DBQ #1: The Columbian Exchange · that rivaled Europe's. The cultural and biological exchange...

20

DBQ #1: The Columbian Exchange

Historical Context: In the late 1400s, European explorers found the North American continent. Native

American peoples who were already living in North America had created a system of government and society

that rivaled Europe's. The cultural and biological exchange between the "New World" and the "Old World"

(North America and Europe, respectively) is often called the Columbian Exchange in reference to Christopher

Columbus.

Directions: The following question is based on the accompanying documents in Part A. As you analyze the

documents, take into account both the source of the document and the author’s point of view.

Be sure to:

• Carefully read the document based question.

o Consider what you already know about the topic

o How would you answer the question if you had no documents to examine?

• Now, read each document carefully, underlining key phrases and words that address the document based

question.

o You may also wish to use the margin of your paper for notes

o Answer the questions that follow each document

• Based on your knowledge of the topic and on the information found in the documents, formulate a

thesis that directly answers the question.

• Organize supportive and relevant information using the attached 5 paragraph outline worksheet.

o Completely write out your thesis statement in the appropriate place

o Completely write out each paragraph topic sentence

o The outline should be able to prove your thesis

o The information in the outline should be logically presented

o The outline should include both information from the documents and from your outside

knowledge of the subject

Question: In a well-planned essay, identify and evaluate: The reaction Native Americans had to the

Europeans; the reaction Europeans had to the Native Americans; how world culture/commerce was affected

because of the interaction between these two cultures.

Terms and concepts that do not appear in the documents but could be used in the final essay:

Bartholomew Dias Vasco da Gamma Henry the Navigator “The Black Legend”

Mercantilism Spices Encomienda Inca

Francisco Pizzaro Balboa Treaty of Tordesillas Papal Bull of 1494

“Virgin field outbreak”

21

DBQ #1: The Colombian Exchange - Documents and Main Points

Essay Question: The reaction Native Americans had to the Europeans; the reaction Europeans had to the Native

Americans; how world culture/commerce was affected because of the interaction between these two cultures.

Organize your evidence: Which documents have the evidence?

Document Numbers Effects of the Colombian Exchange

Develop your Main Points: Group your effects of the Colombian Exchange. Use this to develop the three main

points of your essay.

Effects Unifying Main Point for the Essay

1.

2.

3.

1.

2.

3.

1.

2.

3.

1.

2.

3.

22

Document 1

From the diary of Christopher Columbus during his first voyage of exploration.

Saturday, 13 October. [1492] At daybreak great multitudes of men came to the shore, all young and of

fine shapes, very handsome; their hair not curled but straight and coarse like horse-hair, and all with foreheads

and heads much broader than any people I had seen; They came loaded with balls of cotton, parrots, javelins,

and other things too numerous to mention; these they exchanged for whatever we chose to give them.

Sunday, 14 October I saw a piece of land which appeared like an island, although it is not one, and on it

there were six houses. It might be converted into an island in two days, though I do not see that it would be

necessary, for these people are very simple as regards the use of arms, as your Highnesses will see from the

seven that I caused to be taken, to bring home and learn our language and return; unless your Highnesses

should order them all to be brought to Castile, or to be kept as captives on the same island; for with fifty men

they can all be subjugated and made to do what is required of them.

What type of source is this? (Primary or secondary and WHAT is it?) _________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

What is the bias of the author? What might account for this bias? _____________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

What did Columbus observe about the Natives? ___________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

What do the immediate actions of both the Native Americans and Spaniards tell us about their priorities?

_________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

Document 2

A description of Aztec reaction to Cortez from a messenger's report to Montezuma, 1519. Translated from

Aztec by Franciscan missionaries in the late-1500s.

[Montezuma] was also terrified to learn how the cannon roared, how its noise resounded, how it caused

one to faint and grow deaf. The messengers told him: “A thing like a ball of stone comes out of its entrails: it

comes out shooting sparks and raining fire. The smoke that comes out of it has a pestilential odor, like that of

rotten mud. If the cannon is aimed against a mountain, the mountain splits and cracks open. If it is aimed

against a tree, it shatters the tree into splinters. This is a most unnatural sight, as if the tree had exploded from

within.”

The messengers also said: “Their trappings and arms are all made of iron. They dress in iron and wear

iron casques [helmets] on their heads. Their swords are iron; their bows are iron; their shields are iron; their

spears are iron. Their deer carry them on their backs wherever they wish to go. These deer, our lord, are as tall

as the roof of a house.

23

“The strangers’ bodies are completely covered, so that only their faces can be seen. Their skin is white,

as if it were made of lime. They have yellow hair, though some of them have black. Their beards are long and

yellow, and their moustaches are also yellow. Their hair is curly, with very fine strands.

When [Montezuma] heard this report, he was filled with terror. It was as if his heart had fainted, as if it

had shriveled. It was as if he were conquered by despair.


