Dating Decline Gurkha Regiment Victory Parade Pall Mall 1919 But the dates: WWI inter-war...
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Transcript of Dating Decline Gurkha Regiment Victory Parade Pall Mall 1919 But the dates: WWI inter-war...
Dating Decline Gurkha Regiment Victory Parade Pall Mall 1919
But the dates: WWIinter-war Constitutional Challenges
mandate challengesWWII resource drain
1947 – India1956 – Suez1960s – all over
the result: a Commonwealth of Nations
Declineor re-definition?
20C: decolonization in a neo-colonial world
→ formal, political ‘Nationalist’ aspirations
→ communal identities
→ metropolitan interests
→ settler society
→ Superpower meddling
INC
supporters
Arguments for EmpireMilitary: garrisons in Empire [19C strategy]
use of Indian army restricted from 1920s
asset in WWII in Europe/ceased to outside
Economic case: growing industrialization in Canada, India, Australia – lost ‘traditional’ benefit
net gain
Moral argument:prideemotional commitment
But, pressure from outside and inside
Three paths to a postcolonial world:1. rapid disengagement 2. constitutional disengagement3. armed resistance
complicated by: neo-imperial intervention
never simple
Pre 1945 disengagement ugly:geographies of identity in Palestine
German colony, Haifa
Baha’i World Center
Ein Hod artist’s colony
�ין �פ� פר רו� כkibbutz movement in modern Israel
Nirdavid (1946)
Britain and Palestine• Arab history of fighting for local
autonomy
• Zionism: 19C rootsBritish mandated territoriesHolocaust domestic political pressure
• Israel created (1947) • Palestine divided
1876 ‘the Lion’s Share’
vs. a bedraggled lion by 1956
What had changed?
Operation
Kadesh
State of Israel: 1949
Suez Crisis: 1956
Harold Macmillan’s diaryNassar as an ‘asiatic Mussolini’
That was:
rapid disengagement [with a past]
Next: constitutional negotiations
[with complications]
Colonies and Mandates Ram Mohan Roy
Nationalism in 19C:intellectual movementspopular anti-colonialismreligious revival
Mohandas Gandhi
Promise of WWI: human ‘Progress’possibilities as administrators goneexperience of Europe in warused to political/military purposehopes dashed: Peace Conference in colonies
Interwar British rule in Indiaजलि�या��वा��� बा�ग हतया�का��ड
• Defense of India Regulations• Ghadar conspiracy• Komagata Maru
• Rowatt Acts (1919)• hartal
• Jallianwala Bagh massacre• Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer • British Lieutenant-Governor of Punjab, Sir Michael
O'Dwyer wrote: ‘Your action is correct. Lieutenant Governor approves.’
Creation of a ‘Successful’ anti-colonial movement
• charismatic leader• ahimsa – resisting by non-resistance• World War
Indian IndependenceIndian Nationalist Congress (INC)
small elite → mass movementMohandas K. Gandhisatyagraha; swadeshi; ahimsa
Jawaharlal Nehru
Muslim LeagueMohammed Ali Jinnah
last British Viceroy, Lord Louis Mountbatten
Independence, 15 August 1947 and Partition creates India and Pakistan Mohammad Ali Jinnah
Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru
Lord and Lady Mountbatten
Independence – PartitionAugust 1947
Characterizing Withdrawal
That was:
constitutional negotiations[with complications]
Next: armed resistance
complicated by: neo-imperial intervention
and, constitutional negotiations
‘The Mickeys were hard menand only hard methodswould work with them.It was a war to savewhite civilization in Kenyaand in war people get killed.’
- A white policeman in Kenya
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=upc6yMKPu1c
Kenya: Commerce and Civilization
• IBEA (1887)• ‘Lunatic Express’ to Lake
Victoria• south Asian railway
workers, becomeshopkeepers, urban artisan class
• the Happy Valley ‘set’
Decolonization in Africa Issues of a Settler Society: Kenya
pop.: various local groups kikuyu
colonial administratorssouth Asian laborers
and m.c.
‘white’ farmers and business
Mau Mau RebellionIndependence 1962
Organizing resistances
1920s education jobs FGC
1930s/40s mau mau
‘White’ shareholdersthis alone is complex
There was no ‘white’ perspective:
1.Settler society: well-off investorsde-mob soldiers
2.Government-appointed administrators
3.British ‘liberal’ society
4.British conscripts“dad’s army”
Mau Maulost landlocked into waged labourpolitical leaders jailedattacked cattle, and people [32 killed altogether]forest resistanceoathing ceremonieswomen’s workarrestedconcentration/re-education camps
British Africa: 1953-80Northern Rhodesia• fewer white settlers• Copper• administered by Colonial Office
Southern Rhodesia• significant no. white settlers• displaced black societies →farming,
mining• Political power→1923 internal self-
governance
Nyasaland• large population; generally poor• administered by Colonial Office
CAF: a White and Black IssueAfrican opposition: Kenneth Kaunda (Northern Rhodesia)
Hastings Banda (Nyasaland)
1959: political posturingmedia positioningpopular protest
White Settlers widespread detention ordersRhodesian Front
British government independence referendumHarold Macmillan
Nyasaland → Malawinorthern Rhodesia → Zambiasouthern Rhodesia → 1965 Declaration of Independence
international sanctions/guerilla war – 1980 - Zimbabwe
Neocolonialisms1960 Ghanaian Independence
constitutional process bauxite
Kwame Nkrumah
1966 deposed – CIA backed coup
Akosombo DamVolta RiverBritish-plannedIMF, UK, American-financedinterest rate fixed (high)20% electricity for Ghana – cannot access profits