Db2 and storage management (mullins)

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© 2013 Mullins Consulting, Inc.

DB2 and Storage ManagementAn Uneasy Partnership

Craig S. MullinsMullins Consulting, Inc.http://www.craigsmullins.com

© 2013 Mullins Consulting, Inc. 2

Author

This presentation was prepared by:

Craig S. MullinsPresident & Principal Consultant

Mullins Consulting, Inc.15 Coventry CtSugar Land, TX 77479Tel: 281-494-6153Fax: 281.491.0637 E-mail: [email protected]

This document is protected under the copyright laws of the United States and other countries as an unpublished work. Any use ordisclosure in whole or in part of this information without the express written permission of Mullins Consulting, Inc. is prohibited.

© 2013 Craig S. Mullins, Mullins Consulting, Inc. All rights reserved.


Agenda

DBA vs. Storage AdministrationDB2 for z/OS and Storage› Where does DB2 use storage?› DB2 and DFSMS› Newer DB2 Storage FeaturesMainframe Disk Storage OptionsWhat’s Still Missing?Thoughts and Best Practices


How Many Shops ManageDB2 and Storage Administration

DBA

StorageAdmin


DBA vs. Storage AdministrationFrom a Storage Perspective

Database Administration• Capacity planning for

database objects• Database and data

management• Database object interest• Storage is sometimes an

afterthought

Storage Administration• Capacity planning for

entire environment• Disk and tape device

management• Data set interest• Storage is always top

of mind


6

But Something is Missing…• There is a gap between Database Administration, Storage

Administration (DASD) and Capacity Planning.• Storage management can be an afterthought for the DBA…

…but it shouldn’t be.• According to Gartner, Inc. the cost of managing storage is

4-10 times the initial cost of storage acquisition.• CAGR of disk storage was close to 60% between 2006 and 2011.

• Information is available to DBAs, but it is scattered and difficult to show the full picture:• DB2 RUNSTATS• DB2 STOSPACE • DB2 RTS

• Any historical view has to be managed manually.


Are You Prepared?

• Do all of my databases have sufficient allocation to satisfy business requirements?

• Why is DB2 storage growing when our business is not?• Am I wasting any storage?• When will more storage be required?• How much additional storage is needed?• What needs to be done to align the additional storage with

the DBMS?

Can you answer all of the following questions about your database storage requirements:


DB2 and Storage

DB2 for z/OS and Storage› Where does DB2 use storage?› DB2 and DFSMS› Modern Storage Architecture› Newer DB2 Storage Features


• Tables do NOT consume storage (table spaces do)– However, table definitions impact storage usage

– If an EDITPROC is used, the maximum row length is 10 bytes fewer

Tables Impact Page Size


Types of Table SpacesSimple – max size 64 GB› Contains one or more tables› No new simple table spaces as of DB2 9 › Replace with universal table space partition‐by‐growthSegmented – max size 64 GB› Contains one or more tables› Segments between 4 and 64 (multiples of 4)Partitioned ‐ up to 4,096 partitions of up to 64 GB each› Contains one table› Usually used for larger tables› Replace with universal table space partition‐by‐rangeUniversal ‐ up to 128 TB› Combine partitioned and segmented characteristics› Can contain both a base and a clone table› Two types: Partition‐By‐Growth and Partition‐By‐RangeLOB – up to 16 TBXML


DB2 Objects and Storage

• DB2 Storage Groups: list of disk volumes

• Table Spaces: stored on disk as at least one VSAM LDS data set Could be multiple: partitioned

• Indexes: stored on disk (in an index space) as at least one VSAM LDS data set

• System data sets Active Log: stored on disk Archive Logs: stored on disk or tape BSDS: stored on disk

• Image Copy Backups: stored on disk or tape

• Other “stuff” DB2 library data sets Temporary data sets (used by utilities)


VSAM and Media Manager

• DB2 uses VSAM Media Manager for its I/O operations. • For every I/O, VSAM Media Manager builds a channel program and sends a

request to the I/O supervisor.

DB2 uses VSAM (LDS) data sets “under the covers” to store data.


Multiple Data Sets per Object?

When does DB2 utilize multiple VSAM data sets for a table space or index?› When the object is partitioned. Each partition will reside in a separate data set. And possibly more than one per partition.

