David Frost. FREE WILL AND CAUSAL DETERMINISM 1)Are free will and causal determinism incompatible?...
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Transcript of David Frost. FREE WILL AND CAUSAL DETERMINISM 1)Are free will and causal determinism incompatible?...
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David Frost
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FREE WILL AND CAUSAL DETERMINISM
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1) Are free will and causal determinism incompatible?
FREE WILL AND CAUSAL DETERMINISM
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1) Are free will and causal determinism incompatible?
2) If yes, which obtains?
FREE WILL AND CAUSAL DETERMINISM
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1) Are free will and causal determinism incompatible?
2) If yes, which obtains?
Libertarianism: Free will obtains; causal determinism does not.
FREE WILL AND CAUSAL DETERMINISM
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1) Are free will and causal determinism incompatible?
2) If yes, which obtains?
Libertarianism: Free will obtains; causal determinism does not.
Hard Determinism: Causal determinism obtains; free will does not.
FREE WILL AND CAUSAL DETERMINISM
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1) Are free will and causal determinism incompatible?
2) If yes, which obtains?
Libertarianism: Free will obtains; causal determinism does not.
Hard Determinism: Causal determinism obtains; free will does not.
Compatibilism: Free will and causal determinism both obtain.
FREE WILL AND CAUSAL DETERMINISM
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AYER’S FREEDOM AND NECESSITY
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AYER’S COMPATIBILISM
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• For Ayer:
– It is a mistake to contrast freedom with causation.
AYER’S COMPATIBILISM
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• For Ayer:
– It is a mistake to contrast freedom with causation.
– Freedom is properly contrasted with constraint.
AYER’S COMPATIBILISM
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• For Ayer:
– It is a mistake to contrast freedom with causation.
– Freedom is properly contrasted with constraint.
– Every event is caused. Free events are caused in a special way.
AYER’S COMPATIBILISM
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A Free Action An Unfree Action
AYER’S COMPATIBILISM
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is
caused
A Free Action An Unfree Action
AYER’S COMPATIBILISM
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is
caused
is
caused
A Free Action An Unfree Action
AYER’S COMPATIBILISM
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is
caused
in a special way
is
caused
A Free Action An Unfree Action
AYER’S COMPATIBILISM
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is
caused
in a special way
is
caused
in a different special way
A Free Action An Unfree Action
AYER’S COMPATIBILISM
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is
caused
in a special way
i.e., in an “unconstraining” way
is
caused
in a different special way
A Free Action An Unfree Action
AYER’S COMPATIBILISM
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is
caused
in a special way
i.e., in an “unconstraining” way
is
caused
in a different special way
i.e., in a constraining way
A Free Action An Unfree Action
AYER’S COMPATIBILISM
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is
caused
in a special way
i.e., in an “unconstraining” way
e.g., by my own desire
is
caused
in a different special way
i.e., in a constraining way
A Free Action An Unfree Action
AYER’S COMPATIBILISM
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is
caused
in a special way
i.e., in an “unconstraining” way
e.g., by my own desire
is
caused
in a different special way
i.e., in a constraining way
e.g., by some one else
A Free Action An Unfree Action
AYER’S COMPATIBILISM
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AYER’S FREEDOM AND NECESSITY
Part II: Early Paragraphs
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AYER’S FREEDOM AND NECESSITY
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Notes on reading Ayer: it might be difficult to follow him since he doesn’t come right out and say what he believes. Instead he follows a common philosopher’s style of proceeding through a network or series of ideas – making each seem as plausible as possible. Some will seem plausibly to be counterexamples to the idea that came before, until Ayer argues just as plausibly or even more so that it is no counterexample at all and is even irrelevant. You may bristle after that – if it’s irrelevant, then why have we been talking about it? But it is a way of pro-actively undermining an opponent’s potential counterexample. Someone might be tempted, for instance, to argue that humans are free because science can’t always show that what they did was causally determined or lawfully predictable. Ayer maps out this trajectory of thought only to reject it. “But this does not give the moralist what he wants.”
