckets on a

carrying yoke. Can you tell which of the rocks in this picture were broughthere by the glacier?

17

The rounded rocks show evidence of travel-by-glacier.The rocks which are in layers and have sharp corners wereformed here when this area was beneath a shallow sea andhave not been moved by a glacier.

The Plow Inn, 3402 Monroe. This is the site of a stagecoachinn built in 1836. The present building has many features ofthe original inn. Notice the green shutters.

16

1 8...,36Today the water is no longer safe for people to drinkand the spring sometimes is dry. What changes inthe use of the land nearby might explain this? Wheredo the people who live here today get their water?Where do you get your water?

Rain water percolating through the groundfinds its way into the rock layers beneath.Some of these rock layers are more porousthan others and the water reaching one ofthese flows along the layer as a sort of under-ground stream. When the layer is interruptedas by erosion forming a hillside, the waterruns out and continues on its way aboveground. Today much of our rainwater is caughton streets, gutters, playgrounds, roofs, etc.,and finds it way into the storm sewers ratherthan going into the soil. The storm sewers emptyinto the lakes. Madison gets its water fromwells which pump water from layers of cam-brian sandstone lying beneath the city. Thiswater-bearing sandstone is one of Dane County'smost valuable natural resources.

37When the spring is flowing, it provides a favori' edrinking and bathing place for birds and animals,such as the bright orange and black Baltimore oriole.Orioles build hanging nests high in a tree, oftenchoosing a branch which arches over a clearing orover water or even over a city street. (Hold forOriole's call)

Because of the variety of habitat and theavailability of water, Ho-nee-um is one ofthe best places in the Madison area forobserving birds.

38Below the spring the trail leads across a footbridgeand through the woods.

After crossing the footbridge stay on gravelpath going straight (no left turns!) all the wayto the marsh marked by the Wisconsin WildlifeRefuge Sign. Some of the trees along thisstretch are aspen, box elder, walnut, andsilver maple.

1

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1939Some spring wildflowers bloom in the woods. One ofthe earliest is bloodroot which pokes through theground with a leaf wrapped around the flower stalkas if to protect it from the cold.

40Each bud becomes a beautiful white flower. The sapof this plant is bright red-orange. Indians used it asa dye and for war paint. The thick root of bloodrootis full of the bright sap.

41Wildflowers such as bloodroot were once plentifulwherever there were woodlands. Why are they scarcetoday? Today in special places such as the Arboretumwildflowers are being planted so that people can oncemore enjoy them. How can we help wildflowers tosurvive?

Reasons for scarcity of woodland wildflowersinclude grazing of farm animals, clearing ofwoodlots, urbanization. Picking of wildflowersprevents seed production and in some cases(i.e. trillium) destroys the plant because theleaves are picked with the flower.

42White trout lily is a woodland wildflower which formslarge patches of spotted leaves if undisturbed formany years. Look for two large patches of thespotted leaves . . .

Trout lily is an example of a spring "ephemeral"a plant which comes up early before the tree

leaves appear, makes food (much of which isstored in the roots to enable it to come upquickly again next year), produces flowers andseeds, turns "fall" color and disappears under-ground by June when the tree leaves shade theforest. It thus avoids the problem of shade buthas a very short growing season.

18

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. near this hollow tree, which is a landmarkalong the woodland trail.

44When you find the large patches of spotted leaveslook closely at the flowers of white trout lily.

45A little later in spring, box elder trees along the pathproduce dangling flowers which move with everybreeze, . . .

46. . . and still later this bush, high bush cranberry,produces its clusters of flowers. Notice the outsidecircle of larger white flowers which serve as beaconsoutlining the "target" of smaller flowers in the center.Insects such as bees which are attracted may bringpollen from another high bush cranberry. If thishappens the small center flowers will produce berries.

High bush cranberry is one of many nativeshrubs which are good landscaping material andare often planted to attract birds.

47'a A woods includes not only the trees and other plants

but also the animals which live there. Here is aA common animal, the chipmunk, with cheek pouches

full of some woodland treat.. ode-44. A

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19

2148After coming out of the woods, the trail turns left,and leads through an open wetland. The ground beneathis springy and a chorus of spring birds is heard.(Hold for bird calls.)

Many animals and birds live here. Wetlands areimportant refuges for wildlife. People who study lakestell us that the wetlands next to a lake are importanttoo in keeping the lakes healthy. Today two-thirds

of the wetlands in Dane County have been drained or filled. Efforts are beingmade to save those which remain. The wetland at Ho-nee-um will be preservedbecause it is part of the Arboretum.

49AL Here is something which you may see along this part

of the trail. These large round buds will become .

50. . . bright yellow flowers which glow in the earlyspring sunshine.

Note the different number of petals on the twoflowers. Marsh marigolds have a variablenumber of petals, even on the same plant.

51

Marsh marigold, as the flower is called, is a plantwhich grows in wet places and thrives with "wet feet".

