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WENDY

ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT

GLOUCESTER STREET EIS

April 1991

A Report Prepared for Hassell Planning Consultants


ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT: GLOUCESTER STREET EIS

CONTENTS OF THE REPORT

1.0 1.1 1.2

2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7

3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3

4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.4.1 4.4.2 4.4.3

5.0 5.1 5.2

Synopsis Precis Recommendations

Preface to the Report Parameters of the Investigation Initiative for Investigation Existing Information Objectives Methodology Authorship and Acknowledgements Abbreviations Used in the Text

Historical Context Phase I: 1788 - 1854 Alienation and Subdivision Phase 11: 1854 -1913 Urban Growth and Occupation Phase ill: 1913 - 1991Commercial Redevelopment

The Archaeological Resource Status of the Study Area Assessment of the Potential Resource Significance of the Resource Management of the Resource Land Under the Twentieth Century Structures The Open Space The Terraces

Subsidiary Documentation Endnotes Bibliography

Pagel

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ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT: GLOUCESTER S1REET EIS

SECTION 1.0 SYNOPSIS

1.1 Precis

This report has been undertaken on behalf of White Property Developments Ltd as one component of an EIS being prepared for the site by Hassell Planning Consultants. The investigation has been for the purpose of assessing the extent, nature and significance of the potential archaeological evidence which may survive within the sub-surface areas of the site. "Archaeological evidence" is understood to mean any structures, features, relics, soils or deposits which could be used to provide evidence for the past management and occupation of the study area. Appropriate strategies for managing this resource have also been defined within this report.

The investigation has used the results of an accompanying historical assessment to the EIS for the twentieth century development of the site and has concentrated its research on the nineteenth century development, from first settlement. This has been for the purpose of defining the potential sites and relics which may have left an impact on the sub-surface deposits. Archaeological evidence from the near-by Lilyvale Hotel and Australia Arms Hotel sites, both in Cumberland Street, has been used to assess the potential resource and its significance. No prior archaeological analysis or investigation has been undertaken on the study area.

Although the documentary evidence for the growth of the study area is minimal it is possible to establish that it has evolved through three phases of urban growth since first settlement. From 1788 until approximately midway through the nineteenth century it was characterized by settlement that was relatively open, mixed domestic and small businesses.

The earliest plans of the settlement indicate that this land was not part of the first tent settlement, however, by 1802 it had been alienated with at least two or more buildings, probably houses, occupying the land. These appear to have been demolished by 1807 but by 1823 at least seventeen buildings had been constructed on the block.

Some alterations had been made to this arrangement by the 1830s but the distribution of structures across the site remained reasonably constant during this decade. The alienation of the block into town grants during 1837 appears to have merely confirmed the status quo. The study area, in fact, remained relatively static until 1854. In that year

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a large programme of clearance and rebuilding appears to have been carried out to create long rows of tenements on the southern and central portions of the site. The northern section appears to have remained relatively untouched by this work.

During the latter half of the nineteenth century occupation intensified and a pattern of closely built houses and retail premises became established on the block. The first detailed survey of the site, in 1865, shows most of the centre of the block to have been devoted to terraces with associated out-buildings and small fenced yards. The northern and southern portions were mainly used by a jumble oflarger and smaller single buildings also with associated out-buildings and yards. There was very little vacant land.

By 1880 the situation was much the same although there was more vacant land by that time including the entire north-eastern corner. The study area was occupied mainly by one or two storey terraces with a variety of sheds, out-buildings and toilets throughout the middle of the block. By 1886 some changes had occurred to this arrangement. The vacant north-eastern corner had been built over and some properties along Gloucester Street had been demolished. During the later years of the 1890s a new row of terraces was constructed on the northern portion of Cumberland Street.

This nineteenth century pattern of occupation endured into the early years of the twentieth century even after the block had been resumed by the Government at the turn of the century as part of the measures taken to combat the bubonic plague epidemic. In 1913, however, the shop on the corner of Essex and Cumberland Street was rebuilt by the Government and this heralded the almost complete transformation of the entire block. Only the shop and the adjoining terraces in Cumberland Street would remain, by 1930, of the earlier pattern of occupation.

