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DAY 1 – CHAPTER 15
Cardiovascular
System
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Overview
Vascular System
blood circulates
inside closed transport systems
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Anatomy of the Heart
General Size: approximately the size of a
person’s fist Location: in the mediastinum - the
cavity in the center of the chest
Coverings: Pericardium Double layered sac Contains roughly half an ounce of
pericardial fluid to reduce the friction of the beating heart
Parietal layer: fibrous membrane; outer layer
Visceral layer: serous membrane; also called the epicardium; attached to myocardium
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Heart Wall
Myocardium: heart muscle; thicker on left side of the heart
Endocardium: lining of heart chambers; endothelial tissue continuous with the lining of the blood vessels
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Chambers of the Heart
Atria 2 upper chambers of heart; thin walls, smooth inner surface Responsible for receiving blood Right atrium receives deoxygenated (oxygen poor) blood from
the body through the superior and inferior vena cava Left atrium receives oxygenated (oxygen rich) blood from the
lungs through the pulmonary veinsVentricles
2 lower chambers of the heart; thicker walls, irregular inner surface
Contain papillary muscles and chordae tendineae (prevent heart valves from turning inside out when ventricles contract)
Left wall 3x as thick as right wall; forms apex of heart Responsible for pumping blood away from the heart Right ventricle sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs via the
pulmonary arteries Left ventricle sends oxygenated blood to all parts of the body
via the aorta
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Chambers of the Heart (ctd.)
Accessory Structures Septum:
muscular wall dividing the heart into right and left halves
Heart valves: prevents the backflow of blood
Papillary muscles Chordae
tendineae
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Great VesselsSuperior and inferior vena cava: receive
deoxygenated blood from all parts of the bodyCoronary sinus: returns deoxygenated blood
from the myocardium to the right atriumPulmonary arteries: carry deoxygenated
blood to the lungs from the right ventriclePulmonary veins: carry oxygenated blood to
the left atrium from the lungsAorta: carries oxygenated blood to distribute
to all parts of the body
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Blood Vessels
Types of Blood Vessels: Arteries Arterioles Capillary beds Venules Veins
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Anatomy of Blood Vessels
Three coats (tunics):1.Tunica intima: endothelium
lines the interior of vessels; decreases friction as blood flows
2.Tunica media: smooth muscle & elastic tissue (dilates & constricts vessels)
3.Tunica externa: fibrous connective tissue on outside supports and protects vessels
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ArteriesCarry blood AWAY from the heartAll BUT pulmonary arteries carry
oxygenated bloodAorta: largest artery; 1 inch in
diameterArterioles: smallest arteriesCoronary arteries: most important;
supply blood to the heart muscle Left and right main coronary artery
Left coronary artery - left anterior descending, left circumflex branch
Right coronary artery - right atrium and right ventricle
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VeinsCarry blood TOWARD the
heartAll BUT pulmonary veins
carry deoxygenated bloodLayers much thinner, less
elasticSeries of internal valves
that work against the flow of gravity to prevent reflux
Superior and inferior vena cava: largest veins
Venules: smallest veins
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Vericose Veins
People stand for long periods of time inactivity or pressure on veins
Blood pools in feet and legs
Valves weaken veins become twisted & dilated
Treatment: compression stockings, exercise, laser treatment, surgery
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Capillaries
Tiny, microscopic vessels
Walls one cell layer thick
Function: to transport and diffuse essential materials to and from the body’s cells and the blood
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ArteriesArteries CapillariesCapillaries VeinsVeins
• Blood away from heart• Thicker walls• Withstand
high pressure
• Walls 1-cell thick• Exchange
gases between blood and tissue cells
• Blood back to heart• Thinner walls• Low pressure• Large lumen• ValvesValves:
prevent blood backflow• Skeletal
muscles enhance venous return
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Vital SignsPulse:
expansion & recoil of an artery with each beat of left ventricle
Pressure points (eg. carotid artery, radial artery) Normal resting: 70-
76 beats/min
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DAY 2
Cardiovascular System
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Cardiovascular Circuits