Marsh marigold is also called "cowslip".

20

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2252You will see other plants whichgrow in this wet place.How many different kinds of plants can you see inthis picture? Can you describe each one? The plantwith toothed leaves on the right in the picture,stinging nettle, has prickly stems and leaves, but theearly settlers cooked the young plants as a springgreen to eat.

The large fuzzy leaves in the center of thepicture make up the spring "rosette" of Penn-sylvania saxifrage. The small plants with roundleaves are seedlings of giant ragweed justbeginning to grow from seeds which fell on theground last fall. By late summer, these plantswill be taller than your head. You can see lastyear's stalks on the ground.

53The tall stalks of older stinging nettles providedIndians with a fiber which was woven into fish nets.

54Some small tamarack trees have been planted in thewet springy soil. A tamarack is an example of awetland tree. It is unusual in that it has needles andcones, but is not evergreen. The needles turn goldenyellow in the fall and then drop off. The branchesare bare all winter. In spring new needles grow inlittle tufts as you can see here.

55The trail leads through a moist area with manybushes. One of the bushes has red stems. It is calledred dogwood. This is one of the plants the Indiansused for making "kinnikinnick" or Indian tobacco.An Indian legend explains that the bush was coloredred by one of their gods so that the Indians wouldn'tmake a mistake and gather the wrong bush.

21

2356Growing near the path is a plant which started fromseed this spring. It is wild cucumber vine. It willclimb up nearby bushes, growing very fast andattaching itself with spring-like tendrils.

57.' A. Look for the tendrils, and for last year's wild cucumber

.(44, pods in this picture.

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58The seeds from which the young plants grew fell outof these pods last fall.

59A right turn takes us to the look-out platform.Here we can see Lake Wingra, an important sourceof food for Indians and early settlers. Wingra comesfrom an Indian word meaning "duck water". Does thelake provide food for people today? What is the mostimportant use of the lake for Madison's citizens now?

This is a place to look up at the sky, across thelake to the far shore, and down at the plants alongthe water's edge.

A large population cannot depend on the harvestof native plants and animals for its food supply.Food must now be produced in large quantitieson farms with specialized crops and livestock.The most important use of the lake today isrecreation, including not only water sports andfishing, but nature observation and pleasuredriving along the shores.

99

2460Watch for ducks.

61A few, like the mallard duck, will nest at Ho-nee-um.Most will nest in the wetlands of northern Wisconsinor Canada, and find this a safe place to rest and eatbefore continuing their long journey.

62The trail from the platform leads along the edge ofHo-nee-um pond.

63Pussy willows grow close to the water.

64By the time the pussy willows bloom the turtleswill be sunning on logs in the pond. Where havethey spent the winter? Where do turtles begin theirlives?

Turtles spend the winter buried in the soft mudbeneath the pond. Eggs are laid in holes dug bythe females on dry land, so young turtles beginlife on dry land.

23

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2565The leaves begin to turn green along the edge ofthe pond.

66

Before long children discover toads hopping acrossthe trail. Where does a toad spend the winter?Where does a toad begin life? Does a toad need morethan one kind of place to live? What other creaturesmay start life in a pond?

Toads also use the soft mud in the pond forwinter protection. Toad eggs are laid in shallowwater and the young toads spend the first partof their lives there as tadpoles. Frogs alsobegin life in a pond, as do many insects suchas dragon flies and mosquitoes.

67Here you can see some plants which grow right inthe water. Water lily leaves shade the water andhelp keep it cool. Fish are often found where thereare water lilies. Can you see a place on the bottomwhere the debris has been cleared away? A malefish has fanned away the soft materials on thebottom to make what is called a "fish nest".Female fish will lay eggs in this clear spot. The male

fish will continue to keep the area clear and guard the eggs. Fish and otheranimals which live in a pond or lake may be affected by the growth of a citynearby. Can you think of some things that people do which may affect the lifein a pond or lake?

This making of the "nest" by males is typical of sunfishand blue gills. Water quality in lakes is affected by sanitarysewage effluent, storm sewer runoff, industrial wastes,runoff of manure and fertilizer from farm fields and lawns,siltation, litter, etc.

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2668It isn't hard to tell what sort of creature has been here.This activity affects both water and land. Is there anyanimal besides man which leaves this kind of waste?Paper decomposes so slowly that it takes many yearsbefore it becomes part of the soil. Aluminum is oneof the most long lasting materials known. Man, whocan design such containers, must be responsible forplanning ways of disposing of them.

69An area such as Ho-nee-um can be preserved andkept as a beautiful refuge by people who care andunderstand boys and girls, men and women,

70. . . so that it canbe a place where plants and animalscan live together observed, but undisturbed, . . .

71. . . a place where boys and girls and their parentsand teachers can make exciting discoveries at anytime of the year.

72Come often. (Hold for bird calls.)

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Local MaterialsESEA Title IIIProject of IMCMadison Public Schools