__________________________________________________________________________________________


__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

What is the Aztec impression of the Spaniards? What might account for this? ___________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

How does this passage explain the initial military success of the Spaniards? ____________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

Document 3

The Amerindians' fate did not go unnoticed in Europe, where the ethical and legal basis of their harsh treatment

became the subject of significant debate. Charles V, king of Spain and the Holy Roman Emperor, added fuel to

the fire. In 1550, he ordered a panel of lawyers and theologians at the University of Valladolid to evaluate the

positions of two prominent opposing voices on the issue, Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda (1490–1573) and Bartolomé

de Las Casas (1474 –1566). Drawing heavily on Aristotle's notion that hierarchy was natural, Sepúlveda argued

that the Spanish had the right to enslave Amerindians because they were an inferior and less civilized people.

Las Casas, whose response is excerpted below, rejected Sepúlveda's position, based in part on his own

experience living in Spanish America. Here he witnessed firsthand the devastating human impact of

colonization and was ultimately swayed by the local Dominicans' campaign against the mistreatment of Indians.

[The Indians] are not ignorant, inhuman, or bestial. Rather, long before they had heard the word

Spaniard they had properly organized states, wisely ordered by excellent laws, religion, and custom. They

cultivated friendship and, bound together in common fellowship, lived in populous cities in which they wisely

administered the affairs of both peace and war justly and equitably, truly governed by laws that at very many

points surpass ours, and could have won the admiration of the sages of Athens.

The Indian race is not that barbaric, nor are they dull witted or stupid, but they are easy to teach and

very talented in learning all the liberal arts, and very ready to accept, honor, and observe the Christian religion

and correct their sins (as experience has taught) once priests have introduced them to the sacred mysteries and

taught them the word of God. They have been endowed with excellent conduct, and before the coming of the

Spaniards, as we have said, they had political states that were well founded on beneficial laws.

24


__________________________________________________________________________________________


__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

How does Las Casas depict Amerindian civilization? What attributes does he highlight and why?

_________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

Despite Las Casas's vigorous defense of the Indians, what prejudices and assumptions of his own did he bring to

bear in this work?

Document 4

The College Board: Teaching and Learning with Documents. Farming and Food Mega Calories

North America Europe

Chief Crops Mega Calories per Hectare Chief Crops Mega Calories per Hectare

Maize 7.3 Rice 7.3

Potato 7.5 Wheat 4.2

Yams (Sweet Potato) 7.1 Barley 5.1

Cassava 9.9 Oats 5.5


__________________________________________________________________________________________


__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

Which area had a higher calorie average? ________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

Of the 4 European crops listed, which one was the most important? Why? (Hint: look beyond calories and think

about the geography and climate of Europe) _____________________________________________________

25

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

What effect did this exchange have on Europe and European society? _________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

What effect did this exchange have on the peoples of North and South America? _________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

Document 5

The College Board: Teaching and Learning with Documents.

Forms of Biological Life Going From:

Old World to New World: New World to Old World:

Diseases Smallpox

Measles

Chicken Pox

Malaria

Yellow Fever

Influenza

The Common Cold

Syphilis

(This is a matter of scientific dispute. There is

some evidence to suggest that syphilis existed in

Europe before the 15th century voyages of

exploration.)

Animals Horses

Cattle

Pigs

Sheep

Goats

Chickens

Turkeys

Llamas

Alpacas

Guinea Pigs

Plants Rice

Wheat

Barley

Oats

Coffee

Sugarcane

Bananas

Melons

Olives

Dandelions

Daisies

Clover

Ragweed

Kentucky Bluegrass

Corn (Maize)

Potatoes (White & Sweet Varieties)

Beans (Snap, Kidney, & Lima Varieties)

Tobacco

Peanuts

Squash

Peppers

Tomatoes

Pumpkins

Pineapples

Cacao (Source of Chocolate)

Chicle (Source of Chewing Gum)

Papayas

Manioc (Tapioca)

Guavas

Avocados


__________________________________________________________________________________________


26

__________________________________________________________________________________________

What were the overall effects of this exchange on the Europeans? ____________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

What were the overall effects of this exchange on the Native Americans? ______________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

Document 6

The Estimated Populations of Later Medieval and Early Modern Europe. Estimates by sociologists J. C.

Russell (red) and Jan de Vries (blue)


__________________________________________________________________________________________

What is the bias of the author as it relates to the essay? What might account for this bias? _________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

27

What might account for the trends depicted in these graphs?

How might these trends affect European politics, culture and economics?

Document 7

These graphs refer only to populations in what is now the United States. There is no full consensus among

scholars regarding the figures underlying Graph 1; in particular, the size of the indigenous population of the

New World at the time of contact is a matter of dispute, and indeed may be unknowable. From: Sources for

America’s History, 7th Edition (2010)

Graph 1: Native American Population in North

America

Graph 2: Non-native Population in North America


__________________________________________________________________________________________


__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

What might account for the trends depicted in these graphs?

