DBMS (database Management Systems)

Information Technology For Management 6th EditionTurban, Leidner, McLean, Wetherbe

Lecture Slides by L. Beaubien, Providence College

John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Data Management: Data, Databases and Warehousing

Pengampu: Taufik Hidayat, S.Kom, MMSI, Lektor Kepala

Data Life Cycle Process

Transactional processing takes place in operational systems (TPS) that provide the organization with the capability to perform business transactions and produce transaction reports. The data are organized mainly in a hierarchical structure and are centrally processed. This is done primarily for fast and efficient processing of routine, repetitive data.

Supplementary activity to transaction processing is called analytical processing, which involves the analysis of accumulated data. Analytical processing, sometimes referred to as business intelligence, includes data mining, decision support systems (DSS), querying, and other analysis activities. These analyses place strategic information in the hands of decision makers to enhance productivity and make better decisions, leading to greater competitive advantage.

Transactional VS Analytical Processing

Hierarchy of Data

Web-based Data Management Systems – content and information

Introduction to Database

• File-Based Approach• Limitation of File Based Approach• Database Approach• The Database

File-Based Approach

• File Based System is a collection of application programs that perform services for the end-users as the production of reports. Each program defines and manages its own data

Aspects

• Computerization:– Hardware– Software– Data

• Information Needed:– Programmer– Users– Database Administrator

Database System Component

• Data: – Shared Data– Integrated

• Hardware– Data Capacity

• Software:– Creating File, Insert, Retrieving Data, Deleting Data,

Security Control, Integrity Control, Recovery Control

File-Based ApproachFile-Base Approach

CompanyName ProductName CategoryName Quantity UnitPrice

New England Seafood Cannery Boston Crab Meat Seafood 1 $18.40

New Orleans Cajun Delights Chef Anton's Cajun Seasoning Condiments 1 $22.00

Formaggi Fortini s.r.l. Gorgonzola Telino Dairy Products 1 $12.50

Grandma Kelly's Homestead Grandma's Boysenberry Spread Condiments 1 $25.00

Svensk Sjöföda AB Gravad lax Seafood 1 $26.00

Limitation of File Based-Approach

• Separation and isolation of data• Duplication of Data• Data Dependence• Incompatible File Format• No Security

Database Approach• DBMS: A Software system that enables

users to define, create, maintain, and control access to the database

Facilities:• Its allows user to define the database

through a Data Definition Language• Its allow user to Insert, Update, Retrieve

data From The Database through Data Manipulation Language

Pemodelan Database

• Hierarchical– Top down, like inverted tree– Fields have only one “parent”, each “parent” can have multiple

“children”– Fast

• Network – Relationships created through linked lists, using pointers– “Children” can have multiple “parents”– Greater flexibility, substantial overhead

• Relational– Flat, two-dimensional tables with multiple access queries– Examines relations between multiple tables– Flexible, quick, and extendable with data independence

• Object oriented– Data analyzed at conceptual level– Inheritance, abstraction, encapsulation

Pemodelan data

DBMS

• Its provide controlled access to the database. For Example, it may provide:– A security system which prevents unauthorized users

accessing the database– An integrity system which maintains the consistency of

stored data– A concurrency control system, which allows shared access

of the database– A recovery control system– A User control Catalog

The Database• Advantages of DBMS:

– Control of data Redundancy– Data Consistency– More information from the same amount of data– Sharing of data– Improved Data integrity– Improved Security– Enforcement Standard– Economic of Scale– Balance of Conflicting Requirement– Improved Data Accessibility and responsiveness– Increased Productivity

The Database

• Advantages of DBMS:

–Improved maintenance through data independence

–Increase concurrency–Improved Backup and recovery

Services

The Database

• Disadvantages:–Complexity–Size–Cost of DBMS–Additional Hardware Costs–Cost of Conversion–Performance–Higher Impact of a Failure

Knowledge Management

• Knowledge : kesatuan kumpulan informasi yang diekstraksi dari aktivitas pendidikan, pelatihan, seminar dan sejenisnya, sosialisasi, organisasi, pengalaman, dan aktivitas pembelajaran lainnya yang menghasilkan suatu wawasan, pola pikir yang inovatif serta gagasan untuk membantu pengambilan keputusan dalam memecahkan berbagai permasalahan

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Delphi Group Research• Kowledge dalam organisasi tersimpan dengan

struktur sbb:

42% dalam pikiran (internal memory)/(tacit),26 % dalam dokumen kertas,20 % dalam dokomen elektronik,12% dalam knowledge base elektronik.

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Pengembangan Knowledge Management• 1. koleksi, organisasi, klasifikasi, dan disemimasi knowledge.• 2. Internet-based database selalu up-to- date.• 3. teknologi yang tepat untuk menangkap knowledge serta

proses selanjutnya.• 4. aplikasi expert systems.• 5. hasil analisis informasi disimpan dan diolah kembali untuk

diproses selanjutnya.• 6. identifikasi knowledge yang diperlukan.• 7. indeks pencarian knowledge• 8. know-how yang berkualitas.• 9. Pemetaan knowledge.