In the building boom of the 1920s the older buildings and open spaces were demolished and built over and a towns cape of warehouses and factories replaced the earlier structures with only a few exceptions. In 1921 the Housing Board caused a new multi-storey building to be established on the corner of Gloucester and Grosvenor Streets and this was followed, in 1924, by the Australian Drug Company Building in Cumberland Street and the adjoining T. Baker and Co. Building. The Walter Reynell and Sons Building may have been constructed in the same year or in 1925 when the Cadbury-Fry-Pascal Building was constructed on its site. This is the physical environment that currently exists on the site.

The study area has been continuously occupied since at least 1823 with some documented structural activity from 1802. Excavations in other parts of the city have clearly demonstrated the ability of archaeological evidence from the earliest days of the colony to survive even in areas where later building programmes have disturbed the sub-surface profiles. However, the introduction of foundations and basements for twentieth century structures fragments and disturbs underlying material and it is likely that the majority of the study area has been affected in this way.

The primary area of archaeological potential exists within the open space adjoining the southern side of the terraces. Comparison of plans showing the development of this block indicates that at least one substantial building existed there in 1823 and other structures of the 1860s and 1880s were built on the same site. It cannot be assumed that the later works removed all traces of the earlier as excavations on the adjoining Lilyvale Hotel

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site have shown high levels of preservation for the very earliest deposits of the nineteenth century under building works of the later periods.

Location of intact archaeological deposits on this site that have the potential to date to the earliest years of the nineteenth century as well as the mid and later parts of that era would be significant because they could, if carefully investigated and recorded, provide additional and possibly new evidence for cultural, social and architectural customs both for the general development of the town of Sydney and, specifically, for the growth of The Rocks.

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1.2 Recommendations

On the basis of the assessment of potential archaeological material and its significance it is recommended that:

• a watching brief be initiated to record those traces of past occupation which may survive under the extant twentieth century structures in the event of their removal through ground disturbance. The watching brief will require an excavation permit to be obtained from the Department of Planning in advance and must be carried out by a Department approved archaeologist. No prior investigation to this brief would be required.

• if the terraces are to be removed or renovated, a detailed photographic record be made of those structures prior to their disturbance. Furthermore, sub-floor investigations and recording of all floor cavities should be made by an archaeologist prior to their disturbance. This work should also be included in the Department of Planning Excavation Permit.

• a geotechnical survey of the vacant land adjoining the southern side of the terraces be carried out to provide a profile of the extant deposits. If this evidence confirms the potential for intact archaeological evidence spanning the entire nineteenth century occupation of the site a detailed archaeological excavation may be required prior to the disturbance of this site. This excavation would need to be encompassed within the Excavation Permit required from the Department of Planning.

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SECTION 2.0 PREFACE TO THE REPORT

2.1 Parameters of the Investigation

This investigation is concerned with a city block within the City of Sydney. The land is located within The Rocks and is bound on the north by Essex Street, on the east by Gloucester Street, on the west by Cumberland Street and on the south by Grosvenor Street. Two lots within this block have been excluded from this study; they are not part of the proposed development area. These lots are 157 - 169 Gloucester Street, Science House, at the corner of Gloucester and Essex Streets and 182 Cumberland Street, a former shop, at the corner of Cumberland and Essex Streets.

This report has considered the archaeological evidence which may reside within the sub-surface areas of the study area. "Archaeological evidence" is understood to mean all structures, features, relics, deposits and soils which could be used to provide evidence for the past management and occupation of the site.

2.2 Initiative for Investigation

This investigation has been undertaken at the request of Hassell Planning Consultants on behalf of White Property Developments Ltd as one component of an EIS being prepared for the site by Hassell Planning Consultants.

2.3 Existing Information

No prior archaeological investigation or analysis has been undertaken for this site. An historical report has been prepared which considers the later history of the study area and, in particular, the development of the structures which currently reside within it.