Put this rate of decline in perspective by thinking about a family, a clan, or a tribe. Speculate about the social

impact. Imagine a state—say, Wisconsin, with a population of about 5 million in 1990—losing 95 percent of its

people. How would the survivors feel? How could they maintain their economic activities?

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

28

__________________________________________________________________________________________

Document 8

"Loss of hand because gold quota not met" Engraving commissioned by Bartolome De Las Casas for his 1552

book A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies.

What type of source is this? (Primary or

secondary and WHAT is it?)

_____________________________________

_____________________________________

_____________________________________

_____________________________________

What is the bias of the author? What might

account for this bias?

Based on the document, what was the standard

attitude of the Spanish towards the Natives?

_________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

According to the title this document, the penalty for missing the Gold quota was a loss of a hand. Why would

the Spanish cut off workers hands? What other actions are evident in this source?

_________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

Document 9

Between 1637 and 1639, Spanish missionary Cristoval de Acuña made an exploration of South America's Amazon River. Acuña published this account of his adventure, New Discovery of the Amazons, in 1641.

All this new world, if we may call it so, is inhabited by barbarians, in distinct provinces and nations, of

which I am enabled to give an account, naming them and pointing out their residences, some from my own

observations, and others from information of the Indians.

They exceed one hundred and fifty, all with different languages. These nations are so near each other,

that from the last villages of one they hear the people of the other at work. But this proximity does not lead to

peace; on the contrary, they are engaged in constant wars, in which they kill and take prisoners great numbers

of souls every day.

But though, among themselves, they are so warlike, none of them showed courage to face Spaniards, as

I observed throughout the voyage, in which the Indians never dared to use any defense against us, except that of

flight.

29


__________________________________________________________________________________________


__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

How dose Acuña portray the Native Americans? __________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

How might this attitude influence European policy? ________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

Document 10

A Spanish explorer and adventurer, Hernando Cortés landed in Mexico in 1519 and promptly claimed the region for Spain. Below is an excerpt of a letter he wrote to Spain's King Charles V in 1520, describing Mexico.

Three halls are in this grand temple, which contain the principal idols; these are of wonderful extent

and height, and admirable workmanship, adorned with figures sculptured in stone and wood. In these chapels

are the images of idols, although, as I have before said, many of them are also found on the outside; the

principal ones, in which the people have greatest faith and confidence, I precipitated from their pedestals, and

cast them down the steps of the temple, purifying the chapels in which they had stood, as they were all polluted

with human blood, shed ill the sacrifices. In the place of these I put images of Our Lady and the Saints.


__________________________________________________________________________________________


__________________________________________________________________________________________

What does this action indicate about future Spanish policy towards the Native Americans?

_________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

30

Document 11

By 1740, the European powers had colonized much of North and South America and incorporated their colonies

there into a worldwide system of commerce centered on the slave trade and plantation production of staple

crops. Europeans still sought spices and luxury goods in China and the East Indies, but outside of Java, few

Europeans had settled permanently in these areas. From: The Making of the West, 3rd Edition by Lynn Hunt.


__________________________________________________________________________________________


__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

Describe the trade pattern shown here. What products are going to Europe? Which products to the colonies?

What products or resources are NOT listed in this source? (See #4 and #5)

31

What would be the economic, social and political effects of this trade system?

Document 12

Part of a French expedition to Peru, South America to accumulate scientific measurements regarding the Earth's

meridian at the equator, Jorge Juan and Antonio de Ulloa were gifted Spanish mathematicians and scientists.

They published this account of their travels, an excerpt of which appears below, in 1748.

The inhabitants of Lima [Peru] are composed of whites, or Spaniards, Negroes, Indians, Mestizos, and

other casts, proceeding from the mixture of all three.

The Spanish families are very numerous; Lima according to the lowest computation, containing sixteen

or eighteen thousand whites, Among these are reckoned a third or fourth part of the most distinguished nobility

of Peru; and many of these dignified with the style of ancient or modern Castilians, among which are no less

than 45 counts and marquises. The number of knights belonging to the several military orders is also very

considerable. Besides these are many families no less respectable and living in equal splendor; particularly 24

gentlemen of large estates, but without titles, tho' most of them have ancient seats, a proof of the antiquity of

their families.

The Negroes, Mulattoes, and their descendants, form the greater number of the inhabitants; and of these

are the greatest part of the mechanics; tho' here the Europeans also follow the same occupations, which are not

at Lima reckoned disgraceful to them, as they are at Quito; for gain being here the universal passion, the

inhabitants pursue it by means of any trade, without regard to its being followed by Mulattoes, interest here

preponderating against any other consideration.

