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Case Studies of Laboratory Energy Efficiency at Tier-One Research Universities

International Institute for Sustainable Laboratories I2SL

G/BA #P13-0097

October 7, 2013

Grumman/Butkus AssociatesEnergy Efficiency Consultants and Sustainable Design Engineers820 Davis Street, Suite 300Evanston, Illinois 60201.4446

©2023 Grumman/Butkus Associates, Ltd.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction............................................................................................................................1Executive Summary................................................................................................................2List of Universities..................................................................................................................3University of Hawaii Manoa...................................................................................................4

Campus Overview...............................................................................................................4Campus Energy Summary...................................................................................................5Campus Energy Efficiency and Sustainability Efforts.........................................................5

Process............................................................................................................................5Results.............................................................................................................................6Projects...........................................................................................................................6

Cornell University...................................................................................................................7Campus Overview...............................................................................................................7Campus Energy Summary...................................................................................................8Campus Energy Efficiency and Sustainability Efforts.........................................................9

Process............................................................................................................................9Results...........................................................................................................................10Projects.........................................................................................................................10

Massachusetts Institute of Technology.................................................................................12Campus Overview.............................................................................................................12Campus Energy Summary.................................................................................................13Campus Energy Efficiency and Sustainability Efforts.......................................................13

Process..........................................................................................................................13Results...........................................................................................................................14Projects.........................................................................................................................14

Stanford University...............................................................................................................16Campus Overview.............................................................................................................16Campus Energy Summary.................................................................................................17Campus Energy Efficiency and Sustainability Efforts.......................................................18


University of Minnesota........................................................................................................20Campus Overview.............................................................................................................20Campus Energy Summary.................................................................................................21Campus Energy Efficiency and Sustainability Efforts.......................................................22


University of Illinois at Chicago............................................................................................24Campus Overview.............................................................................................................24Campus Energy Summary.................................................................................................25Campus Energy Efficiency and Sustainability Efforts.......................................................25

Process..........................................................................................................................25Results...........................................................................................................................26

ii

Projects:........................................................................................................................26University of California Irvine..............................................................................................27

Campus Overview.............................................................................................................27Campus Energy Summary.................................................................................................28Campus Energy Efficiency and Sustainability Efforts.......................................................28


University of California Davis...............................................................................................31Campus Overview.............................................................................................................31Campus Energy Summary.................................................................................................32*Data from 2010-2011......................................................................................................32Campus Energy Efficiency and Sustainability Efforts.......................................................33


University of California Merced............................................................................................35Campus Overview.............................................................................................................35Campus Energy Summary.................................................................................................36Campus Energy Efficiency and Sustainability Efforts.......................................................36

Process..........................................................................................................................36Results...........................................................................................................................37Projects:........................................................................................................................37

University of Colorado Boulder............................................................................................38Campus Overview.............................................................................................................38Campus Energy Summary.................................................................................................39Campus Energy Efficiency and Sustainability Efforts.......................................................39

Process..........................................................................................................................39Results...........................................................................................................................40Projects:........................................................................................................................40

Common Energy and Water Efficency Measures..................................................................42Heating Plant....................................................................................................................42

Burner Upgrades...........................................................................................................42RO Water for Boiler Make-up........................................................................................42Stack Economizer..........................................................................................................42VFDs on Boiler Feed Water or Transfer Pumps............................................................42Reduce Boiler Pressure.................................................................................................42Steam Trap Repair/Replacement...................................................................................43Small/Summer Boiler....................................................................................................43Blow Down Heat Recovery............................................................................................43

Cooling Plant.....................................................................................................................43Chilled Water Reset.......................................................................................................43Condenser Water Reset.................................................................................................44Convert from Constant Volume Primary/Secondary to Primary only Variable Volume or Secondary Variable Volume..........................................................................................44Variable Frequency Drives on Cooling Towers.............................................................44Variable Frequency Drives on Chillers..........................................................................44High Efficiency Chillers.................................................................................................44Ice or Chilled Water Storage.........................................................................................45