2.4 Objectives

The primary objectives of this work may be defined as follows:

• to carry out research for the purpose of defining, primarily, the nineteenth century development of the study area from first settlement

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• to assess the potential resource which may have survived from this development and which may now be contained as archaeological features within the study area

• to assess the significance of this resource

• to determine appropriate management strategies for this resource, in the light of its significance, in the event of it being disturbed by future development.

2.5 Methodology

The twentieth century development of the study area has been detailed in an accompanying historical report to the EIS. For the purposes of defining the nineteenth century development primary research was carried out in the major historical repositories including the State Archives Office of NSW, Mitchell Library, the Lands Department and the Archives of the Metropolitan Water Sewerage and Drainage Board.

The assessment of the potential resource and its significance has been made in light of recent work on the Lilyvale Hotel Site (Thorp, W. "The Lilyvale Excavation" unpublished report in preparation) and the Australia Arms Hotel Site.

2.6 Authorship and Acknowledgements

This report has been prepared by W. Thorp who was also responsible for the primary research. The author gratefully acknowledges the assistance of J. Wing with the latter aspect of the investigation. Twentieth century detail for the development of the site has been gained from the historical report accompanying the EIS.

2.7 Abbreviations Used in the Text

JRAHS Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society

LD Lands Department of NSW

ML Mitchell Library

MWSD Metropolitan Water Sewerage and Drainage Board

SAONSW State Archives Office of NSW

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SECTION 3.0 HISTORICAL CONTEXT

The evidence for the historical development of the study area has been discussed in terms of three main phases. These phases are:

Phase I: 1788 - 1854 Alienation and Subdivision

Phase IT: 1854 -1913 Urban Growth and Occupation

Phase ill: 1913 - 1991 Commercial Redevelopment

The phases represent a definition of the major periods of change and expansion on the site although they are, at best, only simple indicators. The documentation is not detailed enough for more precise divisions of time and/or physical evolution. They do, however, represent the three main "faces" the site has carried since first settlement. These are, first, of relatively open, mixed domestic and small retail premises; next, a closely settled urban domestic and retail precinct and, finally, a commercial/warehouse townscape of the early twentieth century. Each of these "faces" is described in the following sections.

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3.1 Phase I: 1788 - 1854 Alienation and Subdivision

The land encompassed by the study area was not utilised as part of the first tent settlement established by Governor Phillip. Contemporary plans show that, although adjoining land had been set aside for a church (later the site of St Phillips) in 1788, the adjacent land on the ridge was not in use at that time (1). By 1792 the area may have been part of the "workshops" but this cannot be claimed with certainty (2).

The first clear indication of some construction activity on the study occurs on the settlement plan of 1802. Here at least two and possibly four buildings are clearly shown to have been at least partially built on this site. They are likely to have been houses (3). Meehan's map of 1807 suggests that these structures had disappeared from the site by that time. In 1807 the land appears to have been vacant again (4). Most of the major street alignments defining the study area, however, were in place by that time.

The first clear and reliable indication of the development of the site occurs on Harper's map of 1823. By that time the entire block had been alienated with at least seventeen buildings fenced off from each other. They appear to have all been domestic but there is no reliable evidence to confirm this attribution (5). This pattern of occupation appears to have changed little, if at all, by 1830 (6). By the following year a few extra buildings may have been added to the site and a small amount of demolition appears to have taken place (7).

By 1837 the complete block had been apportioned in town grants. The grantees from the southern portion of the block to the north were Edward !kin, Christopher Crane, W.H. and Chtistopher Dowling, William Davis (three separate blocks), John Cooper, Frands and Catherine Harper, John Jobbins, Thomas Galwaithes (?), Thomas Hancy, William Long (two separate blocks), J ames Green, A. Byrne and J. Moss (8). Contemporary plans suggest that these grants merely confirmed an existing situation; the physical development of the site appears to have differed little from that at the beginning of the 1830s (9).

The earliest plans of the 1840s indicate that the development of the block remained fairly stable, at least during the first half of this decade (10). Reminiscences of the period recalled that on the corner of Gloucester and Grosvenor Streets stood

"a very nice cottage in whichMr Wallerresided. He had a timberyard which ran from Gloucester Street to Cumberland Street .... Passing more private houses you came to the shop of Mr Hancy, the baker .

