Day One

• OBJ: Explain the circumstances involved with second great removal of Native American tribes by the federal government.

• Evaluate federal Indian policy in the late 1800’s

THE TRAIL OF TEARSTHE TRAIL OF TEARS

• CHEROKEE INDIANS EAST OF THE MISSISSIPPI FORCED WEST

• THOUSANDS DIED OF STARVATION AND SICKNESS WHILE MARCHING TO RESERVATIONS

Major Indian Major Indian Clashes:Clashes:

1860-18901860-1890

SAND CREEK MASSACRE

Colonel John ChivingtonColonel John Chivington

Kill and scalp all, big and little!Kill and scalp all, big and little!Sandy Creek, CO MassacreSandy Creek, CO Massacre

November 29, 1864November 29, 1864

SAND CREEK MASSACRESAND CREEK MASSACRE

• COLORADO-1864COLORADO-1864• CHEYENNE CHIEF BLACK KETTLE CHEYENNE CHIEF BLACK KETTLE

HAD RAISED A WHITE FLAG AND HAD RAISED A WHITE FLAG AND AMERICAN FLAG AS A SYMBOL OF AMERICAN FLAG AS A SYMBOL OF PEACEPEACE

• US GOVERNMENT OPENED FIRE US GOVERNMENT OPENED FIRE KILLING SOME 450 INDIANSKILLING SOME 450 INDIANS

• 2/3 WERE WOMEN AND CHILDREN2/3 WERE WOMEN AND CHILDREN

The Battle of Little Big The Battle of Little Big HornHorn18761876

BATTLE OF LITTLE BIG BATTLE OF LITTLE BIG HORNHORN

• THOUSANDS OF PROSPECTORS THOUSANDS OF PROSPECTORS BEGAN NITRIDING THE SACRED BEGAN NITRIDING THE SACRED BURIAL GROUNDS OF THE SIOUXBURIAL GROUNDS OF THE SIOUX

• SIOUX LED BY CHIEF SITTING SIOUX LED BY CHIEF SITTING BULL AND FAMOUS WARRIOR BULL AND FAMOUS WARRIOR CRAZY HORSECRAZY HORSE

• US ARMY LED BY GEORGE CUSTERUS ARMY LED BY GEORGE CUSTER• SIOUX KILLED ALL 265 SOLDIERSSIOUX KILLED ALL 265 SOLDIERS• ““CUSTERS LAST STAND”CUSTERS LAST STAND”

Chief JosephChief Joseph

Nez Percé tribal Nez Percé tribal retreat (1877)retreat (1877)

THE NEZ PERCE OF THE NEZ PERCE OF OREGONOREGON

• DECIDED TO FIGHT INSTEAD OF DECIDED TO FIGHT INSTEAD OF BEING FORCED OFF THE LANDBEING FORCED OFF THE LAND

• LED BY CHIEF JOSEPHLED BY CHIEF JOSEPH• LED HIS PEOPLE ON A 1500 MILE LED HIS PEOPLE ON A 1500 MILE

TREKTREK

“I AM TIRED; MY I AM TIRED; MY HEART IS SICK AND HEART IS SICK AND SAD; I WILL FIGHT SAD; I WILL FIGHT NO MORE NO MORE FOREVER”FOREVER”

CHIEF JOSEPH

Western ReservationsWestern Reservations

Arapahoe “Ghost Dance”, Arapahoe “Ghost Dance”, 18901890

WOUNDED KNEE-1890WOUNDED KNEE-1890

• ARMY TROOPS WERE DISARMING ARMY TROOPS WERE DISARMING SIOUX WARRIORSSIOUX WARRIORS

• SOLDIERS ARMED WITH NEWLY SOLDIERS ARMED WITH NEWLY DEVELOPED MACHINE GUNS DEVELOPED MACHINE GUNS

• 200 MEN, WOMEN, AND CHILDREN 200 MEN, WOMEN, AND CHILDREN GUNNED DOWN IN THE SNOWGUNNED DOWN IN THE SNOW

Chief Big Foot’s Lifeless Chief Big Foot’s Lifeless BodyBody

Wounded Knee, SD, 1890Wounded Knee, SD, 1890

Land Lost by Native Americans: Land Lost by Native Americans: 18941894

Indian Reservations TodayIndian Reservations Today

A WAY OF LIFE A WAY OF LIFE DESTROYED DESTROYED

• MILLIONS OF BUFFALO MILLIONS OF BUFFALO DESTROYED –THIS WAS THE DESTROYED –THIS WAS THE INDIANS SOURCE OF LIFEINDIANS SOURCE OF LIFE

• THE WHITE MENTALITY: “EVERY THE WHITE MENTALITY: “EVERY BUFFALO DEAD IS AN INDIAN BUFFALO DEAD IS AN INDIAN GONE”GONE”

ASSIMILATIONASSIMILATION

• THE IDEA THAT INDIANS SHOULD BE ABSORBED INTO WHITE CULTURE (IN ESSENCE TRYING TO MAKE THEM WHITE!)

DAWES ACT

DAWES ACTDAWES ACT

• RESERVATION LANDS WERE RESERVATION LANDS WERE BROKEN INTO PLOTS OF 80 ACRES BROKEN INTO PLOTS OF 80 ACRES TO BE GIVEN OUT TO INDIAN TO BE GIVEN OUT TO INDIAN FAMILIES TO FARMFAMILIES TO FARM

• REMAINING LAND SOLD TO WHITESREMAINING LAND SOLD TO WHITES• IF AN INDIAN AGREED TO THIS IF AN INDIAN AGREED TO THIS

PLAN COULD BECOME CITIZENS OF PLAN COULD BECOME CITIZENS OF THE UNITED STATESTHE UNITED STATES

LIFE ON THE LIFE ON THE RESERVATIONRESERVATION

• INDIANS BECAME LEGAL INDIANS BECAME LEGAL DEPENDENTS OF THE UNITED DEPENDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENTSTATES GOVERNMENT

• CONDITIONS WERE HARSH WITH CONDITIONS WERE HARSH WITH POOR QULITY FOOD AND CLOTHINGPOOR QULITY FOOD AND CLOTHING

• ILLNESS, ALCHOLISM, ILLNESS, ALCHOLISM, UNEMPLOYMENT, AND DESPAIR UNEMPLOYMENT, AND DESPAIR SOARESOARE