Day 1 - Online · 2014-11-12 · Kaysons Education Indefinite Integral Page 3 15 16 17 What are the...
Transcript of Day 1 - Online · 2014-11-12 · Kaysons Education Indefinite Integral Page 3 15 16 17 What are the...
Kaysons Education Indefinite Integral
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Day – 1
What is Integration If the differential coefficient of a given function F(x) is given by f(x) then
The process of finding the anti derivative of a given function is called integration
If
The function is called the integrand and the function is called the integral of ,
is known as variable of integration, is the symbol of integration.
Now, we know that
Then
But
(k is a constant) thus
Here is an arbitrary constant, which signifies that for a fixed integrand the
integral may assume infinite number of values. Hence it is called Indefinite
Integral
What is Geometrical Significance
Form this point of view an indefinite integral is a family of curves, each of which is obtained by
translating one of the curves parallel to itself upwards or downwards.
Thus in short,
What is the Importance of constant ‘C’
We know that
Also
From 1 and 2
Indefinite Integral Chapter
1
Kaysons Education Indefinite Integral
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This is a wrong conclusion.
If Constant of integration C is introduced then
This is true for only
It not only makes the integral general but also makes the two indefinite integral comparable.
Fundamental Integration Formulas
Based upon definition and various standard differential formulas we achieve the following
integration formulas:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 –
11
12
13
14
Kaysons Education Indefinite Integral
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What are the various Operations on Integration
1.
2.
Illustration
Illustration
15
16
17
18
19
20
Kaysons Education Indefinite Integral
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Self Efforts
Solution
Kaysons Education Indefinite Integral
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Day – 2
Integration by Substitution
Theorem (i)
Proof
In a previous list of formulas, if in place of x we have ax + b, then the same formula is applicable
but we must divide by coefficient of x or derivative of (ax + b) i.e. a.
For e.g.
Illustration
Illustration
Illustration
Theorem (iii)
Integrals of the form , where m, n are positive integers.
(i) If m is odd i.e. power of is odd. Put .
(ii) If n is odd, i.e. power of is odd, Put .
(iii) When m and n are both odd positive integers substitute .
Kaysons Education Definite Integral
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Day – 1
What is Definite Integral?
Let be a function of x defined in the closed interval [a, b] and be another function, such that
for all x in the domain of then
Where is the definite integral of function f(x) over the interval [a, b]
a = lower limit b = upper limit
This is called Newton Leibniz formula & hold for continuous function is the interval. If it is
discontinuous at some point in [a, b], then the integral should be separately evaluated for each
interval.
Illustration
Definite Integral Chapter
2
Kaysons Education Definite Integral
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Self Efforts
Solution
Kaysons Education Definite Integral
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Geometrical Interpretation of Definite Integral
is numerically equal to the area bounded by the
curves the x-axis and straight lines
In general represents algebraic sum of the areas of the figure bounded by. The curves
x – axis and the straight lines . The areas above x – axis are taken with
+ sign & areas below the x – axis are taken with minus sign.
If area bounded by is being asked
We should realize diff. between Area & Definite Integral.
Illustration
Illustration
Full Area enclosed by
We can see the difference between area & definite integral.
Evaluation of Definite integrals by substitution:
(1) When the variable in a definite integral is changed, the substitution in terms of new variable
should be effected at three Places.
Kaysons Education Definite Integral
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(1) In the integrated
(2) In the differential, e.g. dx
(3) In the limits
Please. note that substitution is not valid if it is not continuous in the interval [a. b]
Illustration
—
If we consider
Now
deferential integral cannot be negative. Moreover, substitution x = 1/t is discontinous at t = 0, the
substitution.
Properties of Definite Integrals.
Property I
Intrigation in independent of the change of variable
Proof : - Let ϕ(x) be a atideriative of f(x)
From (1) and (2)
Kaysons Education Definite Integral
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Illustration
We can see
Property II
If the limits of a definite integral are inter changed then its value changes by minus sign only
Proof:
Let ϕ(x)be Anti derivative of f(x). Then
Property III
Proof:
From (1) and (2)
Generalization
Illustration
Kaysons Education Area
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Day – 1
Enquiry– How it is possible to find the area enclosed by a curve and x-axis?
We know gives the algebraic sum of areas between f(x), x-axis and ordinate x = a & x = b.
Consider the strip of width δx and length y from x-axis clearly
Area ABMN < Area ABCN
< Area ABCD
As the area of lower and upper rectangle that to be equal.
Thus by
Sandwich theorem,
Area ABCN = y δx
So, Area of is given by
Illustration
Find the area common to the parabola y2 = 4ax and line x = a in first quadrant.
Curve y2 = 4ax and line x = a is plotted in adjacent figure.