› When a data set in a segmented (or simple) table space reaches its maximum size of 2 GB, DB2 can automatically create a new data set.

› When the table space is cloned. Each clone has its own underlying data set(s).


Data Set Names

catname.DSNDBx.dbname.psname.y0001.z001

Integrated catalog name or alias (up to eight characters).

C (for VSAM clusters) or D (for VSAM data components).

database name

Page set name: either the table space name or the index space name. Must be unique within the database.

Instance qualifier for the data set. y = I or J(J is used when running online REORG and CHECK utilities)1

Data set number: z = A, B, C, D, or EFor partitioned TS, the number is the part number; A-E used for parts in excessof 999.For simple or segmented TS, start with001 and increment by one as the TS grows past max size of 2GB.

1 For cloned table spaces, there will be I0001 and I0002 – only one of which is “active”


Do You Monitor Your DB2 VSAM Data Sets?TYPE DBNAME TS

NAMEIX

CRTRIX

NAMESPACENAME

SP PRIQTY

SP SECQTY

EX-TENTS

DATA SETNAME

TS DSNDB06 SYSDBASE SYSDBASE 60,480 60,480 4 DB2P.DSNDBD.SYSDBASE.I0001.A001

IX DSNDB06 SYSDBASE SYSIBM DSNACX01 DSNACX01 2,880 2,880 1 DB2P.DSNDBD. DSNACX01.I0001.A001

IX DSNDB06 SYSDBASE SYSIBM DSNATX01 DSNATX01 3,800 3,800 1 DB2P.DSNDBD. DSNATX01.I0001.A001




IX DSNDB06 SYSDBASE SYSIBM DSNDCX01 DSNDCX01 9,360 9,360 1 DB2P.DSNDBD. DSNDCX01.I0001.A001

IX DSNDB06 SYSDBASE SYSIBM DSNDCX02 DSNDCX02 5,760 5,760 1 DB2P.DSNDBD. DSNDCX02.I0001.A001

IX DSNDB06 SYSDBASE SYSIBM DSNDKX01 DSNDKX01 1,440 1,440 1 DB2P.DSNDBD. DSNDKX01.I0001.A001

. . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . .


Where Can You Find DB2‐Related Storage Information?

Online DB2 catalog Tool http://www.z-dbs.com/zcat/zcat.php?version=11

• DB2 Catalog and Directory: stores metadata and control structures• What about storage information?

– RTS = Real Time Stats– When did you last run STOSPACE and RUNSTATS?


Storage Information in The DB2 Catalog

SYSTABLESPACESTATS› NACTIVE› NPAGES› EXTENTS› SPACE› TOTALROWS› DATASIZE› UNCOMPRESSEDDATASIZE

SYSTABLESPACE› NACTIVEF› AVGROWLEN› SPACEF

SYSTABLEPART› PQTY› SQTY (or SECQTYI)› STORTYPE› STORNAME› FREEPAGE› PCTFREE› SPACEF› EXTENTS

SYSINDEXSPACESTATS› NLEVELS› NPAGES› NLEAF› NACTIVE› SPACE› EXTENTS

SYSINDEXES› NACTIVEF› AVGROWLEN› SPACEF

SYSINDEXPART› PQTY› SQTY (or SECQTYI)› STORTYPE› STORNAME› PSEUDO_DEL_ENTRIES › FREEPAGE› PCTFREE› SPACEF› EXTENTS

The DB2 Catalog tables are documented in an appendix of the DB2 for z/OS SQL Reference - for V10 the manual number is SC19-2983


What About Compression?

CPU vs. I/O› Consider compressing more table spaces than you currently do› Hardware assisted compression is very efficient› Compressed data can improve performance because more rows get into the buffer pool

DSN1COMP› Anything less than 25%, is probably not worth doing.

Compression dictionary is above the 2GB bar as of V8› Allows for more table spaces that can be compressed


DB2 and Storage



DB2 Storage Options

Let DB2 manage the data sets using Storage Groups (STOGROUPs). › Less work for DBAs… less control over data sets.Let SMS manage some or all of the data sets.› Available when you use DB2 storage groups or when you use data sets you have defined yourself.

Define and manage your own data sets using VSAM Access Method Services. › More work for DBAs… › More control over data sets…


Storage Groups

DB2 Storage Group› DB2 uses STOGROUPs for disk allocation of the table and index spaces.

