Day 2 Session IV - 01 Bernhard Siegele.giz

8/18/2019 Day 2 Session IV - 01 Bernhard Siegele.giz

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“Alternative Refrigerants for AC Industry inHigh-Ambient Temperature Countries; Bridging

Environment, Standards and Research”

SESSION IV: Hydrocarbons (HC) for Air-Conditioning Applications

Global overview and trends on HC Air-Conditioning

Equipment

Bernhard SiegeleGIZ Proklima

Wednesday, 11 th September 2013, Dubai


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• Deutsche Gesellschaftfür Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH•

An international cooperation enterprise for sustainable developmentwith worldwide operations• Owned by the German Government• Established in 1975• In more than 130 countries• With 67 own offices.• ~18,000 employees


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Proklimaworldwide

In tegrated ozone and c l ima te p ro tec t ion w i th focus onnatura l ref r igerants wi th low -GWP and energy-effic ientapp l i ca t ions

– ~ 19 years worldwide initiatives – ~ 245 projects – ~ 40 Partner countries – ~ 8,100 ODP tons reduced – ~ 100 Mio tons CO 2eq. reduced – > 35.000 technicians trained


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TEAP report for OEWG33/MOP25 – AC:

company presentation 201213/09/2013

• Small Self-Contained (SSC) air conditioners:

• HC-290 has been used in portable AC for many years, several companiesare producing them.

• HC-290 window units under development.• HC-290 seems to be preferred over HC-1270 for smaller capacity

systems.• HC-290 used in split AC for many years on a limited scale but now some

companies are developing and producing them on a larger scale.• Both HC-290 and HC-1270 are used for AC from a number of chiller

manufacturers in Europe and some countries in other regions.• R-717 is used fairly widely for process refrigeration, food storage facilities and

air conditioning .• R- 744 is now used for AC in reciprocating chillers by many manufacturers.

As with other types of systems, the efficiency is compromised with increasingambient temperatures.


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RAC and Climate Change – In the Global News

The world is warming, incomes are rising,and smaller families are living in larger

houses in hotter place

Vehicle air conditioners in the United States alone use 7 to10 billion gallons of gasoline annually

it is possible that world consumptionof energy for cooling could explodetenfold by 2050

The climate impact of air conditioning forbuildings and vehicles in the US is nowthat of almost half a billionmetric tons of carbondioxide per year.

the number of U.S. homes equipped with air conditioningrose from 64 to 100 million between 1993 and 2009

50 million air-conditioning units were sold inChina in 2010 alone.

The number of air-conditioned vehicles in

China will reach 100million in 2015

From 1993 to 2005, energyefficiency of air-conditioningequipment improved byalmost 30 percent


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Market volume in different applications in refrigeration

andair-conditioning [billion Euros]

Source:Studyfor EC F-Gas Review (Öko-Recherche/HEAT GmbH)


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Potential AC demand

company presentation 201213/09/2013 R e f . : A

m e r

i c a n

S c i e n

t i s t , M

i c h a e

l S i v a k , 2

0 1 3


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Mitigation of DirectEmissions:Stationary AC hasmostsignificantpotential

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

G t C O 2 e q

Foam

Stationary AC

Industrial refrigeration

Refrigerated transportCommercial refrigeration

Domestic refrigeration

Mobile AC

Window AC

Split AC (Indoor)


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Absorption9.6%

Centrifugal25.0%

Reciprocating,Screw, Scroll

65.5%

EstimatedWorld Chiller Market Value 2011

by type of compressor

Total:US-$ 8.42Bio. M a r k e t

d a t a

& a n a l y s e s

(JARN, 2012)


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NOTE: Viability proportions are

approximate; they willalways be subject to

engineeringinterpretation

Potential penetration of alternatives – approach

Viable currently/inshort-term

Not viable due to cost,safety or performance

limitations

Viable if obstructivestandards are remedied

f n

(Often, gap can be closed ifalternatives system conceptsare used, e.g., chiller instead

of piped refrigerant)

system andapplication

characteristics


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HC application in unitary air conditioners


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1.E-10

1.E-08

1.E-06

1.E-04

p u b l i c f i r e

f r i d g e / f r e

e z e r

s p l i t R A

C

1/10,000,000,000

1/100,000,000

1/1,000,000

1/10,000

Comparative risk assessment – fridge vs. split RAC

HC fridge/freezers excellent safety record― Amongst approx.700 million HC fridge/freezers,

ignition frequency about 1×10 -8 per year… lowerthan “negligible”

― Comparison of risk enables understanding ofsignificance of HCs in split AC

vs.