AYER’S FREEDOM AND NECESSITY
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AYER’S FREEDOM AND NECESSITY
• The problem of free will is the conflict between
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AYER’S FREEDOM AND NECESSITY
• The problem of free will is the conflict between
– our sense that every event has a cause and
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AYER’S FREEDOM AND NECESSITY
• The problem of free will is the conflict between
– our sense that every event has a cause and
– our sense that we possess freedom of the will.
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AYER’S FREEDOM AND NECESSITY
• Every event has a cause
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AYER’S FREEDOM AND NECESSITY
• Every event has a cause
– Or, at least, in principle, everything is explainable (paragraphs 3-4)
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AYER’S FREEDOM AND NECESSITY
• In principle, everything is explainable.
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AYER’S FREEDOM AND NECESSITY
• In principle, everything is explainable. • Deny the “in principle.”
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AYER’S FREEDOM AND NECESSITY
• In principle, everything is explainable. • Deny the “in principle.”
– Perhaps freedom exists where explanation ends (paragraph 5)
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AYER’S FREEDOM AND NECESSITY
• In principle, everything is explainable. • Deny the “in principle.”
– Perhaps freedom exists where explanation ends (paragraph 5)
• “But that does not give the moralist what he wants,” (paragraph 6).
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AYER’S FREEDOM AND NECESSITY
• In principle, everything is explainable. • Deny the “in principle.”
– Perhaps freedom exists where explanation ends (paragraph 5)
• “But that does not give the moralist what he wants,” (paragraph 6).
– i.e., it doesn’t give the possibility of moral responsibility
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AYER’S FREEDOM AND NECESSITY
• In principle, everything is explainable. • Deny the “in principle.”
– Perhaps freedom exists where explanation ends (paragraph 5)
• “But that does not give the moralist what he wants,” (paragraph 6).
– i.e., it doesn’t give the possibility of moral responsibility
– “he’s free because there is no explanation of what he does,” doesn’t sound free
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AYER’S FREEDOM AND NECESSITY
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AYER’S FREEDOM AND NECESSITY
• The moralist doesn’t want actions to come from randomness
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AYER’S FREEDOM AND NECESSITY
• The moralist doesn’t want actions to come from randomness
• The moralist wants actions to come from choices
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AYER’S FREEDOM AND NECESSITY
• The moralist doesn’t want actions to come from randomness
• The moralist wants actions to come from choices
– “For when he makes it a condition of my being morally responsible that I should act freely…. What he wishes to imply is that my actions are the result of my own free choice: and it is because they are the result of my own free choice that I am held morally responsible for them,” (Ayer, pp. 112-113).
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AYER’S FREEDOM AND NECESSITY
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AYER’S FREEDOM AND NECESSITY
• But what about the causal history of that choice?
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AYER’S FREEDOM AND NECESSITY
• But what about the causal history of that choice?• Ayer says that the choice is either an accident or it is not.
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AYER’S FREEDOM AND NECESSITY
• But what about the causal history of that choice?• Ayer says that the choice is either an accident or it is not.
– If it is an accident, then the moralist does not get the freedom he’s looking for.
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AYER’S FREEDOM AND NECESSITY
• But what about the causal history of that choice?• Ayer says that the choice is either an accident or it is not.
– If it is an accident, then the moralist does not get the freedom he’s looking for.
– If it is not an accident, then it has a cause and we are back to the Hard Determinist line.
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AYER’S FREEDOM AND NECESSITY
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AYER’S FREEDOM AND NECESSITY
• But:
– “Again, the objection may be raised that we are not doing justice to the moralist’s case. His view is not that it is a matter of chance that I choose to act as I do, but rather that my choice depends upon my character,” (Ayer, p. 113, paragraph 9).
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AYER’S FREEDOM AND NECESSITY
• But:
– “Again, the objection may be raised that we are not doing justice to the moralist’s case. His view is not that it is a matter of chance that I choose to act as I do, but rather that my choice depends upon my character,” (Ayer, p. 113, paragraph 9).