› It is basically just a list of storage volumes Or ‘*’ for SMS

› A STOGROUP can be assigned to: Databases Table spaces Indexes

SMS Storage Group› An SMS Storage Group is a pool of disk volumes upon which SMS‐managed data sets are placed.

› A data set is placed on an appropriate volume within a Storage Group depending upon the Storage Class, Volume, Storage Group status, and available free space.


Why Use DB2 Storage Groups?

When a table space is created, DB2 defines the necessary VSAM data sets using VSAM Access Method Services. When a table space is dropped, DB2 automatically deletes the associated data sets. When a data set in a segmented or simple table space reaches its maximum size of 2 GB, DB2 can automatically create a new data set. The primary data set allocation is obtained for each new data set. DB2 can extend individual data sets as needed. When you create or reorganize a table space that has associated data sets, DB2 deletes and then redefines them, reclaiming fragmented space. › If you run REORG with the REUSE option and SHRLEVEL NONE, REORG resets and reuses DB2‐managed data sets without deleting and redefining them. If the size of your table space is not changing, using the REUSE parameter could be more efficient.

When you want to move data sets to a new volume, you can alter the volumes list in your storage group. DB2 automatically relocates your data sets during the utility operations that build or rebuild a data set.› LOAD REPLACE, REORG, REBUILD, and RECOVER.


DFSMS

What is DFSMS?› Data Facility Storage Management System› Data management, backup and HSM software from IBM mainframes.

› It combines separate backup, copy, HSM and device driver routines into a single package.


DFSMS Components

• DFSMSdfp: Data Facility Product ‐ provides the logical and physical input and output for z/OS storage, it keeps track of all data and programs managed within z/OS, and it provides data access both for native z/OS applications and other platforms.

• DFSMSdss is a priced optional feature. It is a DASD data and space management tool for moving and copying data.

• DFSMShsm: Hierarchical Storage Manager ‐ a priced optional feature for managing low‐activity and inactive data. It provides backup, recovery, migration, and space management functions.

• DFSMSrmm: Removable Media Manager ‐ a priced optional feature for managing removable media resources (e.g. IBM's Virtual Tape Server).

• DFSMStvs: Transactional VSAM Services – is another priced optional feature that enables batch jobs and CICS online transactions to update shared VSAM data sets concurrently.

DFSMS is actually multiple products; it is a suite of data and storage management offerings.


DFSMS and DB2

Using DFSMS, a DB2 DBA can simplify the interaction of DB2 database creation and storage specification. It can deliver:› Simplified data allocation› Improved allocation control› Improved performance management› Automated disk space management› Improved data availability management› Simplified data movement


Using SMS to Manage DB2 Data Sets

Managing DB2 Data Sets with DFSMS• The DB2 administrator can use DFSMS to achieve all the

objectives for data set placement and design. • DFSMS has the necessary flexibility to support everything the

DB2 administrator may want. • There is no reason to not take advantage of DFSMS for DB2

data sets.• To achieve a successful implementation, an agreement

between the storage administrator and the DB2 administrator is required so that they can together establish an environment that satisfies both their objectives


DB2 and SMSDefining a DB2 STOGROUP with VOLUMES (’*’) indicates usage of SMS‐managed storage. › With SMS, the system determines data set placement. Minimizes DBA work.

› Requires setup work in SMS using ACS For example, ACS can be used to differentiate between table spaces and index data sets and place them on different devices.

› Consider using SMS to handle the majority of DB2 data set placement Perhaps using non‐SMS techniques for high volume or special data sets


DB2 10, The Catalog and SMS

• SMS is a requirement for DB2 10 for z/OS

• The DB2 Catalog must be SMS‐managed as of V10

– The SMS environment that you use for DB2 catalog and directory data sets must be established before you begin migration to Version 10.

– DB2 10 requires a valid data class, management class, and storage class

– No need to convert existing data sets• They will be converted to SMS management when the related table space is reorganized.


SMS Terms

Data Classes› This is optional, although it is usually recommended that Data Classes be assigned. Even

though it is not saved for non SMS managed data sets, the allocation attributes in the Data Class are used to allocate the data set.