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0 100 200 300 400

Time (s)

F l o o r c o n c e n t r a t i o n

( k g / m 3 )

mean (measurement)

mean (model)

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0 50 100 150Time (s)

C o n c e n t r a

t i o n

( k g / m

3 )

mean

model

150 g fromrefrigerator gives

higher concentration

than 400 g from AC

Risk lower byfactor of >100×


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HC application in chillers and heat pumps


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Chillers

Many manufacturers using HCs― Mostly within Europe, also Australia, some

other countries… Capacity range from 20 kW to 1.5 MW―

Circuits up to 25 kg of R-290 or R-1270Used for both refrigeration as well as airconditioning applications


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Case study Ramada Benoa Hotel, Bali (Indonesia)Installation of new R-290 air conditioning system

• 180 Guest rooms, spa,restaurant, etc

• Energy consumption:• 3.2 Mio kWh/yr (old system)• 1.8 Mio kWh/yr (ca. 50%)

• Savings: ca. US$ 15,000/m• Return on investment: ca. 12

months• Save 1,500 tonnes CO2eq/yr,

between 40 – 60% lower CO2eqemissions


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Chillers

Outside, lotsof ventilation

Individualchiller modules(small charge

per circuit)

Controlled area(authorised

access)

Safe area (noinlet ducts,

ignition sources,etc)


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0

10

20

30

P a r k e t a l

, 2 0 0 7

W u e t a l

, 2 0 1 2

X u e t a l

, 2 0 1 1

C h e n e t a l

, 2 0 1 2

P a r k e t a l

, 2 0 0 9

D e v o t t a e t a l

, 2 0 0 5

P a r k e t a l

, 2 0 1 0

Z h o u & Z h a n g , 2 0 1 0

C h i n n a r a j e t a

l , 2 0 1 0

Y a n , 1 9 9 9

X i a o e t a l

, 2 0 0 9

P a r k a n

d J u n g

, 2 0 0 8

Z h a n g e t a l

, 2 0 0 2

X i a o e t a l

, 2 0 0 6

T e n g e t a l

, 2 0 1 2

P a d a l

k a r e t a l

, 2 0 1 0

J i n e t a l

, 2 0 1 2

L i n e t a l

, 2 0 1 0

L i e t a l

, 2 0 1 0

L i u , 2 0 0 7

W a n g e t a l

, 2 0 0 4

C O P i m p r o v e m e n t o v e r R 2 2

[ % ]

Efficiency in air conditioners

Summary of efficiency benefits of R-290 & R-1270 over R-22in window and split RACs― Implies major advantages in for cost-efficient, compact

design


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8. HC A/C: Cycle performance&system efficiency

In many regions performance at high ambient conditions very importantTest results for split air conditioner at high outdoor tempsR290 and R22 performance very close, but R410A and R32 drop offR290 also candidate for low, medium and high temperature in commercialapplications

Courtsey Ch en Zhenhua, GMCC R&D Centre, China


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New EU Proposal on F-Gas regulation

Additionalmeasures

(Leakage, recovery,Training etc.)

Bans POM

Stepwise quotareduction 2015-2030

(„phase-down “ to 21% of today)

EU-27 All sources

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050

[ k t C O 2 e

q ]

Without measures With measures

Without F-gas legislation

With '2006 F-gas legislation'

New F-gas proposal

Phase-down can only be achievedwhen new products use substanceswith low-GWP (close to 0)!!


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GIZ series on safe use of natural refrigerantsMorethan 30 national trainingprogrammesunder MLF since 1996


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Enabling wider application

Requires: improvements to safetystandards; charge reduction; safety

mechanisms integration; further R&D

Closingthe gap


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Manytechnologiesarealreadywidelyapplied in

developed countries


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CFC/HCFC HFC

HFC/HFO NH3 CO2 HC

Ozone Depletion

High GWP

Persistentwastes

Depletable Resources

Recycling

Safety issues

Energy efficiency

Costs

IPR

new complexities forthe application

From all alternatives HCofferthe bestoptionsfordevelopingcountries, in particular alsoforhigh-ambienttemperatures.

Themainbarrieris toaddressflammabilityissu

e of HC.

Movingfrom environmental harmful toenvironmentallybenignsubstances has a cost


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Thank you for your attention!

Day 2 Session IV - 01 Bernhard Siegele.giz

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