The third, and last class of inhabitants are the Indians and Mestizos, but these are very small in

proportion to the largeness of the city, and the multitudes of the second class. They are employed in agriculture,

in making earthen ware, and bringing all kinds of provisions to market, domestic services being performed by

Negroes and Mulattoes, either slaves or free, though generally by the former


__________________________________________________________________________________________


__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

What does this passage indicate about the society that the Spanish developed after their conquest of South

America?

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

32

Five Paragraph Outline Worksheet

Introduction Paragraph

Background- No more than two sentences. (What was going on at the time and the historical significance of the

period-as it relates to the question)

_________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

Main point #1- No more than one sentence.

_________________________________________________________________________________________


_________________________________________________________________________________________


_________________________________________________________________________________________

Thesis (must directly answer the question and tie the main points together)

_________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

Body Paragraph #1

Topic sentence (Same as main point #1, limits paragraph to ONE idea and must directly support the thesis)

_________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

Evidence (specific person, law, treaty, development…)

_________________________________________________________________________________________


_________________________________________________________________________________________


_________________________________________________________________________________________

Transition (Connects to the next paragraph in a complex manner using a connecting sentence)

_________________________________________________________________________________________

Body Paragraph #2


_________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

33


_________________________________________________________________________________________


_________________________________________________________________________________________


_________________________________________________________________________________________


_________________________________________________________________________________________

Body Paragraph #3


_________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________


_________________________________________________________________________________________


_________________________________________________________________________________________


_________________________________________________________________________________________


_________________________________________________________________________________________

Conclusion paragraph

Very brief review of the essay. Sum it up in no more than two sentences.

_________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

Importance of the topic during its time

_________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

Long term historical importance of the topic

_________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

34

(CDD 1-1) Ordinances for Calvinist Churches (1547)

The Calvinist churches, like others during the Protestant Reformation, emphasized the need for stricter moral

regulation of individual behavior. These ordinances placed on churches in Geneva and surrounding areas show

how all aspects of behavior, including popular entertainments, were subject to scrutiny.

Concerning the Times of Assembling at Church

That the temples be closed for the rest of the time [outside the time of services], in order that no one shall enter

therein out of hours, impelled thereto by superstition; and if anyone be found engaged in any special act of

devotion therein or nearby he shall be admonished for it: if it be found to be of a superstitious nature for which

simple correction is inadequate then he shall be chastised.

Blasphemy.

Whoever shall have blasphemed, swearing by the body or by the blood of our Lord, or in similar manner, he

shall be made to kiss the earth for the first offence; for the second to pay 5 sous (roughly a day’s wage), and for

the third 6 sous, and for the last offence be put in the pillory for one hour.

Drunkenness.

1. That no one shall invite another to drink under penalty of 3 sous.

2. That taverns shall be closed during the sermon, under penalty that the tavern-keeper shall pay 3 sous, and

whoever may be found therein shall pay the same amount.

3. If anyone be found intoxicated he shall pay for the first offence 3 sous and shall be remanded to the

consistory [church council or governing body]; for the second offence he shall be held to pay the sum of 6 sous,

and for the third 10 sous and be put in prison.

4. That no one shall make roiaumes [popular festivals] under penalty of 10 sous.

Songs and Dances.

If anyone sings immoral, dissolute or outrageous songs, or dance the virollet or other dance, he shall be put in

prison for three days and then sent to the consistory.

Usury.

That no one shall take upon interest or profit more than five per cent., upon penalty of confiscation of the

principal and of being condemned to make restitution as the case may demand.

Games.

That no one shall play at any dissolute game or at any game whatsoever it may be, neither for gold nor silver

nor for any excessive stake [i.e., gambling], upon penalty of 5 sous and forfeiture of stake played for.

35

Document questions:

• Answer the following questions for discussion in class on the day specified by the syllabus.

• Be sure to note where the information to answer the question is located in the document (i.e., Highlighting

or notes in the margin)

• Answer the questions in your own words.

1. What type of document is this? (Primary/Secondary and what IS it?) ________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

2. What is the bias of this Author, as it relates to this topic? What might account for this bias?

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Judging from these regulations, what sorts of behavior were of greatest concern to the Calvinist leaders?

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

4. What insight do the regulations provide into the relationship between church and state in Geneva?

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

36

(CDD 1-2) Act of Supremacy (1534)

Enacted in 1534 by the English Parliament, acting under the forceful guidance of King Henry VIII, the Act of Supremacy

broke England's ties to the Roman Catholic Church, thus initiating the English Reformation. The law removed the pope as

head of the English Church and installed the monarch in his place. Henry orchestrated such a dramatic move because the

pope refused to annul his 20-year marriage to Catherine of Aragon, thus preventing him from marrying his pregnant

mistress Anne Boleyn. Queen Mary I repealed the act in 1554 but Queen Elizabeth I essentially reinstated it with the Act

of Supremacy of 1559.