Storage Classes› Data sets use a Storage Class to qualify for SMS management. Here GUARANTEED SPACE is

specified, along with availability, performance, and accessibility characteristics.Management Classes› This is used for migration to level 1 and level 2 with or without backup, and indicates if there

should be no HSMmanagement (backup or migration). It also includes expiration of data sets and space release/compaction.

Storage Groups› The Storage Group contains volumes that satisfy the service requirements of the data sets

allocated to them. They can handle more than one type of data. Separate Storage Groups should be defined for production table spaces, active logs, other production data, and non‐production data… a volume can only belong to one Storage Group

ACS (Automatic Class Selection)› ACS routines assign data sets to SMS storage classes. For example, indexes can be assigned to

one SMS storage class and table spaces to a different SMS storage class.


DBA “Historical” Worries

Extreme data placement› VCAT‐defined data sets for table spaces & indexes Managing DB2 storage groups› Carefully associating volumes to STOGROUPsExtensive separation of data sets› Examples careful placement to avoid contention always putting indexes on separate devices from data


User‐Defined VSAM?

• Less knowledge of VSAM and AMS is required• DB2 manages external storage

(Data set deletion done by DROP TABLESPACE)• Can ALTER primary and secondary allocation quantities• Can switch to user-managed VSAM• Can switch to other STOGROUPs

• More flexibility through the larger parameter set of AMS• User-managed external storage

(including deletion of the data set)• Can switch to STOGROUP-managed data sets

With user-defined VSAM files:

With STOGROUPs:


DB2 STOGROUPs

Many shops that have not migrated to SMS are using DB2 STOGROUPs for DB/TS/IX creation.

The STOGROUP Issue:› Up thru DB2 V9: the list of volumes in the STOGROUP is used “in that order” when allocating space VOLUMES(DV06, DV01, DV07)

› DB2 V10: the order “goes away” because thereare no more links in the DB2 Catalog


Reducing Extents

Modify PRIQTY / SECQTY and REORGStorage Administrators have other methods of reducing extents that (perhaps) can be quicker and/or easier:› DFSMShsm MIGRATE and RECALL functions› DFSMSdss COPY or DUMP and RESTORE functions› DEFRAG with the CONSOLIDATE keyword› Other products: e.g. Real Time Defrag


Data Set Placement?

• The new disk architectures, with concepts like log structured files and with cache in the gigabyte sizes, have a noticeable impact on database physical design considerations.

• Conventional database design rules based on data set placement are becoming less important and can be ignored in most cases.


DB2 and Storage



Modern Storage ArchitectureDisk… Tape… Array…

IBM DS8700 Disk

TS3500 Tape Library

TS3400 Tape Library

EMC Symmetrix Disk


A Disk is But a Disk?

Mainframe disk, or DASD, is equated to a 3380 or 3390. In other words, physical hardware devices with a one‐to‐one relationship between a disk drive and a volume. The logical view is broken down as:› Track size, or the number of bytes per track. 47476 for 3380 56664 for 3390

› Capacity, or the size of the device, in terms of number of tracks or gigabytes.

› Device address, sometimes called device number, which is a thread onto which I/O operations are serialized by the operating system

Today these physical devices are replaced by disk arrays.› An array is the combination of two or more physical disk storage devices in a single logical device or multiple logical devices.


From RAMAC (RVA) to ESS to DS

The RAMAC Virtual Array (RVA) came first for the mainframe and it was based on virtual disks that emulated 3380s and 3390s.› There is no fixed physical to logical mapping. The RVA dynamically maps functional volumes to

physical drives. This mapping structure is contained in a series of tables stored in the RVA control unit.

› RVA was OEM'ed from Storage Technology Corp (now part of Oracle). The ESS (Shark) followed when the STK OEM agreement expired. › IBM technology; scalable from 420GB to 55.9 TB› It offered improved performance (especially for prefetch and DSS)…› But it lacked the virtual capability, at first.

The DS8000 employs virtualized disk. Adds additional functionality for:› Storage Pool Striping ‐ a method of improving performance by allocating capacity to a logical

volume such that the capacity is spread over the set of ranks in the logical volume's extent pool.

› Thin Provisioning – a method of configuring one or more logical volumes such that capacity for data stored on the logical volume is not allocated until the data is written.

› Quick Initialization ‐ dynamically initializes logical volumes when they are created or expanded allowing logical volumes to be configured and placed online more quickly

› Capacity scales linearly from 1.1 TB up to 192 TB (up to 320 TB with turbo models).