Enquiry: What about change in sign of area according to the position of curve. (Above or below x axis)
Definite Integral Chapter
3
Kaysons Education Area
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The area obtained by integration is positive.
If the curve is above x-axis and b > a as in this figure.
Area becomes negative if b > a and curve is below the x-axis.
If for any value ∈ [a, b], the curve crosses the x-axis then the value of the integral gives the
difference of areas of the portion of the curves lying below the x-axis and above the x-axis.
As in the figure
We can also write line the
will give area with –ve sign. We consider only numerical value.
Illustration
Find the area bounded by curve y = x(x 1)(x 2) and the x-axis.
Here the curve is not having any standard shape. So we make a rough sketch.
Solve with x-axis.
Let’s check where y is +ve or ve.
When 0 < x < 1, y = +ve
1 < x < 2, y = – ve
Rough graph would be like this
Shaded portion is the required area
B
2
D
A
C
O 1
Kaysons Education Area
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.
Area bounded between the curves y = f(x) and y = g(x) and ordinates x = x1 and x = x2.
Method:
1. To determine the area bounded between two curves. First find out points of intersection of the
two curves.
2. If in the domain common to both (i.e. the domain given by the points of intersection) the curve
lies above x axis, then area is
Shaded portion (P1P2Q2Q1):
If one part of graph or both the curves lie below x axis, then the individual integral must be g
valuated according to previous knowledge.
A = OMBN + OPCD
Area enclosed between a curve y = f(x) and y-axis.
1 step: y = f(x) must be inverted to x = g(x) where g(x) = δ1(x) and
P1 P2
Q2 Q1
y = g(x)
y = f(x)
x
y
O x = x1 x = x2
f(x)
x
y
O
g(x)
x = x1 x = x2
a O b
D P
C
B
A
N
M
f(x)
y = mx
Kaysons Education Area
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integral to be evaluated is
Illustration
Find area bounded by curve 2y = 2x – x2 and x-axis.
This is equation of parabola having vertex at (1, 0).
First solve the with x-axis, i.e. solve
and curve cuts the x-axis at x = 0
and x = 2
Required area = Area of portion OAB
.
Illustration
Find the area of the region included between the parabola and the line
Given parabola
And the given line is
Solving (i) & (ii),
Point of intersection are
So, required are
Illustration
Find the area of the region included between the parabolas , where a > 0.
The equation of the given curve are
Parabola
and
Solving (i) and (ii), Putting from (ii) into (i)
x = g(y)
y1
y2
(2, 0)
(1, 0)
(0, 0) O A
B
y
x
(2, 3)
y
x
(4, 12) P
Q
y
x P O
(0, 0)
(4a, 4a)
y2=4ax
x2 = 4ay
Kaysons Education Area
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.
So, required area
Illustration
Find the area of the smaller region bounded by the ellipse and the straight line
.
The equation of the given curves are
is the equation of a straight line cutting x and y axes at
(a, 0) and (0, b). Smaller region is bounded by two curve is shaded.
Reg. area
Illustration
(a, 0)
(0, b)
Kaysons Education Differential Equation
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Day – 1
An equation involving derivatives or differentials of one (or more) independent variables with respect to
one (or more) independent variable(s) is called a differential equation i.e. it will be an equation is x, y and
derivatives of y with respect to x.
Order and degree of a differential equation:
1. The order of highest derivative involved in a differential equation is called order of differential
equation.
2. The integer lower raised to highest derivative of a function is called the degree of a differential
equation.
Illustration
order = 1, degree = 1
Illustration
order = 4, degree = 1
Illustration
equation should be free from related sign
order = 2, degree = 1
Differential Equation Chapter
4
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Self Efforts
Find the degree and order of differential equation.
1. 2.
3.
Solution
1. 4, 2 2. 2, 3 3. 2, not diff.
Kaysons Education Differential Equation
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Linear & Non-Linear Differential equation: Equation is to be non-linear if
1. It’s degree is more than one.
2. Any of the differential coefficient has exponent more than one.
3. Exponent of the dependent variable is more than one.
4. Products containing dependent variable and its differential coefficients are present.
Illustration
The differential equation is a non-linear differential equation, because its
degree is 3, more than one.
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Self Efforts
Check whether linear or non-linear
1. 2.
3.
Solution
1. Linear 2. Non-linear 3. Linear
Kaysons Education Differential Equation
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Solution of a differential equation:
The solution of a differential equation is a relation between the variable involved which satisfies
the differential equation.
Illustration
Show that is a solution of the differential equation
We have
Differentiating both sides w.r.t x, we get
Differentiating w.r.t x, we get
Thus, the function satisfies the differential equation
Hence, is a solution of the given differential equation.
Illustration
Show that is a solution of the differential equation
We have
Differentiating w.r.t x, we get
= y [Using (i)]
This shows that is a solution of the given differential equation.