. At the corner there was a vacant piece of ground where Mr Pigeon and his followers preached to the people of The Rocks. 11 (11).

Cumberland Street, also, was remembered from the 1840s. On the corner of Cumberland and Grosvenor,

"stood a public house ... It was called the Three Crowns ... on the same side but further down we found the residence of Mr Challis. On your right hand you saw a fine large house which came right on to the

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street; it was the occupation of a gentleman named Gibbons. Adjoining the cottage of Mr Rubie was a block of land with a frontage of about one hundred feet. Ten houses were built on this site, five fronting Cumberland Street and five Princes Streets ... These houses were the property of Mr Thomas Dunn ... Beyond Dunn's block we came to a large store. In the centre of this building was the dray entrance, and at each end a house. Formerly these had been the stores of Mr Gibbins opposite .... It was occupied in the forties by a cabman named Shaugnessy. The upper room was let to a mr Fitzgerald and here he taught the art of dancing; he was regarded as a good dancing master. I! (12).

Even by 1853 the block was much as it had been for most of the first half of this century; a few new buildings had appeared on the land but these were mainly extensions of existing structures or were constructed in the vacant land between existing buildings (13). This situation had changed by the following year.

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Figure 1: Plan of the Town of Sydney, 1802

(Source: Kelly and Cracker., 10)

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c:,~a1\ey C,O~e ~~ra.n8'

Figure 2: Plan of the Town of Sydney, 1807 (James Meehan)

(Kelly and Crocker., 12)

---



G I o u c e s t e r

S t r e e t

Figure 3: Harper's Plan of Sydney, 1823

(Source: SAONSW AO Map SZ 434)

c u

.m b ' e r I a n d

S t r e e t

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Th~ Study Ar~a .

" f

Figure 4: Plan of the Study Area 1828 - 31

(Source: Surveyor General's Sketch Book SAONSW)

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Figure 5: Detail of Map of the Town of Sydney 1837

(Source: ML M2 811.16/1837/1)



Figure 6: Detail of Map of the City of Sydney 1843

(Source: ML M2 811.17/1843/1)



Figure 7: Detail of the Trigonometrical Survey of Port Jackson 1853

(Source: SADNSW AD Map 6329)

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3.2 Phase IT: 1854 - 1913 I Urban Growth and Occupation

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By 1854 substantial changes appear to have been made to the site. Long rows of tenements appear to have been constructed on the southern and central portions of the site although the northern section appears to have remained relatively untouched by this building boom (1).

The Sands Directory listings for 1858 provide insight into the community that existed within these tenements. Along the Cumberland Street frontage the houses were occupied by a variety of tradespeople including a baker, shipwright, corn dealer, cooper, tailor and dressmaker. The "Hand of Friendship" hotel was located at number 200 (2).

Along Gloucester Street a similar social and economic mix lived in the new houses. They included a stonemason, shoemaker, watchmaker and professor of music. A boarding house was established in number 175 (3).

The first detailed survey of the study area was carried out in 1865. This trigonometrical survey of the city shows the site to have been completely developed by this year. The central portion was mainly devoted to terraces with out -buildings and toilets divided from each other by fences. The northern and southern sections of the site were mainly built over by a jumble oflarger'and smaller single buildings also with out-buildings and yards. There was very little vacant land (4).

The Sands Directory listings for the later 1860s and 1870s indicate that, although the tenants had changed, the same type of community as that which had established itself in the 1850s was still present by this time. The various tenants in the buildings included a confectioner, blacksmith, bootmaker, mariner, grocer, stevedore and cordial manufacturer (5).

By 1880 the situation was much the same although there was more vacant land by that time. The entire north-eastern corner was unused and a variety of yards spread through the centre of the site. Many of the buildings that were shown on the 1865 survey were still present in 1880. The buildings were a mixture of single and double storey buildings, mostly terraces, and one group of three storey terraces on the south-western corner of the block. Sheds, out-buildings and toilets occupied the centre of the site (6).

