Day 3 Review: Africa, Imperialism, the Russian Revolution, South Asia & Indian

independence, WWI, WWII & the Holocaust

Direct democracy – government where people make decisions and rule for themselves (ex. ancient Athens, New England town meetings)Indirect democracy – government where people elect representatives to rule with their consent (ex. a republic)

North Africa: Geography • The Nile (union of Blue and White

Nile)• Silt deposits • Aswan High Dam • The Sinai Peninsula (E.of Nile)• Suez Canal between Sinai and

Egypt - connects Red Sea to Med. • The Sahara: world’s largest

desert– Sand dunes and dry

streambeds

• Atlas Mountains N.west side of Sahara (13,600 ft)

West African Trading Kingdoms: Ghana: Dominate trans-

Saharan trade Plentiful gold in Ghana,

Nigeria & Senegal (Savanna of W. Africa)

Mali: Mansa Musa (Muslim ruler) hajj to Mecca →New trading ties

Songhai: Asika Muhammad leader- Timbuktu great center of learning

East African Trading Kingdom: Axum • Christian missionaries

1st introduce Christianity to Axum (present day) Ethiopia

• 1200 re-mergence of Christian stronghold King Lalaibela

• 11 Rock churches

African Culture: Animism

Lesser Gods associated with Sun, wind, rain, trees, rivers & other nature

These Gods can bring harm/ benefit to Humans

Souls of the departed can intervene in descendants lives

African ritual:– Prayers, animal sacrifice, ceremonies–Honor deities, spirits, or ancestors • African Diviners: Individuals who have an

ability or by special training can mediate between humanity and supernatural beings

African Culture: Animism

IndustrialRevolutionIndustrialRevolution

Source forRawMaterials

Source forRawMaterials

Competition Political RivalryCompetition Political Rivalry

EuropeanNationalismEuropeanNationalism

MissionaryActivityMissionaryActivity

Military& NavalBases

Military& NavalBases

EuropeanMotivesFor Colonization

EuropeanMotivesFor Colonization

Places toDumpUnwanted/Excess Popul.

Places toDumpUnwanted/Excess Popul.

Soc. & Eco.OpportunitiesSoc. & Eco.Opportunities

HumanitarianReasonsHumanitarianReasons

EuropeanRacismEuropeanRacism

“WhiteMan’sBurden”

“WhiteMan’sBurden”

SocialDarwinismSocialDarwinism

Markets forFinishedGoods

Markets forFinishedGoods

ChristianityChristianity

SuperioritySuperiority

The African Slave Trade • 1500’s demand for slaves

increases as colonies are settled- Americas need for a large, free labor source

• 1600’s demand for slaves increases because of plantations

• West Coast of Africa affected the most• Middle Passage: route between

Africa and the Americas1. Abolition: movement to end slavery (1700’s)2. 1807: End of slave TRADE3. 1834: Slavery illegal in Great Britain4. 1865: Slavery illegal in U.S.5. ****Industrial Revolution: slavery less profitable*****

Effects: Diaspora of West African people

Monsoons:

• seasonal wind that dominates the climate of South Asia

• Benefit: • plant seeds in dry land• plants take root before the rains comeHarm: • rains too late – plants die• too much rain – plants wash away

South Asia- India & the Independence Movement • 1800s Indians resent British rule- f

Indian National Congress • Mohandas Gandhi leader of indep.

movement of 1920s/30s • Gandhi’s Salt March = Strategy of Civil

Disobedience/nonviolent protest • GB finally agrees- tensions between

Hindu & Muslim communities call for separate nations - avoid civil war GB calls for partition of India

• 1947 Two indep. Countries formed: Partition of India & Pakistan

The Russian Revolution: 1. 1914 Russia enters WWI- widespread discontent (Causes: economic issues, class issues & famine) 2. Tsar Nicholas II Abdicates- collapse of tsarist regime 3. Provisional Govt. takes control

4. Fall of 1917 Lenin & Bolsheviks overthrow provisional Gov.t

5. Lenin dies 1924- power struggle- Stalin wins- implements 5- Year Plans, Collectivization 7 Great Purges

Origins of WWI• Causes of WWI: MANIA (Militarism, Alliances, Nationalism,

Assassination)Turmoil in the Balkans “The Powder Keg of Europe” Rival Nations: Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Romania, & Serbia battle

for territory Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand visiting Sarajevo in

Bosnia- assassinated by member of Serbian Black Hand Austria blames Serbia AH declares war on Serbia, Germany

declares war on Russia & France GA goes through neutral Belgium Great Britain declares war on GA

Allied PowersAllied Powers::Allied PowersAllied Powers::

World War IWorld War IWorld War IWorld War I

Central PowersCentral Powers::Central PowersCentral Powers::

WWI • 1919 Paris Peace Conf.:– Wilson– Orlando– David Lloyd George– Clemenceau

• Treaty of Versailles: • Germany not even allowed

to send delegates• Article 231 – GA must

accept full blame for war • GA forced to give up

overseas colonies • Disarmament-• Rhineland =DMZ• War Payments: GA war

reparations $300 billion

WWII 1939-1945The Axis Powers: Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy , & Japan The Allied Powers: Great Brit, France, the Soviet Union, & the US • Appeasement- policy of letting the aggressors have what they wanted, in hope they would demand no more • Nazi-Soviet Pact/ Non-Aggression Pact- Hitler seeks to reach agreement with Stalin b4 invading Poland- therefore agreement keeps USSR neutral & allows for his invasion • Sept. 1st 1939 Hitler’s invasion of Poland

The End of WWII• June 1944 D- Day

invasion (Operation Overlord. Normandy) Brit, French, Canadian and American troops, ships, and aircraft land on coast of France

• Surrender of Axis 1945Jpn continues struggleThe Holocaust- The systematic annihilation of six million Jews

• US new Pres. Truman (feared an invasion of Jpn, would cost millions of lives) warns Jpn of its new weapon- they refuse so US drop atomic bomb on Hiroshima & Nagasaki

Effects of WWII:

Superpowers-US & the Soviet Union Cold War: new struggle between

US & Soviet Union 1940-1970 massive wave of

decolonization (freedom to African & Asian colonies)

Shift of internatl. trade