Higher Efficiency Coolant.............................................................................................45Replace Air-Cooled Equipment with Evaporative Cooled..............................................45Non-chemical Water Treatment....................................................................................45Increase Tower Cycles of Concentration.......................................................................45Water Side Economizer.................................................................................................45

HVAC Systems..................................................................................................................45Convert Constant Volume Systems to Variable Air Volume..........................................45Static Pressure Reset for VAV AHUs.............................................................................46Supply Air Temperature Reset......................................................................................46Direct Digital Control Systems......................................................................................46Reduce Laboratory Air Change Rates...........................................................................46Demand Response Laboratory Airflow..........................................................................47Air-to-Air Energy Recovery............................................................................................47CO2 based Demand Control Ventilation........................................................................48Low Pressure Drop Duct and Pipe Design.....................................................................48

Plumbing Systems.............................................................................................................48Low-Flow Fixtures and Flush Devices...........................................................................48Condensate Recovery:...................................................................................................48Rainwater Harvesting...................................................................................................48

Buildings/Structures.........................................................................................................48Window Replacement....................................................................................................48Insulate Walls and Roofs...............................................................................................49

Renewables.......................................................................................................................49Solar Thermal................................................................................................................49Solar Photovoltaic.........................................................................................................49

Lighting.............................................................................................................................49Daylighting....................................................................................................................49Occupancy Sensors for Lighting Control.......................................................................50LED Exit Sign Lighting..................................................................................................50Replace Incandescent Lamps with CFLs or LEDs.........................................................50Delamp Interior Light Fixtures.....................................................................................50

Equipment.........................................................................................................................50ENERGY STAR Equipment............................................................................................51Use High Performance Fume Hoods.............................................................................51Reduce Hood Minimum Airflow.....................................................................................51

Commissioning..................................................................................................................51Innovative and Less Common Measures...............................................................................53

Ground-Source Systems....................................................................................................53Combined Heat and Power Systems.................................................................................53

Common Themes and Applications.......................................................................................54Lessons Learned, Conclusions and Recommendations.........................................................55Sources and Acknowledgements..........................................................................................56

INTRODUCTION

The International Institute for Sustainable Laboratories (I2SL®) has retained Grumman/Butkus Associates under a grant from the University of Hawaii to begin development of a database describing the energy efficiency programs at ten of the leading colleges and universities in the U.S. The goal of the project is to help further energy efficiency and sustainability efforts at all research universities by creating a central database describing successful strategies and lessons learned from these universities. Initially, ten universities with significant energy efficiency programs were selected. Selections were made based on previous involvement with I2SL® and the Labs21 program.This report provides information on each university’s efforts. In addition, the information from all these ten universities is aggregated to draw conclusions about the state of energy efficiency programs at research universities. This report presents the most common strategies utilized as well as any unique or innovative measures that have been implemented successfully, lessons learned, goals set and the progress being made in meeting these goals, and savings obtained to date.

I2SL Draft ReportCase Studies October 7, 2013G/BA #P13-0097 Page 1

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The International Institute for Sustainable Laboratories (I2SL®) has retained Grumman/Butkus Associates under a grant from the University of Hawaii to begin development of a database describing the energy efficiency programs at ten of the leading colleges and universities in the U.S. One of the goals of the project is to foster the cross fertilization of ideas and alliances between universities. Another goal is to encourage energy efficiency and sustainability at other universities by showcasing the accomplishments of the universities profiled in this report. A common definition for sustainability is "meet present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs" (World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987). Sustainability encompasses many ideas, including energy and water conservation, resource conservation, and indoor and outdoor environmental quality. Sustainability is an important global issue, and is also an important issue on university campuses. Many students are interested in the environment and want to attend universities that understand that and reflect this value in the decisions made in regards to sustainability and global climate change.