By 1886 some changes had been made to this arrangement. The north-eastern corner had been built over but other blocks along the Gloucester Street frontage had been demolished. The rest of the block remained relatively the same (7). In 1889 a similar mix of trades people occupied the houses although by this date, a greater number of boarding houses occupied the terraces, for example 190 - 198 Cumberland Street were all used as boarding houses and 203 Gloucester Street was used for the same purpose (8).

In c.1899 the buildings occupying the site of the terraces now at 182-186 Cumberland Street were demolished and a new group, those still existing on the site, were built in their place (9).

In 1900 the study area, along with large sections of The Rocks, was resumed by the

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Fiffl:lre 8: Detail of the Trigonometrical Survey of Sydney 1865

(Source:A1H7SDB)



Figure 9: Detail of 1880 Survey

(Source: P. Dove)

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t:r: 41. IU) Id U .!) o -J U



Figure 10: Detail of 1886 Survey

(Source: Ml M Ser 4 811.17/1 Syd Ser 64)



Government as part of the measures taken to combat bubonic plague. However, unlike other areas, there does not appear to have been any immediate demolition of the existing structures. Contemporary photographs of both Gloucester and Cumberland Streets show a ramshackle mixture of terraces and buildings. On the corner of Gloucester and Grosvenor Streets two buildings survived that appear to have been built at the beginning of the nineteenth century.

The entire nineteenth century arrangement of this block was about to be changed, however, commencing in 1913.

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I ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT: GLOUCESTER S1REET EIS

I 3.3 Phase ID: 1913 - 1991 I Commercial Redevelopment


In 1913 the Sydney Harbour Trust rebuilt the shop on the corner of Essex and Cumberland Streets to provide a shopping place for their workers who were housed in nearby terraces which had been built for them by the Trust. This was a signal of its future development plans for this city block. By 1930 only the shop on the cornet of Essex and Cumberland Streets and the adjoining terraces in Cumberland Street would survive from the earlier development of this block.

By the 1920s the occupation of the buildings had dropped with only thirty-six of the premises in use. These were still mainly for residential purposes but at least one small factory existed in Cumberland Street, a left-over of a later nineteenth century business in the same location. The construction programme of the next few years, however, was to change this declining residential precinct into an almost complete enclave of commercial and warehouse properties.

In 1921 anew building was constructed at the corner of Gloucester and Grosvenor Streets for the NSW Housing Board. Desigried by William Henry Foggitt it was originally three storeys tall with a fourth storey added in 1936. The building has been continuously occupied by the Government since its construction including the Departments of Resumed Properties, Grain Elevation Construction Branch and the Police.

In 1924 194-200 Cumberland Street was redeveloped for the Australian Drug Company. This company occupied the site until 1934 when the building was then taken over by J ohnson and J ohnson. In the same year, and adjoining the Australian Drug Company Building, was constructed a small concrete building at 186 - 192 Cumberland Street for T. Baker and Co. Ltd (Process Engraver).

The Cadbury-Fry-Pascall Building (212-218 Cumberland Street) was constructed in 1925 for the famous chocolate company as part of their Australian manufacturing expansion programme. The building served as a distribution depot and was occupied by them until 1954. Lawsons Auctioneers now use the building.

Around the same time as the construction of the Cadbury-Fry-Pascall Building, or perhaps a year earlier, 196-210 Cumberland Street was developed as a warehouse for Waiter Reynell and Sons Ltd. This company, associated with wine production in South Australia, started a long period of use of this building by the wine industry. After Reynell and Sons moved in c. 1950 another wine merchant moved into the building.

The last building to be constructed as part of this massive redevelopment process was Science House. This was built in 1931 to provide accommodation for a variety of scientific organisations. It continued to house cultural groups until the 1970s. In 1978 it was officially reopened as Sports House (1).

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SECTION 4.0 THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCE

4.1 Status of the Study Area

No prior archaeological analysis or investigation has been undertaken on this block. Detailed research, however, has been carried out on the near-by Lilyvale Hotel and Australia Arms Hotel sites which can, at the least, provide comparative material for assessment purposes.