• But in what way am I responsible for my character?
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AYER’S FREEDOM AND NECESSITY
• But:
– “Again, the objection may be raised that we are not doing justice to the moralist’s case. His view is not that it is a matter of chance that I choose to act as I do, but rather that my choice depends upon my character,” (Ayer, p. 113, paragraph 9).
• But in what way am I responsible for my character?
– “Only, surely, in the sense that there is a causal connection between what I do now and what I have done in the past…” (p. 113, paragraph 9).
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AYER’S FREEDOM AND NECESSITY
• But:
– “Again, the objection may be raised that we are not doing justice to the moralist’s case. His view is not that it is a matter of chance that I choose to act as I do, but rather that my choice depends upon my character,” (Ayer, p. 113, paragraph 9).
• But in what way am I responsible for my character?
– “Only, surely, in the sense that there is a causal connection between what I do now and what I have done in the past…” (p. 113, paragraph 9).
– If I have “made myself what I am,” then I caused my character.
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AYER’S FREEDOM AND NECESSITY
• But:
– “Again, the objection may be raised that we are not doing justice to the moralist’s case. His view is not that it is a matter of chance that I choose to act as I do, but rather that my choice depends upon my character,” (Ayer, p. 113, paragraph 9).
• But in what way am I responsible for my character?
– “Only, surely, in the sense that there is a causal connection between what I do now and what I have done in the past…” (p. 113, paragraph 9).
– If I have “made myself what I am,” then I caused my character.
• But there’s causation again.
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AYER’S FREEDOM AND NECESSITY
• But:
– “Again, the objection may be raised that we are not doing justice to the moralist’s case. His view is not that it is a matter of chance that I choose to act as I do, but rather that my choice depends upon my character,” (Ayer, p. 113, paragraph 9).
• But in what way am I responsible for my character?
– “Only, surely, in the sense that there is a causal connection between what I do now and what I have done in the past…” (p. 113, paragraph 9).
– If I have “made myself what I am,” then I caused my character.
• But there’s causation again.
– “Once more, either it is an accident or it is not.”
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AYER’S FREEDOM AND NECESSITY
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AYER’S FREEDOM AND NECESSITY
• So, Ayer considers a final attempt to create an account satisfying what the moralist wants.
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AYER’S FREEDOM AND NECESSITY
• So, Ayer considers a final attempt to create an account satisfying what the moralist wants.
• Consciousness of necessity.
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AYER’S FREEDOM AND NECESSITY
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AYER’S FREEDOM AND NECESSITY
• Constraining
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AYER’S FREEDOM AND NECESSITY
• Constraining • Non-constraining
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AYER’S FREEDOM AND NECESSITY
• Constraining
– Another person compels you
• Non-constraining
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AYER’S FREEDOM AND NECESSITY
• Constraining
– Another person compels you
– Hypnosis
• Non-constraining
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AYER’S FREEDOM AND NECESSITY
• Constraining
– Another person compels you
– Hypnosis
– Pistol to the head
• Non-constraining
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AYER’S FREEDOM AND NECESSITY
• Constraining
– Another person compels you
– Hypnosis
– Pistol to the head
– Kleptomania
• Non-constraining
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AYER’S FREEDOM AND NECESSITY
• Constraining
– Another person compels you
– Hypnosis
– Pistol to the head
– Kleptomania
• Non-constraining
– Deliberative process of deciding
![Page 63: David Frost. FREE WILL AND CAUSAL DETERMINISM 1)Are free will and causal determinism incompatible? FREE WILL AND CAUSAL DETERMINISM.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649f515503460f94c74dd6/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
AYER’S FREEDOM AND NECESSITY