Disk Arrays: The Bottom Line

3390 Model

Cylinders Capacity

1 1,113 946 MB3 3,339 2.83 GB9 10,107 8.51 GB27 32,760 27.84 GB54 65,520 55.68 GB

• They use RAID and therefore are virtual.

• Data is spread across multiple physical disks in the array.

• Each I/O operation takes place to, or from, several physical disks.

• They emulate devices and map logical disks to physical locations.

Although the RVA, ESS, and DS8000 all work with logical disks that map to physical locations, they are three different architectures and are not the same type of hardware. However, there are similarities:

Today’s disk arrays still emulate the 3390 track architecture.


What is RAID?

• RAID = Redundant Array of Independent Disks

• The basic idea of RAID is this: Multiple disks configured together into an array. The array is perceived by the system to be a single disk device. Hot‐swappable drives improve availability

• A drive can be replaced while the array is up & running.

• There are many levels of RAID technology Each delivers different levels of fault‐tolerance and performance. Examples on next slide…


RAID Levels

Source: Advanced Computer & Network Corporation - http://www.acnc.com/04_00.html

(DS8000 and some ESS use RAID10)


DS8000: RAID10

› RAID10 is implemented as a striped array whose segments are RAID 1 arrays.

› RAID 10 has the same fault tolerance as RAID level 1.

› RAID 10 has the same overhead for fault‐tolerance as mirroring alone.

› High I/O rates are achieved by striping RAID 1 segments.

› Under certain circumstances, RAID 10 array can sustain multiple simultaneous drive failures.

› Excellent solution for sites that would have otherwise gone with RAID 1 but need some additional performance boost.

The IBM DS800 disk array is a RAID 10 implementation.


Popular Modern Disk Arrays

EMC SymmetrixEMC V‐MAX EMC DMX Hewlett Packard XP24000/XP20000 Disk Array Hitachi Data Systems Lightning Hitachi Data Systems Universal Storage Platform IBM System Storage ESS (Shark) IBM System Storage DS6000 IBM System Storage DS8000 IBM System Storage DS8870Sun StorageTek V2X4f


What About Disk Cache?Buffer Pools and Disk cache are similar.› Newer disk controllers have very large cache sizes and can retain data for longer periods

Data is written from DB2 buffer pools to “disk” based on your buffer pool and checkpoint settings.› Deferred Write Threshold (DWQT) is reached when this pct. of the buffer pool is allocated to unavailable pages (updated or in use). DB2 schedules write I/Os to externalize data pages to disk.

› Vertical Deferred Write Threshold (VDWQT) is reached when this pct. of the buffer pool is allocated to unavailable pages of a single one data set.

› Checkpoint Frequency (CHKFREQ DSNZPARM) sets how often a system checkpoint is taken (in minutes or log records); data is “written” to disk at this point (among other things)


So What Happens When DB2 Writes to Disk?

When DB2 writes to disk…› DB2 destages updated data to the disk cache.› DB2 treats this as a disk write, even though the write is to cache.

› The data may or may not remain in the buffer pool depending on why the data was destaged (DWQT, VDWQT, CHKFREQ).

› Data is also written to the NVS (Non Volatile Storage) part of the disk controller that is battery backed. Even if the disk crashes, no data is lost.

› Based on disk thresholds, cache destages data back down to disk.


Some z Storage Terminology

ESCON (Enterprise Systems Connection) is a data connection created by IBM. It was used to connect mainframe computers to peripheral devices such as disk storage and tape drives. FICON (Fibre Connectivity) is the IBM proprietary name for the ANSI FC‐SB‐3 Single‐Byte Command Code Sets‐3 Mapping Protocol for Fibre Channel (FC) protocol. It is a FC layer 4 protocol used to map both IBM’s antecedent (either ESCON or parallel) channel‐to‐control‐unit cabling infrastructure and protocol onto standard FC services and infrastructure. › FICON has replaced ESCON in current deployments because of FICON's technical superiority Higher performance and lower cost.


What About Solid State?

• The cost of solid-state drives (SSDs) is still high when compared to spinning disks.

• Because SSDs have no moving parts, they perform better than spinning disks (hard disk drives (HDDs)), and require less energy to operate.