Draft Report I2SLOctober 7, 2013 Case StudiesPage 2 G/BA #P13-0097

LIST OF UNIVERSITIES

1. University of Hawaii2. Cornell University3. Massachusetts Institute of Technology4. Stanford University5. University of Minnesota6. University of Illinois at Chicago7. University of California Irvine8. University of California Davis9. University of California Merced10. University of Colorado at Boulder


UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII MANOA

Campus OverviewThe University of Hawaii is located in Honolulu, Hawaii. The public research university was founded in 1907. It has nine schools and nine colleges and offers over 293 courses of undergraduate, graduate, and professional study. The school is a land, sea, and space research grant institution. It is located on 302 acres near downtown Honolulu. The campus calendar includes fall, winter, spring, and summer sessions. The fall and spring sessions are about 16 weeks. There are two summer sessions.

Table 1 : Campus Statistics

Number of Buildings

Campus Square Footage

Office

Laboratory

Classroom

Residential

Other

Number of Students 20,426

Number of Faculty 1,201

The University of Hawaii is located on Hawaii’s big island of Oahu. The climate in this area is generally mild with a dry summer and winter rainfall. In the winter temperatures are warm and rarely below the upper 50s. Summer temperatures are usually warm to hot.

Table 2 : Campus Climate Statistics

ASHRAE

Climate Zone

Heating

Degree Days

Cooling

Degree Days

Rainfall

(inches)

Elevation (feet)

Latitude/

Longitude

1A 0 9,949 17.05 1821.31⁰

N/ 157.86⁰

W


Figure 1 : Plot of Hourly Temperature and Humidity Data

Campus Energy Summary

Table 3 : Campus Energy Statistics

Annual Electric

ity Usage (kWh)

Annual Natural

Gas Usage (therm

s)

Annual Diesel Usage (gallon

s)

Water/Sewer

Campus Energy Efficiency and Sustainability Efforts

Process Adopted in 2003, the UH Manoa Charter of Sustainability introduced nine strategic goals. Among these goals is to use energy wisely and minimize water usage. In 2005 a retreat was used to strategize on how to make the campus more sustainable. The Green Building Design and Clean Energy Policy came into effect in 2006. This policy requires new buildings to be built to at least LEED Silver. Labs are required to follow the Labs21 environmental performance criteria. The policy also prioritizes energy conservation projects.


In 2008 the University began implementing “Green Days”. On “Green Days” air conditioning and lighting use is reduced to save energy. The Manoa Sustainability Council was formed in 2009. This group of students, faculty, and staff helps guide the University on sustainability issues.

Results i. % reduction in energy usage, costii. % reduction in water usage, cost

Projects


CORNELL UNIVERSITY

Campus OverviewCornell University is an Ivy League school located in Ithaca, New York. The private research university was founded in 1865 by Ezra Cornell and Andrew Dickson White and first opened to students in 1868. It has seven undergraduate colleges and four graduate and professional schools. The nearly 100 academic departments offer 70 undergraduate majors and 93 areas of graduate studies. Cornell granted the world’s first degrees in journalism, veterinary medicine and the first doctorates in electrical and industrial engineering.The campus calendar includes fall, winter, spring, and summer sessions. The fall and spring sessions are about 16 weeks. The winter session is a shorter 3 week semester and the summer has 3-week, 6-week, and 8-week sessions.


Number of Buildings 604

Campus Square Footage 15,500,000

Office 2,414,000

Laboratory 2,388,000

Classroom 438,000

Residential 1,806,000

Other 8,486,000



Cornell is located in northern New York. The climate in this area offers four distinct seasons. The winters are cold and dry with an average daytime temperature of about 30°F. The winters are marked by significant cloud cover and an average of 123.8 inches of snow. Summer temperatures are usually moderate and humidity levels are generally comfortable for all but a few days a year.