Pulmonary circuit: transport of blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs and then back to the left side of the heart
Systemic circuit: transport of blood from the left side of the heart to all parts of the body and then back to the right side of the heart
Coronary circuit: transport blood from the left side of the heart to the heart tissues and back to the right side of the heart
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Heart Valves
Tough fibrous tissue between the heart chambers and major blood vessels of the heart
Gate-like structures to keep the blood flowing in one direction and to prevent regurgitation or backflow of blood Atrioventricular valves: when ventricles contract, blood is
forced upward and the valves close Tricuspid valve: between the right atrium and the right
ventricle Bicuspid/mitral valve: between the left atrium and the left
ventricle Semilunar Valves: 3 half moon pockets that catch blood and
balloon out to close the opening Pulmonary semilunar valve: between the right ventricle and
the pulmonary arteries Aortic semilunar valve: between the left ventricle and the
aortic arch/aorta
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How the Heart Works Each heartbeat has two phases, systole when the heart
pumps and diastole when the heart chambers fill with blood. Blood enters the right atrium from the body via the vena
cava. It travels through the tricuspid valve into the right
ventricle. A systolic heartbeat sends the blood through the pulmonary
valve, which separates the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery, to the lung.
In the lung, oxygen is delivered to red blood cells and carbon dioxide, a waste product of metabolism, is removed.
The oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium where it travels through the mitral valve into the left ventricle.
The systolic heartbeat also causes the left side of the heart to contract and send the blood through the aortic valve that separates the left ventricle and the aorta.
Blood passes through the aorta to the body delivering oxygen to the body's tissues.
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Heart Sounds
When the AV (atrioventricular) and semilunar valves close, they make the sound heard as “lub-dub” (auscultated with stethoscope) First sound (S1): ventricles are contracting and
forcing blood to the lungs and entire body (AV valves closing)
Second sound (S2): atria are contracting and the semilunar valves are closing
Abnormal heart sounds = murmur; valve pathology (M1, M2)
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Vital SignsBlood pressure:
pressure of blood on inner walls of blood vessels
Systolic pressure: peak of ventricular contraction
Diastolic pressure: ventricles relaxedWritten:
Systolic/DiastolicNormal: 100-140;
60-90
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Homeostatic Imbalances
Hypertension: high blood pressure (>140/90)
Circulatory shock: acute hypotension Blood loss Atherosclerosis – artery walls thicken due
to fatty deposits (plaques)
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Bypass Surgery
One of the most common surgeries performed
During surgery, a blood vessel is removed or redirected from one area of the body and placed around the area or areas of narrowing in order to "bypass" the blockages and restore blood flow to the heart muscle. This vessel is called a graft. These substitute blood
vessels can come from your chest, legs, or arms.
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Stent Procedure
A stent is a wire mesh stainless steel tube that holds an artery open and keeps it from closing again.
It becomes a permanent part of the artery.
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How is it Done?
The doctor will insert a tiny, flexible plastic tube called a catheter through an artery in the groin, leg, or arm.
A special dye is injected so blood flow through the arteries is visible on monitors.
The doctor moves a balloon catheter, and then a stent, to the site of the blockage. The balloon is inflated and stretched wide against the
artery walls, which opens the blockage. Then the balloon is deflated and taken out, leaving the
stent in place.
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Congenital Heart Disease
Defects in the heart that occurred during embryologic and fetal development
Involves defective communication between the chambers, malformation of valves, and malformation of septa Cyanotic: inability of individual to get adequate blood
oxygenation due to extensive cardiac abnormalities that cause blood to be shunted away from lungs
Some association with pregnant mother having German measles (rubella)
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Congestive Heart Failure
Progressive weakening of heart
Low heart efficiency circulation inadequate to meet tissue needs
Caused by: Coronary atherosclerosis Persistent high blood
pressure Multiple heart attacks – scar
tissue