• In February 2009, IBM announced the DS8000 Turbo series with solid-state drives.• SSDs are plug-compatible in a DS8000 and are configured

using RAID in exactly the same fashion as HDDs.


zHPF

• Solid-state cause greater stress on the channel subsystem, because SSDs enable higher levels of throughput.

• More improvements in the system as a whole enable solid-state drives to further realize their full potential.

• IBM delivered High Performance FICON (zHPF) to the z/OS environment to reduce system stress with SSDs. • IBM recommends zHPF for an SSD environment.

• Even when the channel subsystem is not stressed, zHPF provides lower response times when accessing SSDs.• zHPF triples the maximum IO per second for random operations.

• When using z196 and R6.2, all DB2 I/Os are eligible for zHPF, including format writes and list prefetch.• These two types of I/O are the ones with the most to gain from zHPF.

More information can be found in “DB2 for z/OS and List Prefetch Optimizer” (redp4862)


MIDAW

MIDAW name stands for “modified IDAW.” › An IDAW (indirect address word) is used to specify data addresses for I/O operations in a virtual environment.

› This improvement is available as of the System z9™.MIDAW is a hardware channel enhancement that improves sequential access speed substantially for 4 KB page sizes. MIDAW improves FICON performance, especially when accessing DB2 databases, by reducing channel utilization and increasing throughput for parallel access streams.More details: IBM RedPaper (redp4201)How does the MIDAW Facility Improve the Performance of FICON Channels Using DB2 and other workloads?


DB2 Synchronous I/O Times

More studies can be found in “Ready to Access DB2 for z/OS Data on Solid State Drives” (redp4537)

“Short seeks” = an individual data set or an individual volumebeing a hot spot.

“Long seeks” = when seeking between the extreme inner and outer cylinders of a hard disk, but not very typical.


DB2 and Storage



Newer DB2 Storage Features

Extents› Sliding Scale Extent Allocation› Extent ConsolidationVariable CI Size› Page size = CI sizeCLONE TablesAs of V9, DB2 STOGROUP can define/alter SMS constructs › MGMTCLAS› DATACLASS› STORCLASDSNZPARMs


What About Extents?

For SMS‐managed data set you can have up to 123 extents on each of 59 volumes.› As of z/OS 1.7. So the limit is 7,257 extents for a data set; Instead of the 255 we were used to (for some time).

› To enable this, modify the DFSMS Data Class to set the Extent Constraint Removal to YES.


OK, But Do Extents Still Matter?Some folks think:

“With RAID/modern storage devices and new DB2 & z/OSfeatures, extents are no longer anything to worry about.”

This is not exactly true:The latest extent management features only work with SMS‐managed data sets, so if you are user‐managed old rules apply!For SMS‐controlled data sets extents can still impact performance.› Each extent on a disk file has different control blocks controlling access

› Elapsed time can increase if there is heavy insert activity› Example: A program inserting 1m rows & using sliding extents with a very low initial size doubled elapsed time compared to 1 extent

May be caused by the allocation of each new dataset


Sliding Scale Extent Allocation

Enabled by setting MGEXTSZ to YES (DSNZPARM)› Default is NO for V8› Changed to YES automatically when you upgrade to DB2 9Extent sizes allocated gradually increaseMaximum Extent size is based on DSSIZE› Up to 16 GB the largest secondary extent size is 127 Cylinders

› 32 GB & 64 GB the largest secondary size is 559 Cylinders

As of V8, DB2 can allocate secondary extents automatically


Sliding Scale Extent Allocation

DB2 uses a sliding scale for secondary extent allocations of table spaces and indexes when: › You do not specify a value for the SECQTY option of a CREATE TABLESPACE or CREATE INDEX statement

› You specify a value of ‐1 for the SECQTY option of an ALTER TABLESPACE or ALTER INDEX statement.

Otherwise, DB2 uses the SECQTY value for secondary extent allocations, if one is explicitly specified (and the SECQTY value is larger than the value that is derived from the sliding scale algorithm). If the table space or index space has a SECQTY greater than 0, the primary space allocation of each subsequent data set is the larger of the SECQTY setting and the value that is derived from a sliding scale algorithm.


The Sliding Scale Algorithm

If you do not provide a value for the secondary space allocation quantity, DB2 calculates a secondary space allocation value equal to 10% of the primary space allocation value and subject to the following conditions:› The value cannot be less than 127 cylinders for data sets that range in initial size from less than 1 GB to 16 GB, and cannot be less than 559 cylinders for 32 GB and 64 GB data sets.