Albeit the king's majesty justly and rightfully is and ought to be the supreme head of the Church of England, and so is

recognized by the clergy of this realm in their convocations, yet nevertheless for corroboration and confirmation thereof,

and for increase of virtue in Christ's religion within this realm of England, and to repress and extirp all errors, heresies,

and other enormities and abuses hereto fore used in the same; be it enacted by authority of this present Parliament, that the

king our sovereign lord, his heirs and successors, kings of this realm, shall be taken, accepted; and reputed the only

supreme head in earth of the Church of England, called Anglicana Ecclesia; and shall have and enjoy, annexed and united

to the imperial crown of this realm, as well the title and style thereof, as all honors, dignities, pre-eminences, jurisdictions,

privileges, authorities, immunities, profits, and commodities to the said dignity of supreme head of the same Church

belonging and appertaining; and that our said sovereign lord, his heirs and successors, kings of this real have full power

and authority from time to time to visit, repress, redress, reform, order, correct, restrain, and amend all such errors,

heresies, abuses, offences, contempts, and enormities, whatsoever they be, which by any manner spiritual authority or

jurisdiction ought or may lawfully be reformed, repressed, ordered, redressed, corrected, restrained, or amended, most to

the pleasure of Almighty God, the increase of virtue in Christ's religion, and for the conservation of the peace, unity, and

tranquility of this realm; any usage, custom, foreign law, foreign authority, prescription, or any other thing or things to the

contrary hereof notwithstanding.

Document questions:






__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________


__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

3. What is the purpose of this document?

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Describe the powers of the monarch as set forth in this document.

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

37

(CDD 1-3) Act of Supremacy (1559)

The Act of Supremacy of 1559 was the first piece of legislation passed after Queen Elizabeth I came to the

English throne in late 1558. The law essentially reinstated the Act of Supremacy of 1534, which had been

orchestrated by Elizabeth's father King Henry VIII in order to sanction his marriage to Elizabeth's mother,

Anne Boleyn. The Act of Supremacy denied the authority of the Roman Catholic Church in England,

establishing instead the Church of England, with the monarch at its head. Below is an excerpt of the act.

An act restoring to the crown the ancient jurisdiction over the state ecclesiastical and spiritual and abolishing all

foreign power repugnant to the same. Most humbly beseech your most excellent majesty your faithful and

obedient subjects, the lords spiritual and temporal and the commons in this your present parliament assembled,

that, where in time of the reign of your most dear father of worthy memory, King Henry VIII, divers good laws

and statutes were made and established, as well for the utter extinguishment and putting away of all usurped and

foreign powers and authorities out of this your realm and other your highness's dominions and countries, as also

for the restoring and uniting to the imperial crown of this realm the ancient jurisdictions, authorities,

superiorities, and pre-eminences to the same of right belonging and appertaining; by reason whereof we, your

most humble and obedient subjects, from the five-and-twentieth year of the reign of your said dear father, were

continually kept in good order, and were disburdened of divers great and intolerable charges and exactions

before that time unlawfully taken and exacted by such foreign power and authority as before that was usurped,

until such time as all the said good laws . . . in the first and second years of the reigns of the late King Philip and

Queen Mary . . . were . . . repealed . . . ;' by reason of which act of repeal your said humble subjects were soon

brought under an usurped foreign power and authority, and vet do remain in that bondage, to the intolerable

charges of your loving subjects, if some redress by the authority of this your high court of parliament with the

assent of your highness be not had and provided: may it therefore please your highness, for the repressing of the

said usurped foreign power and the restoring of the rights jurisdictions, and pre-eminences appertaining to the

imperial crown of this your realm, that it may be enacted by the authority of this present parliament that the said

act . . . and all and every branch, clauses, and articles therein contained, other than such branches, clauses, and

sentences as hereafter shall be excepted, may from the last day of this session of parliament, by authority of this

present parliament, be repealed, and shall from thenceforth be utterly void and of none effect . . .

And to the intent that all usurped and foreign power and authority, spiritual and temporal, may forever be

clearly extinguished and never to be used nor obeyed within this realm or any other your majesty's countries,

may it please your highness that it may be further enacted by the authority aforesaid that no foreign prince,

person, prelate, state, or potentate, spiritual or temporal, shall at any time after the last day of this session of

parliament use, enjoy, or exercise any manner of power, jurisdiction, superiority, authority, pre-eminence, or

privilege, spiritual or ecclesiastical, within this realm or within any other your majesty's dominions or countries

that now be or hereafter shall be, but from thenceforth the same shall be clearly abolished out of this realm and

all other your highness's dominions forever, any statute, ordinance, custom, constitutions, or any other matter or

cause whatsoever to the contrary in any wise notwithstanding . . . ; and that your highness, your heirs, and

successors, kings or queens of this realm, shall have full power and authority . . . to exercise . . . all manner of

jurisdictions, privileges, and preeminences in any wise touching or concerning any spiritual or ecclesiastical

jurisdiction within these your realms. . . .