• Constraining
– Another person compels you
– Hypnosis
– Pistol to the head
– Kleptomania
• Non-constraining
– Deliberative process of deciding
– Myself, not another person
![Page 64: David Frost. FREE WILL AND CAUSAL DETERMINISM 1)Are free will and causal determinism incompatible? FREE WILL AND CAUSAL DETERMINISM.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649f515503460f94c74dd6/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
AYER’S FREEDOM AND NECESSITY
• Constraining
– Another person compels you
– Hypnosis
– Pistol to the head
– Kleptomania
• Non-constraining
– Deliberative process of deciding
– Myself, not another person
– Unlike the kleptomaniac
![Page 65: David Frost. FREE WILL AND CAUSAL DETERMINISM 1)Are free will and causal determinism incompatible? FREE WILL AND CAUSAL DETERMINISM.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649f515503460f94c74dd6/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
AYER’S FREEDOM AND NECESSITY
• Constraining
– Another person compels you
– Hypnosis
– Pistol to the head
– Kleptomania
• Non-constraining
– Deliberative process of deciding
– Myself, not another person
– Unlike the kleptomaniac
– Could have done otherwise
![Page 66: David Frost. FREE WILL AND CAUSAL DETERMINISM 1)Are free will and causal determinism incompatible? FREE WILL AND CAUSAL DETERMINISM.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649f515503460f94c74dd6/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
AYER’S FREEDOM AND NECESSITY
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is
caused
in a special way
i.e., in an “unconstraining” way
e.g., by my own desire
is
caused
in a different special way
i.e., in a constraining way
e.g., by some one else
A Free Action An Unfree Action
AYER’S COMPATIBILISM
![Page 68: David Frost. FREE WILL AND CAUSAL DETERMINISM 1)Are free will and causal determinism incompatible? FREE WILL AND CAUSAL DETERMINISM.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649f515503460f94c74dd6/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
is
caused
in a special way
i.e., in an “unconstraining” way
e.g., by my own desire
better, by a desire I identify with
is
caused
in a different special way
i.e., in a constraining way
e.g., by some one else
A Free Action An Unfree Action
AYER’S COMPATIBILISM
![Page 69: David Frost. FREE WILL AND CAUSAL DETERMINISM 1)Are free will and causal determinism incompatible? FREE WILL AND CAUSAL DETERMINISM.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649f515503460f94c74dd6/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
is
caused
in a special way
i.e., in an “unconstraining” way
e.g., by my own desire
better, by a desire I identify with
is
caused
in a different special way
i.e., in a constraining way
e.g., by some one else
possibly, by a desire I don’t identify with
A Free Action An Unfree Action
AYER’S COMPATIBILISM
![Page 70: David Frost. FREE WILL AND CAUSAL DETERMINISM 1)Are free will and causal determinism incompatible? FREE WILL AND CAUSAL DETERMINISM.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649f515503460f94c74dd6/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
FRANKFURT’S COMPATIBILISM
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FRANKFURT’S COMPATIBILISM
• Consider the addicted smoker example.
![Page 72: David Frost. FREE WILL AND CAUSAL DETERMINISM 1)Are free will and causal determinism incompatible? FREE WILL AND CAUSAL DETERMINISM.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649f515503460f94c74dd6/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
FRANKFURT’S COMPATIBILISM
• Consider the addicted smoker example.
– The addiction is a desire within him
![Page 73: David Frost. FREE WILL AND CAUSAL DETERMINISM 1)Are free will and causal determinism incompatible? FREE WILL AND CAUSAL DETERMINISM.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649f515503460f94c74dd6/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
FRANKFURT’S COMPATIBILISM
• Consider the addicted smoker example.
– The addiction is a desire within him
– But he wants to quit, which is also a desire within him
![Page 74: David Frost. FREE WILL AND CAUSAL DETERMINISM 1)Are free will and causal determinism incompatible? FREE WILL AND CAUSAL DETERMINISM.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649f515503460f94c74dd6/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
FRANKFURT’S COMPATIBILISM
• Consider the addicted smoker example.