› The value cannot be more than the value that is derived from the sliding scale algorithm.

The calculation that DB2 uses for the secondary space allocation value is:

Actual secondary extent size = max ( 0.1 × PRIQTY, min ( ss_extent, MaxAlloc ) )

In this calculation, ss_extent represents the value that is derived from the sliding scale algorithm, and MaxAlloc is either 127 or 559 cylinders, depending on the maximum potential data set size. Secondary space allocation quantities do not exceed DSSIZE or PIECESIZE clause values.


Extent Consolidation

Extent Consolidation› Requires SMS‐managed STOGROUPs› If new extent is adjacent to old, they will be merged together› Some extents may end up being larger than the PRIQTY or SECQTY specification(s)

› Introduced in z/OS 1.5


Variable CI SizeBeginning in Version 8, DB2 can define data sets with variable VSAM control intervals. › Prior to Version 8, DB2 defined all data sets with 4K CI size.One of the biggest benefits of this change is an improvement in query processing performance. The VARY DS CONTROL INTERVAL parameter on installation panel DSNTIP7 (DSVCI DSNZPARM) allows you to control whether DB2–managed data sets have variable VSAM control intervals: › YES ‐ indicates that a DB2–managed data set is created with a VSAM CI that corresponds to

the size of the buffer pool that is used for the table space. This is the default value. › NO ‐ indicates that a DB2–managed data set is created with a fixed VSAM CI of 4 KB,

regardless of the size of the buffer pool that is used for the table space.


CLONE Tables

This is not the place for a comprehensive discussion of cloning but…› Basically, cloning creates a table with the exact same attributes as a table that already exists, except that it has no data.

› It is created using the ALTER TABLE SQL statement with the ADD CLONE parameter. › The clone table is created in the same table space as the existing table. But in a different VSAM data set.

› After creating the clone table you can do whatever you want to do with it. LOAD it, INSERT rows to it, etc.

› When the clone is ready to become the base table it is exchanged with the base table. This is done using the EXCHANGE SQL statement.

› After running an EXCHANGE the clone becomes the “real” table and the previously “real” table becomes the clone ‐ ‐ and you can repeat the process.

Bottom Line› You’ll need more storage to manage clones.


DB2 V9 STOGROUPs

If the data set that is associated with the storage group is not managed by Storage Management Subsystem (SMS), VOLUMES must be specified. › Asterisks are recognized only by SMS. Having DB2 select the volume requires non‐SMS usage or assigning an SMS Storage Class with guaranteed space. › However, because guaranteed space reduces the benefits of SMS allocation, it is not recommended.

If one or more of the DATACLAS, MGMTCLAS, or STORCLAS clauses are specified, VOLUMES can be omitted. If the VOLUMES clause is omitted, the volume selection is controlled by SMS. Verifying the existence of volumes and classes: When processing the VOLUMES, DATACLAS, MGMTCLAS, or STORCLAS clauses, DB2 does not check the existence of the volumes or classes or determine the types of devices that are identified or if SMS is active. Later, when the storage group allocates data sets, the list of volumes is passed in the specified order to Data Facilities (DFSMSdfp).


DSNZPARMs

SEQCACH BYPASS | SEQ› Original meaning (for 3390) was whether DB2 I/O should bypass the disk cache, but the meaning is different now BYPASS ‐ the disk will perform Sequential Detection SEQ ‐ creates an explicit Prefetch request

Recommendation: set to SEQ for improved performance

SEQPRES YES | NO› Similar to SEQCACH, but for DB2 LOAD and REORG utilities› If set to YES the Cache is more likely to retain pages for subsequent update, particularly when processing NPIs

› Recommendation: set to YES


DSNZPARMs

MGEXTSZ YES | NO› Whether or not DB2 will manage Sliding Extents?› Note: the default changed to YES in DB2 9 (it was NO in DB2 V8)TSQTY 0 and IXQTY 0› Sets default object sizes if USING clause omitted› Default values use 1 cylinder except for LOBs which use 10 cylsDSVCI YES | NO› Whether to use variable CI sizes› Note this is turned on by default when you install V8SVOLARC YES | NO› YES means allocate a single volume for disk based archives Saves space if you use SMS guaranteed space option


DSNZPARMs

SMS Related DSNZPARMsSMSDCFL › Specifies a DFSMShsm data class for table spaces. › If you assign a value to SMSDCFL, DB2 specifies that value when it uses Access Method Services to define a data set for a table space.

