Day2 session11 malapit_time use model

Survey Tools for Collecting Time Use Data

Hazel MalapitResearch Coordinator

Poverty, Health and Nutrition DivisionInternational Food Policy Research Institute

[email protected]

A4NH Gender-Nutrition Methods WorkshopDecember 6-7, Nairobi, Kenya

mailto:[email protected]

Why collect time use?

• Time use data can be used to construct indicators along two pathways:

– Workload (one of the 10 indicators in the WEAI)

– Female energy expenditure

• Time allocated to agriculture also influences other pathways

• What is impact of your program on how men and women allocate time, and does it matter for nutrition?

Sampling design and selection

• Sampling household members

– more than one household member?

– how should they be selected?

– for gender analysis, need to be able to compare male and female’s time

• Sampling time units

– should survey cover all seasons of the year?

– which day/week should be sampled for each respondent? (eg, typical day)

Types of survey instruments

• Time diary

– Report all activities done over a prescribed period of time including beginning and ending time of each activity, description of activity, and contextual information required for analysis

• Stylized analogues of time diaries

– Respondents are asked to recall the amount of time allocated to specified activities over a period (day, week or year)

– Only total time spent on the activity is reported, not the specific time of day activity is performed

“Yesterday (or last week), how much time did you spend on activity x?”

OR

“How many hours per day (or per week) do you usually spend on activity x?

Designing the time diary

• Exhaustive activity list– Level of detail

– What context variables to include in activity descriptions (paid/unpaid, location, with whom, etc)

• Time intervals– Open or fixed (eg, 15-min intervals)

• Simultaneous activities– If collected, will they be prioritized as primary and

secondary?

EXAMPLE: CARE-BANGLADESH STRENGTHENING THE DAIRY

VALUE CHAIN PROJECT

Overall objective of the SDVC project

• Goal: Double the dairy-related incomes of smallholder farmers in northwest Bangladesh by addressing the major challenges to improving smallholder participation in the value chain by• Mobilizing farmers through formation of small holder dairy farmer

groups• Building capacities of selected farmer group leaders, dairy

collectors, livestock health workers, AI workers • Increasing access to milk markets and productivity enhancing inputs

• Targeted Beneficiaries: 36,400 smallholder dairy farmers of NorthWest Bangladesh• with weak dairy value chains• prone to natural disasters such as floods • functionally landless (less than 0.5 acres of cultivable land) • and earning about USD 20 – 30 equivalent per month

Study Design

• Longitudinal quant impact evaluation (2008 and 2012); propensity weighted regressions

• Treatment group

• Control 1: same unions (with chilling plant) but not SDVC area

• Control 2: unions without chilling plant

• Qualitative research on gender related topics including ownership and control over agricultural assets

Key Questions

Questions Quant Qual

Did the SDVCP increase women’s and/or men’s ownership of assets? What types of assets?

Did increases in some types of assets change gender norms around ownership/control of those assets?

Did participation in specific nodes of the dairy value chain change gender norms regardingdecisionmaking in these areas?

Were there time costs? What were the tradeoffs involved?

Time costs and tradeoffs

Dairy activities Household activities

Dairy plus hh activities

Impact on time allocation

• Key results:– Adult women increase time on dairy activities

– Adult men and young boys contribute to dairy activities but not to household activities

– Young girls contribute to household activities but not to dairy activities

• Adult women are likely to experience some disproportionate time burden from program participation

• In absolute terms, adult women still contribute the largest amount of time in the household to both dairy-related and household maintenance activities.

EXAMPLE: WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT IN AGRICULTURE INDEX (WEAI)

The Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI)

• Developed by USAID, IFPRI and OPHI as a monitoring tool for the US government’s Feed the Future (FTF) Initiative

• New survey-based tool designed to measure women’s empowerment and inclusion in the agriculture sector

• Men and women from the same household are interviewed

• Index components designed to be applicable across countries and cultures

Fiv

ed

om

ain

so

fem

po

werm

en

t

Indicators are used to build individual empowerment profiles

Features of the WEAI time module

• Sampling design– Population-based survey representative of FTF zone

– Respondents are primary male and primary female decision makers in HH

• Survey instrument– Time diary with 18 activity categories

• Mode of collection– Interview

– 24-hour recall with 15 minute time intervals

– Primary and secondary activities are collected

Training and prerequisites

• How do people tell time/duration of activities?– Referring to certain events of the day (eg, sunrise,

sunset, call for prayer, school bell, etc)– OR, clock time – easier now with mobile phones

• Enumerators are trained to memorize the list of activities and know how to classify responses

• Administer the HH questionnaire first, so enumerators already know the respondent’s main livelihood activities

• Ideally, interview both male and female respondents simultaneously and in private

MODULE G6: TIME ALLOCATION - continued

Ask respondent to narrate their activities in the previous day from the time they woke up to the time they went to bed.