The above ground structures are primarily a result of the building programme carried out between 1920 and 1931 and these cover the majority of the site. A group of later 1890s terraces occupy part of the Cumberland Street frontage and one shop on the corner of Cumberland and Essex Streets dates from the 1880s although rebuilt in 1913. The only open space is located in a small corridor behind the terraces and a small block on the southern side of the terraces. The shop and the site of Sports House is not included in the study area.

4.2 Assessment of the Potential Resource

The study area has been continuously occupied since at least 1823 with some construction activity occurring as early as 1802. Excavations on the Lilyvale Hotel site (and First Government House site) clearly demonstrate that archaeological evidence can survive with a high degree of integrity from the very earliest periods of the colony despite later construction programmes, even on the same sites.

The majority of the site on which the twentieth century buildings have been constructed appears to have been substantially cut away for basements, the Gloucester Street frontage, in particular, appears to have substantially excavated the original slope. In these circumstances it would be unlikely that significant traces of pre-existing structures would survive this process although excavations on similar sites throughout the city have shown that some disturbed fragments can survive in this situation.

The open space adjoining the terraces provides the best potential for intact archaeological evidence. There appears to be sufficient intact and relatively undisturbed deposit to indicate the likely presence of sub-surface features. Comparison of the plans showing the development of the site shows that at least one substantial structure of c. 1823 as well as numerous buildings of the 1860s and 1880s have existed on this land.

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Excavations at the Lilyvale Hotel site have proven that multiple levels of occupation of this nature can survive with extremely high degrees of preservation in this part of the city. It must be considered, therefore, that this site has the potential to reveal at least some intact archeological evidence with the potential to date back to the early years of the nineteenth century. It must always be assumed as well that undocumented structures, relics and features will be found on sites of this length of occupation. This was more than amply demonstrated on the Lilyvale Hotel site. Obviously, however, it is impossible to pinpoint any specific area for investigation.

In conclusion it may be summarised that:

• the majority of the site is likely to have been substantially disturbed by the excavations carried out for basements and foundations for the twentieth century structures which currently exist on the site. It is possible that some archeological evidence of the nineteenth century may be contained under these buildings but this material is likely to be fragmented

• the open space adjoining the southern side of the terraces provides the best potential for intact archaeological material. This evidence has the potential to date back to the earliest years of the nineteenth century and may encompass structural evidence of the 1820s, 1860s and 1880s. This is likely to be both domestic and retail in nature

• the potential for undocumented structures; features and relics of the nineteenth century is acknowledged

4.3 Significance of the Resource

The potential archaeological resource that is likely to be contained within the study area is significant because:

• archaeological evidence of early nineteenth century Sydney is relatively rare and could substantially add to the existing knowledge of architectural, cultural and social customs of the period

• additional evidence for development in The Rocks during the mid to later part of the nineteenth century could substantially add to the small core of similar information that has been previously recorded for this area

In summary: intact archaeological deposits that have the potential to span the earliest years of the nineteenth century as well as the mid and later parts of that era could, if carefully investigated and recorded, provide additional, and possibly new, evidence for cultural, social and architectural customs both for the general development of the town of Sydney and, specifically, the growth of The Rocks.

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4.4 Management of the Resource

4.4.1 Under the Existing Twentieth Century Structures

Although some small potential exists for archaeological evidence to be found under the structures erected during 1920 - 1931 this material is likely to be disturbed and fragmented. In this case, if the structures are to be removed and this ground disturbed, a watching brief should be initiated to record those traces of past occupation prior to their removal. The watching brief will require an excavation permit from the Department of Planning and must be carried out by a Department approved archaeologist. No prior investigation to this brief would be required. The application for an approval of a permit may take up to six weeks.

4.4.2 In the Open Spaces

The potential for intact archaeological deposits spanning the entire nineteenth century occupation of the site indicates a requirement for investigation prior to the development and disturbance of this site. It is suggested that, prior to commencing any archeological investigation, a detailed geotechnical survey of the site should be carried out to profile the existing deposits. This should provide confirmation, or otherwise, of the existence of substantial cultural material that might require detailed investigation.