ASHRAE

Climate Zone

Heating

Degree Days

Cooling

Degree Days

Rainfall

(inches)

Elevation (feet)

Latitude/

Longitude

6A 6,834 2,399 38.47 446 2.44⁰ N/ 76.50⁰ W




Annual Electric

ity Usage (kWh)

Annual Natural

Gas Usage (therm

s)


s)

Water/Sewer

244.1 million

26.1 million 63,000 50.2

MMCF

a. 48.3 million ton-hrs chilled water FY12



Process Cornell University is working toward making their campus more sustainable through many different aspects. In particular it has been focusing on ten different areas. These are climate, energy, food, buildings, land, people, purchasing, transportation, waste and water. The school currently has eight LEED Gold certified buildings and one LEED platinum certified building. All new buildings must at least get LEED silver certification and must have 30% energy savings compared to ASHRAE’S 90.1 baseline. In order to save energy the university has upgraded its central heating plant into a Combined Heat and Power (CHP) plant. This new plant produces heat and electricity together and cuts greenhouse gas emissions by 20%.Cornell has a long history of promoting energy efficiency. Beginning in 1904 with the small-scale "run of river" hydro-plant, which has been upgraded and still in operation providing over 2% of the Campus's annual electric consumption. Lake Source Cooling started in 2000. Cornell committed to the Kyoto Protocol in 2001. Energy conservation has been a formal part of budgeting and campus operation since the 1970's. Combined heat and power has been a significant part of the Central Energy Plant since 1986. For the purposes of this survey, we selected 2008 as the start date. 2008 coincides with our Climate Action Plan commitment of achieving a carbon neutral campus by 2050. This Plan fully recognized energy conservation as a critical action within the overall larger goal of carbon neutrality.The process for energy efficiency efforts is structured around (1) Preventive Maintenance, (2) Building system upgrades and (3) Outreach. Dramatic and lasting conservation results are achieved by continuously optimizing our building automation and control systems, heat recovery systems, and lighting systems. Conservation focused preventive maintenance on these systems reduces usage and maintains performance. Conservation studies and capital improvement projects add the latest features that can be cost effectively retrofitted to existing systems. New construction and renovation on campus are guided by mandated features, energy usage intensity goals, and life cycle cost benefit analysis. A study/economic analysis is almost always performed. Sometimes the analysis is performed in house for smaller projects. The depth of the study is dependent on the scale of the project and the funding available for the study. NYSERDA provides funding support through its Existing Buildings Program for energy conservation. That funding covers pre-approved measures (which do not require a study) and performance based (which does require a study). Comprehensive energy studies are also performed. Typically, the study is performed by a New York State Energy Research and Development Authority approved consultant. The study develops a list of Facility Improvement Measures (FIMS) and provides the savings, costs and payback for each measure. Cornell Energy Management staff, in concert with a building representative, discuss the recommendations and select those that meet current budget and payback criteria. Audits are not explicitly conducted using the ASHRAE levels, but are conducted to meet the study criteria established by Cornell and NYSERDA.Present efforts:

Conservation Outreach Energy Conservation Initiative Conservation focused preventive maintenance Energy studies Building systems conservation projects - lighting and heating, ventilating,

and air conditioning, weatherization, insulation, and refrigeration.


Demand controlled ventilation/occupancy sensor based control strategies Adaptive fume hoods User friendly environmental controls Green office equipment and computing High efficiency humidification and controls Growth chamber lighting and controls retrofits

Results Efforts completed before 2000 reduced energy use by 30%. Efforts since 2000 have reduced energy usage 5% and when the capital program is completed in 2015 by 15% versus 2010. Since 2010 the campus has avoided 1.2 million per year.The current ECI capital program will continue thru fiscal year 2015. It is anticipated that total ECI project over the 5-year period will be approximately $33 million dollars. Savings are projected at $3 million annually. Future efforts will continue through all buildings, based on payback and availability of capital. Metering is essential. Hire a skilled engineer with real building experience and knowledge to do energy studies and designs. Standardize controls hardware software and project delivery methods. Utilize a skilled and dedicated internal team to lead and manage the energy conservation program.The Energy Conservation Initiative's (ECI) goal is to decrease building energy consumption by 15% compared with a 2010 baseline. Together with efforts before 2010 Cornell has been able to stabilize and reduce campus total energy use while increasing campus square footage significantly along with major renovation of existing space.