“Yesterday, when did you wake up in the morning?”

MODULE G6: TIME ALLOCATION

“Yesterday, when did you wake up in the morning?”6:30 am


“And then what did you do?”


“And then what did you do?”I spent about 45 minutes with using toilet/bathroom, washing face, including prayer.

1

2


“And then what did you do?”I ate breakfast for 30 minutes, then I worked on my farm for about 6 hours.

1

2

“Workload” is defined as time spent in categories E - P• Includes unpaid or non-market

activities (eg, subsistence production, childcare)

• Includes primary and secondary activities

Workload = sum of primary + 0.5(sum of secondary)

Inadequate achievement if:Workload > 10.5 hours per day

Common questions• How well does it capture seasonality?

– Past 24-hours may not be a typical day

• How well does it capture intensity of women’s workloads?– Collects simultaneous activities, but enumerators must be well-

trained to get good data– Inadequacy cutoff 10.5 can be adapted to context– Can analyze which activities are done simultaneously

• How well does it capture intrahousehold dynamics?– Collects data from primary male and female only, no info on

other household members’ time use

• How long does it take and how much does it cost?– According to DATA (Bangladesh) the WEAI time module takes

only 15 mins to administer– A less detailed time diary takes more time

EXAMPLE: NEPAL SUAAHARA PROJECT

Nepal Suaahara Project: Introduction

Timing and Funding: 5 year USAID-funded multisectoral program in 20 food & nutrition insecure districts (2011-2016)

Suaahara’s Objective: to improve the nutritional status of pregnant and lactating women and children under two years of age directly addressing the vulnerable points of development which result in stunting.

Partners: Save the Children, Helen Keller International, JHPIEGO, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Center for Communication Programs, Nepali Technical Assistance Group, Nutrition Promotion and Consultancy Service and Nepal Water for Health.

Suaahara’s Program Districts

DOLPA

MUGU

JUMLA

KAILALI

BARDIYA

HUMLA

DOTI

SURKHET

DANG

BANKE

ACHHAM KALIKOT

JHAPA

SIRAHA

SAPTARI

DARCHULA

BAJHANG

BAITADIBAJURA

MAHOTTARI

CHITWAN

KASKI

TANAHU

PALPA

GULMI

ILAM

BHOJPUR

DHANKUTA

TAPLEJUNG

OKHALDHUNGA

KHOTANG

LALIT

BKT

NUWAKOT

KAVRE

RASUWA

LAMJUNGGORKHA

ROLPA

SALYANMYAGDI

DAILEKHJAJARKOT

RUKUM

MUSTANG

MANANG

SAVE

HKI

NPCS

NEWAH

Suaahara’s Intervention Areas

Maternal and child nutrition

Maternal, newborn, and child health services

Family planning services

Water, sanitation, and hygiene Agriculture/homestead food production

Key aspects of all programming:• Behavior Change Communication• Gender and Social Inclusion• Monitoring and Evaluation• Capacity Building

The Evaluation Question

What is the impact of Suaahara on:

• Stunting and anemia among children under five years of age

• Infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices among children 0-24 months of age

Modified WEAI time module

• Nepal Suaahara Baseline Survey 2012– survey included 8 intervention districts where

Suaahara planned to implement programs, and 8 matched comparison districts

– implemented the WEAI modules

• Refer to previous day if typical, if not use day before

• Modified time intervals: log activities in 30-min intervals on a blank sheet, then enumerator sums up time in the table

Nepal Suaahara Baseline Survey 2012

Nepal Results: Summary from OLS and IV regressions

Maternal outcomes Child outcomes

Diet diversity

BMI Dietdiversity

WAZ WHZ HAZ

Workload (hours) + - (OLS), n.s. (IV)

- (OLS) +, - for < 2

+, - for < 2

+

Higher workload is significantly associated with dietary diversity for mothers and children, and children’s height-for-age z-scores

Energy Expenditure

• Detailed time diary

• Convert time data to energy expenditures:

WHO (1985). Energy and protein requirements, WHO Tech Rep Ser 1985; No. 724.

Kinabo et al (2003), “Seasonal variation in physical activity patterns, energy expenditure and nutritional status of women in a rural village in Tanzania”

Final thoughts on using the tool

• What are your analytical objectives?

• Resource constraints?

Day2 session11 malapit_time use model

Business

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