David Ball David Ball Consulting

David Ball

David Ball Consulting

Disruptive technologies

Open Access

Open Access as a disruptive technology

David Ball Consulting 2

Interlend 2006

Terminally ILL?


2006/7 2007/8 2008/9 2009/10 20010/11

Mean (UK) 4113 3701 3294 2787 2462

Change -412 -407 -507 -325

Over 4 years

-40%


2006/7 2007/8 2008/9 2009/10 20010/11

Mean (UK) 4113 3701 3294 2787 2462

Change -412 -407 -507 -325

Over 4 years

-40%

Year on year

-10% -11% -15% -12%


Sustaining technologies

Improve performance of existing products

Disruptive technologies

Under-perform existing products (good enough)

Different features attractive to fringe customers

Cheaper, simpler, smaller, easier to use

Transform the market


Cheap analogue cameras; revenue from consumables

Invested in digital imaging research, but did not change from analogue

Missed possibilities of ICT:

Desktops and broadband enable mass digital market and put user in control

Finished up producing PC printers – kept the business model, lost the world market


Registration: to provide a time stamp to establish paternity

Certification or validation: to provide a stamp of quality, generally through peer review

Awareness: distribution/access

Archiving: preservation

Traditional publishing (print or electronic) subsumes the first 3 functions in publication


Of the four functions OA is only about access, secondarily about timing

OA is neutral/agnostic about peer review/QA, copyright, etc.

Perfectly hospitable to the practices of traditional journal publishing

But it does enable new approaches and practices

Bears the seeds of change


By "open access" to this literature, we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited. Budapest Open Access Initiative, 2002


BOAI:

Access

Wide-ranging rights of use, reproduction, exploitation

Communist Manifesto

Peter Suber:

OA literature is “digital, online, free of charge, and free of most copyright and licensing restrictions”


Context: intellectual property law offers limited “fair dealing” or “fair use” exemptions

Gratis OA is free of charge to access but subject to the limits of fair dealing; removes toll barriers but not permission barriers

Libre OA is both free of charge and free of at least some legal and licensing restrictions; removes toll barriers and at least some permission barriers; Creative Commons


Green OA is delivered through self-archiving authors deposit manuscripts in repositories

institutional repositories aim to capture all the articles produced by a particular institution

disciplinary repositories aim to capture all the articles in a particular discipline

Gold OA is delivered through journals these may be completely OA or hybrid, where some

articles are OA and others toll access

Both Green and Gold OA are gratis. Green OA generally is only gratis; Gold OA may be libre


Relies on a recent but well established infrastructure of repositories

Easy and cheap (£6-15?): each article only incurs a very small portion of the overhead costs of setting up and running repositories.

Does not incur the overheads of peer-review

Deposited articles may be, most often have been, peer-reviewed for publication in TA journals

Rides on the back of TA journals?


Is compatible with subscription journal publishing: scholars can publish in TA journals, for instance where

these are of particularly high repute

through self-archiving, they still make their articles OA

embargo period imposed by publishers

Depends on authors’ obtaining rights from publishers to deposit and make articles available

Is hospitable to many other types of document, notably pre-prints (which provide the time-stamp noted at the start of this presentation), theses, and research datasets


Offers articles, in both OA and hybrid journals, that are peer-reviewed for publication

Incurs the same costs for the editorial and peer review process as TA journal publishing

Is always immediate, while Green OA is often subject to time embargoes imposed by subscription journal publishers

Provides access to the published version of an article

Generally obtains rights and permissions direct from the rights-holder (usually the author)


A product of the latest ICT revolution

Impossible to predict impact

A disruptive technology?

Fast and fundamental change


“Pioneering Years” (1993 to 1999) Individuals or small groups, simple technologies

By 1999, 741 journals published 35,519 articles?

“Innovation Years” (2000 to 2004) BioMed Central and PLOS: viability and high quality

By 2004, 2,837 journals published 90,720 articles, an increase of 155%

“Consolidation Years” (2005 to 2009) Open source publishing software, DOAJ, Creative

Commons

2009 4,767 journals published 191,851 articles, an increase of 111%


Gold

Currently small percentage of total, but growing

Straight-line growth: 25% of articles within 10 years?

Disruptive technology - 60% within 10 years?

Journal growth in developing countries

Green

Repositories – 25m items? 38m items?

Google Scholar

Resource discovery systems


A clear policy direction should be set towards support for publication in open access or hybrid journals, funded by APCs, as the main vehicle for the publication of research, especially when it is publicly funded

The Research Councils and other public sector bodies funding research in the UK should … establish more effective and flexible arrangements to meet the costs of publishing in open access and hybrid journals


During the period of transition to open access publishing worldwide, in order to maximise access in the HE and health sectors to journals and articles produced by authors in the UK and from across the world that are not accessible on open access terms, funds should be found to extend and rationalise current licences to cover all the institutions in those sectors

The infrastructure of subject and institutional repositories should be developed so that they play a valuable role complementary to formal publishing, particularly in providing access to research data and to grey literature, and in digital preservation.


Austria 1 (100%)

Canada 4 (31%)

Germany 1 (50%)

Hungary 2 (100%)

Netherlands 1 (100%)

Sweden 5 (100%)

UK 2 (4%)


Citation advantage Difficult to measure

Clear indication of some advantage (Swan 2010b)

Publication of associated data-sets is advantageous

Variance across disciplines

Quality APC-funded OA at 70% of impact factor of toll

access

OA and TA journals founded since 2002 have similar impact

Variance across disciplines


Gold standard of research – yet problems - MMR

OA provides free access to research, not access to articles free of peer review

No longer needed to ration scarce space

New models Light initial touch

Debate by scholarly community

Dynamic content

Publication of data, overlay journals, social media…


OA is dynamic - fosters: Ease of collaboration

Speed of dissemination

Debate

Datasets

Facilitates scholarly monograph publishing University presses

New business models - Knowledge Unlatched

The characteristics of a disruptive technology – moving from a niche for geeks to mainstream, because it has unforeseen potential to transform research


David Ball Consulting

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David Ball David Ball Consulting

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