Projects The Central Energy Plant has a combined heat and power system using natural gas combustion turbines with heat recovery steam generators supplemented with natural gas fired duct burners to provide most of the campus electric and heating needs. Utilizing CHP is significantly more efficient than procuring electric off the grid and burning fossil fuels for heating needs. The plant also uses steam turbine generators that use high pressure steam to generate electricity. The Central Energy Plant also utilizes a renewable resource (Lake Source Cooling) to provide for air inlet cooling (to increase turbine efficiency) and equipment cooling. Nearly every fan and pump utilizes variable speed drives. Heat recovery minimizes the use of new energy along with regular insulation surveys and repairs. Campus steam Since 2000, over 95% of campus chilled water is provided from Lake Source Cooling, which uses a renewable resource (cold water of Cayuga Lake). Cold lake water is piped to a heat exchanger facility where it cools the campus chilled water loop, the lake water is then returned to the lake. Lake Source Cooling, with a coefficient of performance (COP)of 25, is 400% more efficient than conventional chillers with a COP of 6. In addition, Lake Source Cooling does not use refrigerants. Variable drives on all pumps and one chiller minimize motor energy use. A 4.4 million gallon chilled water thermal storage tank shifts electric use to off peak and improves chiller efficiency with night time temperatures. Demand control ventilation and make-up air, aggressive variable volume space airflow and temperature controls with occupancy sensors, high efficiency lighting, insulation repairs and upgrades, refrigeration controls upgrades, and minimization/ elimination of humidification are the leading measures. Heat recovery to preheat the incoming outside air with some of the heat in the exhaust air is always used in new construction and


renovation, but has only been possible in a few energy retrofits. Kroch library replaced an existing chiller with desiccant dehumidification and campus chilled water for space cooling. Another measure is extensive modification to laboratory airflows. Reducing air change rates to 3 (unoccupied) and 6 (occupied) significantly reduces lab energy use. New buildings are required to meet LEED Silver. In addition, energy use intensity targets (EUI) are established to challenge designers. Major building renovations include consideration of envelope improvement to increase "R" value. Other ECI project efforts include re-caulking of windows.Constructed in 2009, the Central Energy Plant utilizes combined heat and power plant to produce electric and steam for the campus. Two small of solar thermal locations (1) Central Energy Plant office for building heating and service hot water heating; and (2) Plantations Welcome Center for partial building heating. This system provide 10% of the Plantations Welcome Center comfort heating needs. Small Scale Solar PV is currently installed at two locations on campus, (1) Day Hall (15kw peak) and (2) Cornell Store (2.2kw peak). A "run of river" hydroplant on Fall Creek makes about 6 million kwh/yearCornell has partnered with a 3rd Party developer who will build a 2MW solar PV facility on Cornell land. Cornell will enter into a Power Purchase Agreement to buy the electric generated (approximately 1% of campus electric use)Extensive lighting upgrades/retrofits along with controls have been performed across multiple campus facilities. Our new energy conservation engagement campaign includes green purchasing, green office and green laboratories programs. The new energy dashboard will help people minimize and understand electric use.


MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Campus OverviewMassachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is an Ivy League school located on 168 acres in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The private research institute was founded in 1861 by William Barton Rogers. The institute is comprised of five schools with 46 undergraduate major and 49 minor programs. Graduate study is through 24 graduate departments that include both master’s degree and doctoral candidates.The fall and the spring academic term are both about 15 weeks. In January there is three week independent study period. The regular summer session is about 10 weeks.