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Peningkatan akses terhadap knowledge

• 1. Penelusuran informasi dari berbagai sumber.

• 2. Penelusuran Informasi melalui MSS.• 3. Refleksi atas tindakan masa lalu.• 4. Kemampuan menyerap.• 5. Kemampuan belajar.• 6. Persepsi positip terhadap aktivitas

knowledge Sharing.

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Perbedaan Manajemen Informasi/pelaporan dari knowledge management

Man. Info & laporan Knowledge Management.

Lokalisasi khusus disertai pencegahan akses.

Memfasilitasi lokalisasi untuk penggunaan bersama berbagai knowledge yang sebelumnya tersembunyi.

Membentuk kerangka waktu utk perpindahan record.

Menyediakan kodifikasi sebagai petunjuk menuju ke lokasi tsb.

Terdapat kebijakan pemusnahan dokumen

Mendorong inovasi dan kolaborasi dengan memanfaatkan knowledge yang ada.

Knowledge wajib dan pilihan

• Knowledge wajib (relatif):*Language mastery*Topic mastery*Listening, reading, speaking, writing*Time management*Negotiation & debate*Product promotion

• Knowledge pilihan (relatif):*Business ethics

Sarana komunikasi perusahaan

• Rapat berkala• Diskusi berkala• Pertemuan khusus berkala• Intranet• Surat edaran • Surat keputusan (SK)• Papan pengumuman• Internet / media masa

Strategi membangun budaya knowledge sharing

• Merumuskan budaya kewajiban utk menggali dan saling berbagi knowledge.

• Membangun rasa saling percaya dalam perbedaan kedudukan, kecerdasan, kinerja,dll.

• Sistem penghargaan atas prestasi pemanfaatan dan berbagi knowledge.

• Job enrichment dan job enlargement.• Memfasilitasi sarana melakukan aktivitas berbagi

knowledge: ruang diskusi,ruang seminar, presentasi, kolaborasi, learning, dll.

• Dukungan pimpinan.

Komponen KMS• IT (hardware, software, network) sebagai

infrastruktur untuk berlangsungnya knowledge management, termasuk rancangan KM model, groupware, dsb.

• Brainware : tersedianya knowledge manager dan knowledge workers.

• Knowledge database dan directory.• Proses / prosedur: berbagai jenis proses yang

dirancang untuk berjalannya knowledge managemet secara efektif.

Analisis Organisasi melalui 7-s McKinsey

• Dikembangkan oleh Peters dan Waterman 1982 dlm bukunya ‘In Search of Excellence’

• Pada era 60-70 fokus pd struktur organisasi.• Era 80-saat ini, seharusnya organisasi fokus pada 7

variabel yang harus saling berkaitan dan berinteraksi untuk kesuksesan pencapaian tujuan yang sama (sistem).

• 3 hard variables ( mudah diidentifikasi dan didokumentasikan): strategi, struktur, sistem.

• 4 soft variables (relatif sukar diidentifikasi, tacit, sulit didokumentasikan rinci &lengkap). 28

7-s McKinsey model• 7-s Mckinsey model

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Structure

Strategy Systems

Shared values

Skills

Staff

Style

Definisi variabel 7-s McKinsey

• Hard Variables:1. Strategy : operational, tactical, and strategic planning and strategies.2. StructureStructure : struktur organisasi dengan koordinasi kerangka kerja para anggota organisasi.3. System : sistem-sistem yang ada dalam

organisasi (sistem inovasi, kompensasi, sim, dll)

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Definisi variabel 7-s McKensey

• Soft Variables :1. Style : kultur meliputi pola kepemimpinan, pola kerja

karyawan, pola komunikasi dan sosialisasi, dsb.2. Staff : segala aktivitas pengembangan SDM,

manajemen karir, dsb.3. Skill : kemampuan unik yang dimiliki pimpinan dan

staff yang menjadikan keunikan positip organisasi sebagai competitive advantage.

4. Shared values : nilai yang dimiliki seluruh personil perusahaan dalam membangun kesadaran dan

motivasi untuk terbiasa dengan rasa senang saling berbagi dan bekerjasama.

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Knowledge – Knowledge Management Systems

Data, Knowledge & Information

Knowledge creation or knowledge acquisition is the generation of new insights, ideas, or routines.

Socialization mode refers to the conversion of tacit knowledge to new tacit knowledge through social interactions and shared experience.

Combination mode refers to the creation of new explicit knowledge by merging, categorizing, reclassifying, and synthesizing existing explicit knowledge

Externalization refers to converting tacit knowledge to new explicit knowledge

Internalization refers to the creation of new tacit knowledge from explicit knowledge.

Knowledge sharing is the exchange of ideas, insights, solutions, experiences to another individuals via knowledge transfer computer systems or other non-IS methods.

Knowledge seeking is the search for and use of internal organizational knowledge.

Knowledge – Knowledge Management Systems (Continued)

Activities or ProcessesActivities or Processes

Knowledge Management – Integration

Knowledge Management Value Chain

Major Types of KMS

Ask-Me Enterprise Knowledge Network

Requirements of Knowledge work systems

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Thank you for Your

kind attention

THE END