And for the better observation and maintenance of this act, may it please your highness that it may be further

enacted by the authority aforesaid that all and every archbishop, bishop, and all and every other ecclesiastical

person and other ecclesiastical officer and minister, of what estate, dignity, pre-eminence, or degree soever he

or they be or shall be, and all and every temporal judge, justicer, mayor, and other lay or temporal officer and

minister, and every other person having your highness's fee or wages within this realm or any your highness's

dominions shall make, take, and receive a corporal oath upon the Evangelist, before such person or persons as

38

shall please your highness, your heirs or successors, under the great seal of England to assign and name to

accept and take the same, according to the tenor and effect hereafter following, that is to say—

"I, ______________ ______________, do utterly testify and declare in my conscience that the queen's highness

is the only supreme governor of this realm and of all other her highness's dominions and countries, as well in all

spiritual or ecclesiastical things or causes as temporal, and that no foreign prince, person, prelate, state, or

potentate hath or ought to have any jurisdiction, power, superiority, pre-eminence, or authority, ecclesiastical or

spiritual, within this realm; and therefore I do utterly renounce and forsake all foreign jurisdictions, powers,

superiorities, and authorities, and do promise that from henceforth I shall bear faith and true allegiance to the

queen's highness, her heirs, and lawful successors, and to my power shall assist and defend all jurisdictions, pre-

eminences, privileges, and authorities granted or belonging to the queen's highness, her heirs, and successors, or

united or annexed to the imperial crown of this realm: so help me God and by the contents of this Book."

And for the more sure observation of this act and the utter extinguishment of all foreign and usurped power and

authority, may it please your highness that it may be further enacted by the authority aforesaid that, if any

person or persons dwelling or inhabiting within this your realm or in any other your highness's realms or

dominions . . . , shall by writing, printing, teaching, preaching, express words, deeds, or act, advisedly,

maliciously, and directly affirm, hold, stand with, set forth, maintain, or defend the authority, preeminence,

power, or jurisdiction, spiritual or ecclesiastical, of any foreign prince, prelate, person, state, or potentate

whatsoever, heretofore claimed, used, or usurped within this realm or any dominion or country being within or

under the power, dominion, or obeisance of your highness, or shall advisedly, maliciously, or directly put in ure

or execute anything for the extolling, advancement, setting forth, maintenance, or defense of any such pretended

or usurped jurisdiction, power, pre-eminence, or authority, or any part thereof, that then every such person and

persons so doing and offending, their abettors, aiders, procurers, and counselors, being thereof lawfully

convicted and attainted according to the due order and course of the common laws of this realm [shall suffer

specified penalties, culminating in punishment for high treason on the third offence] . . . .

Provided always, and be it enacted by the authority aforesaid, that such person or persons to whom your

highness, your heirs, or successors, shall hereafter by letters patents under the great seal of England give

authority to have or execute any jurisdiction, power, or authority spiritual, or to visit, reform, order, or correct

any errors, heresies, schisms, abuses, or enormities by virtue of this act, shall not in any wise have authority or

power to order, determine, or adjudge any matter or cause to be heresy but only such as heretofore have been

determined, ordered, or adjudged to be heresy by the authority of the canonical Scriptures, or by the first four

general councils or any of them, or any other general council wherein the same was declared heresy by the

express and plain words of the said canonical Scriptures, or such as hereafter shall be ordered, judged, or

determined to be heresy by the high court of parliament of this realm, with the assent of the clergy in their

convocation—anything in this act contained to the contrary notwithstanding. . . .

Document questions:




• Answer the questions in your own words. You may hand write or word process your answers.


__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

39


__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

3. What is the purpose of this document?

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Describe the powers of the monarch as set forth in this document.

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

5. What is included in this version of The Act of Supremacy that is not in the 1534 version? Why might these

extra conditions have been included?

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

40

(CDD 1-4) The Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion (1571)

The Thirty-Nine Articles of 1571 were a series of statements clarifying the Church of England's official position

on a number of contentious religious issues of the period. All members of the English clergy were required to

swear allegiance to them, but in an attempt to soften any doctrinal differences and avoid conflict, Queen

Elizabeth I ordered that some of the articles be made deliberately ambiguous. Thus, she managed to defuse

much of the controversy surrounding religion during her reign and brokered a tenuous settlement between

members of various faiths who lived within her realm. The articles have gone through several revisions but are

still official doctrine for the Church of England today.

I. Of Faith in the Holy Trinity.

There is but one living and true God, everlasting, without body, parts, or passions; of infinite power, wisdom,

and goodness; the Maker, and Preserver of all things both visible and invisible. And in the unity of this

Godhead there be three Persons, of one substance, power, and eternity; the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost.