Number of Buildings 158 (110 in Cambridge)


Office 2,200,000

Laboratory

Classroom 7,700,000


Other


Number of Faculty (teaching staff) 1,753

MIT is located on the coast of Massachusetts. The climate in this area offers four distinct seasons. The winters are cold and dry with average daytime temperatures in the low to mid thirties. The winters are marked by significant cloud cover and an average of 45.1 inches of snow. Summer temperatures are usually warm to hot and summers can be humid.


ASHRAE

Climate Zone

Heating

Degree Days

Cooling

Degree Days

Rainfall

(inches)

Elevation (feet)

Latitude/

Longitude

5A 5,641 2,897 43.69 3042.37⁰

N/: 71.11⁰ W





Annual Electric

ity Usage (kWh)

Annual Natural

Gas Usage (therm

s)


s)

Water/Sewer


Process MIT’s energy efficiency and sustainability efforts began over 20 years ago. In 1992 lighting retrofits and campus buildings reduced annual electricity usage by 11 million kWh. In 1995 the campuses efficient natural gas cogeneration plant led to a 32% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. Also in the 1990s the campus began water conservation efforts that have resulted in reducing water usage by 60%, saving 70,000,000 gallons per year.In 2001, MIT increased their commitment to sustainability by committing to a set of guiding principles. These guiding principles focus on important sustainability issues such as energy conservation, reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, reduction of materials and water consumption, reductions in waste, and increasing purchases of recycled materials.


MIT began tracking greenhouse gas emissions in 2003. The Community Solar Power initiative brought 25 solar photovoltaic projects to campus in 2005.The MIT Energy Initiative launched the Campus Energy Task Force in 2006. The task force is composed of students, faculty, and staff. The goal is to utilize research done at MIT to save energy on campus and to involve the entire campus community. MIT is also partnering with their electric and natural gas utility NSTAR on a 3-year program called MIT Efficiency Forward. A fund of $13 million dollars was set up in 2010 to facilitate energy efficiency improvements. This money came from various sources including MIT donors and the utility. Energy cost savings from the program will be used to fund future projects. The program had a two year energy savings goal of 22 million kWh, which was exceeded in 2011.

Results Investments in energy savings have been paying off at MIT. The campus saved 191,000 MMBtu from fiscal year 2007 to fiscal year 2012. This equates to a savings of $4.5 million. In 2012 alone the campus saved 5.6 million kWh of electricity. Savings were generated from lighting projects, central plant upgrades, demand controlled ventilation, reduction in airflow, variable frequency drives, chiller replacement, and refrigerator replacement. Over 85% of the buildings on campus have had some type of energy efficiency upgrade. MIT has also committed to energy efficiency and sustainability in new buildings. The school also has one LEED Gold building and one LEED Silver certified building. They also currently have two building that have certification pending and are expected to obtain LEED Gold certification.

Projects MIT has implemented many successful energy efficiency projects. In addition they have engaged the MIT community to change behavior. Examples of behavior change programs include reminders to turn off lighting, close fume hood sashes and use revolving doors. Efforts to serve energy from computer and equipment ranges from user behavior modifications such as printing less, turning off computers and equipment, and using power saving modes. The MIT Information Services and Technology office is also involved in these efforts by studying data center efficiency and employing efficient equipment. The MIT natural gas Cogeneration plant consists of a 20 MW turbine that produces electricity and useful thermal energy. The project cost $40 million dollars to build. The project reduces greenhouse gas emissions by 45% compared to grid generated power. Lighting efficiency projects have been a big energy saver on campus. Projects range from fixture relamping and reballasting to new fixtures. Lighting controls such as occupancy sensors have also been deployed. Buildings 34, 35, 37, 38, 39, NW13, NW14, NW15, NW16, NW17, NW20, NW21, NW22, Stratton Student Center, and Stata Center completed lighting upgrade projects as part of the MIT Efficiency Forward program.Astronomical time clocks with accurate sunset and sunrise schedules control the exterior lighting. These time clocks eliminate the need to reprogram the clocks to account for daylight savings time. MIT has installed 60 kW of solar photovoltaic panels. These installations are on the roofs of the Stratton Student Center, the Alumni Pool Building, Hayden Library, and the MIT Museum.Laboratories are the most energy intensive buildings on campus. Much of this energy usage can be attributed to fume hoods that exhaust hazardous fumes from the laboratories. Staff from campus facilities and Environmental Health and Safety worked together to