SMSDCIX› Specifies a DFSMShsm data class for indexes. › If you assign a value to SMSDCIX, DB2 specifies that value when it uses Access Method Services to define a data set for an index.


Wrapping It All Up


Examples of DB2 Storage “Things”You Should Be Monitoring1. Space display and monitoring of a DB2 system.2. Space display and monitoring of Databases.3. Space display and monitoring of the Table spaces (and Indexes).4. Display and monitoring of the Storage Groups and the associated

volumes of a DB2 system. (Data, Workfile, Image Copies, Logs, Archives, Sort/Work etc.)

5. VSAM display of all Table spaces and Indexes (Used, Allocated, Primary and Secondary Quantity, Volumes) and monitoring of Extents (physical and logical).

6. Display of the Linear Page Sets of Table spaces and Indexes, that reach their maximum size (part. objects, DBSIZE) resp. the maximum number of datasets (non-part. objects, PIECESIZE).

7. Intelligent HSM Migration of Image Copy Backup Data Sets, that are not used for a local recovery (to CURRENT), as well as datasets older than the last Full Image Copy (Dual and Remote Backups)

8. Delete of Image Copy Backup datasets of a DB2 system that are no longer needed because of DROP, DROP/CREATE or MODIFY TABLESPACE (‘orphaned‘, not listed in SYSIBM.SYSCOPY).


Best Practices

Keep up‐to‐date on DB2/storage functionality.

Perform regular and proactive monitoring.

Build alerts to inform you of problems, shortages, and potential errors.

When possible, take automated action in case of shortages, potential errors, superfluous data sets, etc.


Contact Information

Craig S. MullinsMullins Consulting, Inc.15 Coventry CourtSugar Land, TX [email protected]://www.mullinsconsultinginc.com

http://www.craigsmullins.com/cm-book.htm

SoftwareOnZhttp://www.softwareonz.com

Offers zSPM, a comprehensive space and SMS pool monitoring tool for controlling, planning and automating DB2 space management.


References• Advanced Computer & Network Corporation, RAID.edu, http://www.acnc.com/04_00.html• IBM Manual, DFSMS Introduction (SC26‐7397)• IBM Manual, DFSMS Storage Administration Reference (for DFSMSdfp, DFSMSdss, DFSMShsm) (SC26‐7402)• IBM Manual, DFSMS Implementing System‐Managed Storage (SC26‐7407)• IBM RedBook, Storage Management with DB2 for OS/390 (SG24‐5462)• IBM RedBook, Maintaining Your SMS Environment, (SG24‐5484• IBM RedPaper, Disk Storage Access with DB2 for z/OS (redp4187))• IBM RedPaper, DB2 for OS/390 Performance on IBM Enterprise Storage Server (redp0026)• IBM RedPaper, DB2 for z/OS and List Prefetch Optimizer (redp4862)• IBM RedPaper, How does the MIDAW Facility Improve the Performance of FICON Channels Using DB2 and

other workloads? (redp4201)• IBM System z Storage Management Strategy

ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/systemz/pdf/whitepaper/IBM_System_z_Storage_Management_Strategy_v1.1.pdf• IBM DS8000 Storage Virtualization Overview

ftp://public.dhe.ibm.com/common/ssi/sa/wh/n/diw03020usen/DIW03020USEN.PDF• Iczkovits, John, DB2 and Storage Management: a Guide to Surviving a Perfect Marriage, SHARE February 2008• Mullins, Craig S., DB2 Developer’s Guide, 6th edition, Indianapolis, IN: SAMS Publishing: ISBN 0‐672‐32613‐4• Smith, Ellin, DB2 UDB on z/OS Using EMC Symmetric Storage Systems Solution Guide, EMC Corporation, ISBN

9781604613407• Thomas, Steve, Do Extent Numbers Really Matter Any More?, IDUG Europe 2008, Session A14• Toigo, Jon William, The Holy Grail of Data Storage Management, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice‐Hall: ISBN

0‐13‐013055‐9

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