II. Of the Word or Son of God, which was made very Man.

The Son, which is the Word of the Father, begotten from everlasting of the Father, the very and eternal God,

and of one substance with the Father, took Man's nature in the womb of the blessed Virgin, of her substance: so

that two whole and perfect Natures, that is to say, the Godhead and Manhood, were joined together in one

Person, never to be divided, whereof is one Christ, very God, and very Man; who truly suffered, was crucified,

dead, and buried, to reconcile his Father to us, and to be a sacrifice, not only for original guilt, but also for

actual sins of men.

III. Of the going down of Christ into Hell.

As Christ died for us, and was buried; so also it is to be believed, that he went down into Hell.

IV. Of the Resurrection of Christ.

Christ did truly rise again from death, and took again his body, with flesh, bones, and all things appertaining to

the perfection of Man's nature; wherewith he ascended into Heaven, and there sitteth, until he return to judge all

Men at the last day.

V. Of the Holy Ghost.

The Holy Ghost, proceeding from the Father and the Son, is of one substance, majesty, and glory, with the

Father and the Son, very and eternal God.

VI. Of the Sufficiency of the Holy Scriptures for Salvation.

Holy Scripture containeth all things necessary to salvation: so that whatsoever is not read therein, nor may be

proved thereby, is not to be required of any man, that it should be believed as an article of the Faith, or be

thought requisite or necessary to salvation. In the name of the Holy Scripture we do understand those canonical

Books of the Old and New Testament, of whose authority was never any doubt in the Church.

41

VII. Of the Old Testament.

The Old Testament is not contrary to the New: for both in the Old and New Testament everlasting life is offered

to Mankind by Christ, who is the only Mediator between God and Man, being both God and Man. Wherefore

they are not to be heard, which feign that the old Fathers did look only for transitory promises. Although the

Law given from God by Moses, as touching Ceremonies and Rites, do not bind Christian men, nor the Civil

precepts thereof ought of necessity to be received in any commonwealth; yet notwithstanding, no Christian man

whatsoever is free from the obedience of the Commandments which are called Moral.

VIII. Of the Creeds.

The Nicene Creed, and that which is commonly called the Apostles' Creed, ought thoroughly to be received and

believed: for they may be proved by most certain warrants of Holy Scripture.

X. Of Free Will.

The condition of Man after the fall of Adam is such, that he cannot turn and prepare himself, by his own natural

strength and good works, to faith, and calling upon God. Wherefore we have no power to do good works

pleasant and acceptable to God, without the grace of God by Christ preventing us, that we may have a good

will, and working with us, when we have that good will.

XI. Of the Justification of Man.

We are accounted righteous before God, only for the merit of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ by Faith, and

not for our own works or deservings. Wherefore, that we are justified by Faith only, is a most wholesome

Doctrine, and very full of comfort, as more largely expressed in the Homily of Justification.

XII. Of Good Works.

Albeit that Good Works, which are the fruits of Faith, and follow after Justification, cannot put away our sins,

and endure the severity of God's judgment; yet are they pleasing and acceptable to God in Christ, and do spring

out necessarily of a true and lively Faith; insomuch that by them a lively Faith may be as evidently known as a

tree discerned by the fruit.

XV. Of Christ alone without Sin.

Christ in the truth of our nature was made like unto us in all things, sin only except, from which he was clearly

void, both in his flesh, and in his spirit. He came to be the Lamb without spot, who, by sacrifice of himself once

made, should take away the sins of the world; and sin (as Saint John saith) was not in him. But all we the rest,

although baptized, and born again in Christ, yet offend in many things; and if we say we have no sin, we

deceive ourselves, and the truth is not in us.

XVIII. Of obtaining eternal Salvation only by the Name of Christ

They also are to be had accursed that presume to say, That every man shall be saved by the Law or Sect which

he professeth, so that he be diligent to frame his life according to that Law, and the light of Nature. For Holy

Scripture doth set out unto us only the Name of Jesus Christ, whereby men must be saved.

42

XIX. Of the Church.

The visible Church of Christ is a congregation of faithful men, in which the pure Word of God is preached, and

the Sacraments be duly ministered according to Christ's ordinance, in all those things that of necessity are

requisite to the same.

As the Church of Jerusalem, Alexandria, and Antioch, have erred; so also the Church of Rome hath erred, not

only in their living and manner of Ceremonies, but also in matters of Faith.

XX. Of the Authority of the Church.

The Church hath power to decree Rites or Ceremonies, and authority in Controversies of Faith: and yet it is not

lawful for the Church to ordain anything that is contrary to God's Word written, neither may it so expound one

place of Scripture, that it be repugnant to another. Wherefore, although the Church be a witness and a keeper of

Holy Writ, yet, as it ought not to decree any thing against the same, so besides the same ought not to enforce

any thing to be believed for necessity of Salvation.