If detailed investigation is required this is likely to encompass an archaeological excavation. This work would need to be addressed by the Excavation Permit required from the Department of Planning.

4.4.3 The Terraces

If the terraces are to be removed or renovated a detailed photographic record should be made of those structures prior to their disturbance. Furthermore, sub-floor investigations and recording of all floor cavities should be made by an archaeologist prior to their disturbance.

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1823

1831

1837

Figure lla: Comparative Development of the Study Area Over Time



1843

1854

1865

Figure lIb: Comparative !?evelopment of the Study Area Over Time

:1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I


1880

1886

Figure lle: Comparative Development of the Study Area Over Time

I ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT: GLOUCESTER STREET EIS

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SECTION 5.0 SUBSIDIARY DOCUMENTATION

5.1 Endnotes

Section 3.1

1. Sketch of Sydney Cove Port Jackson July 1788 in Kelly and Crocker Sydney Takes Shape., 4 2. A Survey of the Settlement in NSW ·1792. Ibid., 8 3. Plan of the Town of Sydney 1802 in Ibid., 10. 4. Plan of the Town of Sydney 1807., Ibid., 12 5. Harper's Map of the Town of Sydney 1823. SAONSW AO Map SZ 432 (Frame 2) 6. Plan of Charlotte Place. Surveyor General's Sketch Book Volume 11828-1831 7. Hoddle and Larmer., Map ofthe Town of Sydney 1831. SAONSW AO Map 5449 8. Robert Russell Plan of Section 64. 1837 9. J. Carmichael. Map of the Town of Sydney, 1837. 1O.Map of the City of Sydney. 1843. 11. Walker, E. "Old Sydney in the Forties"., 305-306 12. Ibid., 308 13. Trigonometrical Survey of Port Jackson 1853. SAONSW AO Map 6329

Section 3.2

1. Woolcott and Clarke's Map of the City of Sydney. 1854. Kellyand Crocker., Op Cit., 22 2. Sands Directory 1858 Cumberland Street Essex Street to Charlotte Place east side. 3. Sands Directory 1858 Gloucester Street Essex Street to Charlotte Place west side. 4. Trigonometrical Survey of the City of Sydney. Section C. MWSD Archives. 5. Sands Directory listings for Cumberland Street and Gloucester Street 1868, 1877 6. Dove, P. New and Improved Guide to the Buildings Streets and Wharves of Sydney. 1880. 7. Sydney Metropolitan Survey 1886. ML M Ser 4811.17/1 Section 64 8. Sands Directory 1889 9. Jackson Teece Chesterman and Willis Rocks Heritage Survey., 13

Section 3.3

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I 1. The detail for the twentieth century development of the site has been taken from the I historical report accompanying this EIS.

I I I I I I I. I I I I I I I I I I I

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5.2 Bibliography

Books

J ackson Teece Chesterman and Willis The Rocks Heritage Survey.

Kelly, M. and Crocker, R. Sydney Takes Shape Doak Press. 1978.

Sands and Kenny Directory for Sydney, Suburbs and Country Areas 1858 - 1900

Journal Articles

Walker, E. "Old Sydney in the Forties" JRAHS Volume XVI., 196-320

Maps and Plans

Harper's Map of the Town of Sydney 1823. SAONSW AO Map SZ 432 (Frame 2)

Plan of Charlotte Place. Surveyor General's Sketch Book Volume 11828-1831SAONSW

Hoddle and Larmer. Map of the Town of Sydney 1831. SAONSW AO Map 5449

Robert Russell Plan of Section 64. 1837. Lands Department

J. Carmichael Map of the Town of Sydney, 1837. ML M2 811.16/1837/1

Map of the City of Sydney. 1843. ML M2 811.17/1843/1

Trigonometrical Survey of Port Jackson 1853. SAONSW AO Map 6329

Dove,P. New and Improved Guide to the Buildings Streets and Wharves of Sydney. 1880. NIL

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Sydney Metropolitan Survey 1886. ML M Ser 4 811.17/1 Section 64

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