– The addiction is a desire within him
– But he wants to quit, which is also a desire within him
• We might say that he does not identify with his addiction
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FRANKFURT’S COMPATIBILISM
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FRANKFURT’S COMPATIBILISM
• First order desire: a want to do something
![Page 77: David Frost. FREE WILL AND CAUSAL DETERMINISM 1)Are free will and causal determinism incompatible? FREE WILL AND CAUSAL DETERMINISM.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649f515503460f94c74dd6/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
FRANKFURT’S COMPATIBILISM
• First order desire: a want to do something• First order volition: an effective first order desire, my
will
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FRANKFURT’S COMPATIBILISM
• First order desire: a want to do something• First order volition: an effective first order desire, my
will• Second order desire: a want to have a certain want
(rare)
![Page 79: David Frost. FREE WILL AND CAUSAL DETERMINISM 1)Are free will and causal determinism incompatible? FREE WILL AND CAUSAL DETERMINISM.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649f515503460f94c74dd6/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
FRANKFURT’S COMPATIBILISM
• First order desire: a want to do something• First order volition: an effective first order desire, my
will• Second order desire: a want to have a certain want
(rare)• Second order volition: a want that a certain first order
desire be effective
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FRANKFURT’S COMPATIBILISM
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FRANKFURT’S COMPATIBILISM
• Consider, again, the addicted smoker
![Page 82: David Frost. FREE WILL AND CAUSAL DETERMINISM 1)Are free will and causal determinism incompatible? FREE WILL AND CAUSAL DETERMINISM.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649f515503460f94c74dd6/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
FRANKFURT’S COMPATIBILISM
• Consider, again, the addicted smoker
– He has two conflicting FODs: he wants to smoke and he wants not to smoke
![Page 83: David Frost. FREE WILL AND CAUSAL DETERMINISM 1)Are free will and causal determinism incompatible? FREE WILL AND CAUSAL DETERMINISM.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649f515503460f94c74dd6/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
FRANKFURT’S COMPATIBILISM
• Consider, again, the addicted smoker
– He has two conflicting FODs: he wants to smoke and he wants not to smoke
– But he also has a second order volition or an attitude towards which of these wants he prefers or identifies with
![Page 84: David Frost. FREE WILL AND CAUSAL DETERMINISM 1)Are free will and causal determinism incompatible? FREE WILL AND CAUSAL DETERMINISM.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649f515503460f94c74dd6/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
FRANKFURT’S COMPATIBILISM
• Consider, again, the addicted smoker
– He has two conflicting FODs: he wants to smoke and he wants not to smoke
– But he also has a second order volition or an attitude towards which of these wants he prefers or identifies with
• He has a SOV that his want to not smoke be his will
![Page 85: David Frost. FREE WILL AND CAUSAL DETERMINISM 1)Are free will and causal determinism incompatible? FREE WILL AND CAUSAL DETERMINISM.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649f515503460f94c74dd6/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
FRANKFURT’S COMPATIBILISM
• Consider, again, the addicted smoker
– He has two conflicting FODs: he wants to smoke and he wants not to smoke
– But he also has a second order volition or an attitude towards which of these wants he prefers or identifies with
• He has a SOV that his want to not smoke be his will
• Frankfurt says that you are free when your SOV is satisfied
![Page 86: David Frost. FREE WILL AND CAUSAL DETERMINISM 1)Are free will and causal determinism incompatible? FREE WILL AND CAUSAL DETERMINISM.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649f515503460f94c74dd6/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
FRANKFURT’S COMPATIBILISM
• Consider, again, the addicted smoker
– He has two conflicting FODs: he wants to smoke and he wants not to smoke
– But he also has a second order volition or an attitude towards which of these wants he prefers or identifies with
• He has a SOV that his want to not smoke be his will
• Frankfurt says that you are free when your SOV is satisfied
– i.e., when the FOD you second-order wanted to be your will becomes your will
![Page 87: David Frost. FREE WILL AND CAUSAL DETERMINISM 1)Are free will and causal determinism incompatible? FREE WILL AND CAUSAL DETERMINISM.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649f515503460f94c74dd6/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
FRANKFURT’S COMPATIBILISM
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LECTURE ON AYER AND FRANKFURT
THE END