XXII. Of Purgatory.

The Romish (Catholic) Doctrine concerning Purgatory, Pardons, Worshipping and Adoration, as well of Images

as of Relics, and also Invocation of Saints, is a fond thing, vainly invented, and grounded upon no warranty of

Scripture, but rather repugnant to the Word of God.

XXIV. Of Speaking in the Congregation in such a Tongue as the people understandeth.

It is a thing plainly repugnant to the Word of God, and the custom of the Primitive Church, to have public

Prayer in the Church, or to minister the Sacraments, in a tongue not understanded of the people.

XXV. Of the Sacraments.

Sacraments ordained of Christ be not only badges or tokens of Christian men's profession, but rather they be

certain sure witnesses, and effectual signs of grace, and God's good will towards us, by the which he doth work

invisibly in us, and doth not only quicken, but also strengthen and confirm our Faith in him.

There are two Sacraments ordained of Christ our Lord in the Gospel, that is to say, Baptism, and the Supper of

the Lord.

Those five commonly called Sacraments, that is to say, Confirmation, Penance, Orders, Matrimony, and

Extreme Unction, are not to be counted for Sacraments of the Gospel, being such as have grown partly of the

corrupt following of the Apostles, partly are states of life allowed in the Scriptures; but yet have not like nature

of Sacraments with Baptism, and the Lord's Supper, for that they have not any visible sign or ceremony

ordained of God.

The Sacraments are not ordained of Christ to be gazed upon, or to be carried about, but that we should duly use

them. And in such only as worthily receive the same, they have a wholesome effect or operation but they that

receive them unworthily, purchase to themselves damnation, as Saint Paul saith.

43

XVII. Of Baptism

Baptism is not only a sign of profession, and mark of difference, whereby Christian men are discerned from

others that be not christened, but it is also a sign of Regeneration or New-Birth, whereby, as by an instrument,

they that receive Baptism rightly are grafted into the Church; the promises of the forgiveness of sin, and of our

adoption to be the sons of God by the Holy Ghost, are visibly signed and sealed; Faith is confirmed, and Grace

increased by virtue of prayer unto God.

The Baptism of young Children is in any wise to be retained in the Church, as most agreeable with the

institution of Christ.

XXXII. Of the Marriage of Priests.

Bishops, Priests, and Deacons, are not commanded by God's Law, either to vow the estate of single life, or to

abstain from marriage: therefore it is lawful for them, as for all other Christian men, to marry at their own

discretion, as they shall judge the same to serve better to godliness.

XXXIV. Of the Traditions of the Church.

It is not necessary that the Traditions and Ceremonies be in all places one, or utterly like; for at all times they

have been divers, and may be changed according to the diversity of countries, times, and men's manners, so that

nothing be ordained against God's Word. Whosoever, through his private judgment, willingly and purposely,

doth openly break the Traditions and Ceremonies of the Church, which be not repugnant to the Word of God,

and be ordained and approved by common authority, ought to be rebuked openly, (that others may fear to do the

like,) as he that offendeth against the common order of the Church, and hurteth the authority of the Magistrate,

and woundeth the consciences of the weak brethren.

Every particular or national Church hath authority to ordain, change, and abolish, Ceremonies or Rites of the

Church ordained only by man's authority, so that all things be done to edifying.

XXXVII. Of the Power of the Civil Magistrates.

The Power of the Civil Magistrate extendeth to all men, as well Clergy as Laity, in all things temporal; but hath

no authority in things purely spiritual. And we hold it to be the duty of all men who are professors of the

Gospel, to pay respectful obedience to the Civil Authority, regularly and legitimately constituted.

The Bishop of Rome hath no jurisdiction in this Realm of England.

The Laws of the Realm may punish Christian men with death, for heinous and grievous offenses.

It is lawful for Christian men, at the commandment of the Magistrate, to wear weapons, and serve in the wars."

XXXVIII. Of Christian Men's Goods, which are not common.

The Riches and Goods of Christians are not common, as touching the right, title, and possession of the same; as

certain Anabaptists do falsely boast. Notwithstanding, every man ought, of such things as he possesseth,

liberally to give alms to the poor, according to his ability.

44

XXXIX. Of a Christian Man's Oath.

As we confess that vain and rash Swearing is forbidden Christian men by our Lord Jesus Christ, and James his

Apostle, so we judge, that Christian Religion doth not prohibit, but that a man may swear when the Magistrate

requireth, in a cause of faith and charity, so it be done according to the Prophet's teaching in justice, judgment,

and truth.

Document questions:





1. What type of document is this? (Primary/Secondary and what IS it?)


3. Explain HOW the “39 Articles” can be seen as a “compromise” between Protestants and Catholics

4. What are the secular concerns or elements of this document?

DBQ #1: The Columbian Exchange · that rivaled Europe's. The cultural and biological exchange...

Documents

Transcript of DBQ #1: The Columbian Exchange · that rivaled Europe's. The cultural and biological exchange...