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Datu, Jana Nicole Dela Cruz, Gelli Llanes, Emmalie Claire Nadal, Nessa A Lot More than 300: The Archaeology of Troy

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Troy One of the most famous archaeological sites of the world Trojan War Homers The Iliad

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Trojan WAR Zeus, king of the gods, saw that the earth was overpopulated He saw the Trojan War as an opportunity to depopulate the earth

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Apple of Discord Athena, Hera, Aphrodite for the fairest Zeus sent the goddesses to Paris as the judge Aphrodite offered Paris the most beautiful woman in the world, Helen

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Helen and Paris cause an Epic War!

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Agamemnon King of Mycenae and brother of Helens husband Menelaus Led an expedition of Greek troops to Troy because of Paris insult

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The fight continues for 10 long agonizing years

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Trojan Horse Greeks create a large, wooden horse left as a gift Soldiers slip out Trojans are massacred Troy is burned and women enslaved

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Trojan War Historical event in the 13 th or 12 th century BC Modern day Turkey Heinrich Schliemann Hisarlik, Turkey Distinguish himself in the realm of archaeology

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TELL - human settlement built up over many years

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9 LAYERS Troy I 30002600 BC (Western Anatolian EB 1)EB Troy II 26002250 BC (Western Anatolian EB 2) Troy III 22502100 BC (Western Anatolian EB 3 [early]) Troy IV 21001950 BC (Western Anatolian EB 3 [middle]) Troy V: 20th18th centuries BC (Western Anatolian EB 3 [late]) Troy VI: 17th15th centuries BC Troy VIh: late Bronze Age, 14th century BC Troy VIIa: c. 13001190 BC, most likely setting for Homer's story Troy VIIa Troy VIIb 1 : 12th century BC Troy VIIb 2 : 11th century BC Troy VIIb 3 : until c. 950 BC Troy VIII: c. 70085 BC Troy IX: 85 BCc. AD 500 The archaeological site of Troy was added to the UNESCO World Heritage list in 1998UNESCO World Heritage

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Troy I (c. 3000-2550 BCE) - Small village settlement surrounded by stone walls. - Dardanelles Dardanelles - Pottery and metal Pottery

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Troy II (c. 2550-2300 BCE) - Larger buildings (40 m long) - Mud-brick and stone fortifications with monumental gates.

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Troy III - Troy V (c. 2300-1750 BCE) - Most difficult period to reconstruct - Period seems a less prosperous one but foreign contact is further evidenced by the presence of Anatolian influenced dome ovens and Minoan pottery. Minoan

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Troy VI (c. 1750-1300 BCE) - Period most visible today at the site - Fortification walls demonstrate the prosperity but also concern for defence during this period - Sections of the walls are slightly offset every 10 m or so in order to curve around the site without the necessity for corners (a weak point in wall defence) wall - Candidate for the besieged city of Homers Trojan War - Or could have been destroyed by an earthquake because only a single arrowhead was found in this layer, and no remains of bodies

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Troy VI (c. 1750-1300 BCE) - Existence of a thriving wool industry and the first use of horses - Pottery - Imported ceramics from Crete, Cyprus and the Levant. Crete Cyprus Levant

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Troy VIIa (c. 1300-1180 BCE) and Troy VIIb (c. 1180-950 BCE) - Increase in the size of the lower town and some reconstruction of the fortifications - Both Troy VIIa and Troy VIIb were destroyed by fires. - Bronze arrow heads, spear tips and sling shots found on the site and some embedded in the fortification walls, suggesting some sort of conflict. - Correlate with Herodotus dates for the Trojan War Herodotus - Most cited candidate for Homers Troy

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Troy VIII and Troy IX (c. 950 BCE to 550 CE) - Sites of Greek Ilion and Roman Ilium respectively. - The Persian King Xerxes Xerxes - A Doric temple to Athena Julius Caesar in 48 BCE and Emperor Augustus (reign 27 BCE - 14 CE) rebuilt much of the city and Hadrian (reign 117-138 CE) also added buildings which included an odeion, gymnasium and baths templeJulius Caesar Augustus Hadrian - Emperor Constantine (reign 324-337 CE) even planned to build his new capital at Troy and some construction work began until Constantinople was chosen instead Constantine Constantinople - Over time the site declined, most probably because the harbour had silted up and the once great city of Troy was finally abandoned, not to be rediscovered for another 1500 years.

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Excavation Campaigns

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Heinrich Schliemann Creator of Prehistoric Greek archaeology He had a good idea where to start looking Greek myth the story of Agamemnon History Troy was a wealthy city; it probably lay near a coast http://www.usu.edu/markdamen/1320hist&civ/cha pters/04troy.htm

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Schliemann & Troy Dug at the mound that lay near Hissarlik Mound had many levels Large walls just like Troys He had found Homers Troy Implications Homeric epic was not a myth but a history Popularization of classical archaeology

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Problems Priams Treasure riches of Troy hurriedly buried in the panic of the Greek siege Artistic styles of the collection pieces covered a wide range of dates Schliemann dated it centuried prior to the fall of Troy Cultural zenith may have also belonged to an age long before Agamemnon Troy VIIA was a shabby resettlement instead Many archaeological pieces didnt harmonize well with literary evidence

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Drpfeld 1893 to Blegen 1938 Dorpfeld was Schliemanns former assistant Uncovered a very different Troy Citadel from the late Bronze Age Physical features matched the myth Myth mismatch A small citadel, built for about a couple of hundred of people Blegen led the next excavation and finished at 1938 For the next 50 years the site was left untouched

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Korfmann 1988 Assembled a large, international team from wide range of scientific disciplines There must have been more to Troy than had been uncovered The citys gateways have to no way of being secured shut Excavated a bigger area Magnetic scans -> reveal buried walls, streets and buildings Uncovered a wide ditch cut into the rock (late Bronze age) Marked the outer limit of the lower city Estimate: Population of 4000-8000 people Korfmann may have just put the nail in the coffin of the doubters Trojans lost the battle based on slingshots in piles

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Pernicka 2006 Two outsized earthenware pots Bronze-Age refrigerators A ditch and evidence of a gate Troys lower town was much bigger 1.4km long, 4m wide, and 2m deep trench for defense Troy must have been as big as 40 hectares for 10000 people http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=afwbfeBA35og

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2013-2014 Alyward To use the new technique of molecular archaeology Turkey cancelled about 100 permits Aslam Led the first Turkish team to excavate the site http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=afwbfeBA35og