determine that they could reduce the flow through the fume hoods. In Building 18, the face velocity was reduced from 100 feet per minute to 80 feet per minute. This saves electricity by reducing fan flow and saves energy required to heat or cool the air. In Building 68 MIT used a data-based commissioning process to identify energy conservation measures. These measures were mainly programming changes to the building controls. These changes reduced simultaneous heating and cooling, improved heat recovery performance, and setback air temperatures. In the spring of 2006, a Steam Trap Program was started to survey most of the 6,000 steam traps on campus. I was determined that 20% of them had failed. The failure of a steam trap (in open or closed position), significantly reduces functional energy efficiency of the system and increases cost of operation. Phase I involved replacing roughly 750 steam traps and 70 control valves. 1,050 steam traps and 160 control valves are to be replaced in Phase II.The Barker Library main reading room was renovated and fitted with new acoustical upgrades, lighting and finishing. LED task and under shelving lighting was installed for the cluster study and wall mounted carrels. Finish was reapplied to the large tables and wall mounted carrels. Chairs and ottomans were stripped down to their wooden frames and then reupholstered. Many measures were taken in order to cut down on long term usage of electrical power, low construction costs and to utilize environmentally conscious products.An FY07 CRSP study examined current energy needs and potential for future renovating. The study assessed that renovations to the basement, first and second floors of the Dewey Library would be advantageous, and were completed in October 2009. A savings of 15,000 kilowatt hours of electricity is being collected as a result of high efficiency lighting and occupancy sensors that were installed. The floors were also renovated and compact shelving installed.Westgate Window caulking was fully abated, the surrounding masonry surfaces were encapsulated, and contaminated soil was removed through the duration of this project. Four low-rise apartment buildings built in 1964 make up the housing complex. PCBs were contained in the window caulking. Recent regulations obligated MIT to resolve this issue before any problems arose. A full abatement project was completed from the summer of 2008 to the fall of 2009.


STANFORD UNIVERSITY

Campus OverviewStanford University.is a private research university located near Palo Alto, California. The university was established by Jane and Leland Stanford and opened in 1891. The campus is spread over 8,180 acres. The university has seven schools, four of which are graduate professional schools. Degrees conferred include bachelor’s degrees, master’s degrees, Ph.Ds, law degrees, and medical degrees. The academic year is comprised of autumn, winter, and spring quarters that are each about 10 weeks. About 70% of students live on campus during the academic year.




Office

Laboratory

Classroom

Residential

Other



Stanford University is located near the northern California coast. The area is surrounded by mountains on three sides and can be semi-arid. The climate in this area is generally mild with sunshine most of the year. In the winter daytime temperature averages are in the mid-fifties. Summer temperatures are usually warm to hot.



ASHRAE

Climate Zone

Heating

Degree Days

Cooling

Degree Days

Rainfall

(inches)

Elevation (feet)

Latitude/

Longitude

3C 2,387 3,935 16.15 7537.42⁰

N/: 122.17 ⁰

W


Campus Energy SummaryThe following table includes data from the 2011/2012 academic year.


Annual Electricity Usage (million

kWh)

Steam Usage (millio

n pounds

)

Chilled Water Usage

(million ton-hrs)

Building Energy

Consumption

(MMBtu)

Water Usage

(million gallons)

207.8 839 55.1 2,523,793 786.7



Process Stanford began its energy management program in the 1970s. Since then the program has grown and expanded to include many different aspects of sustainability. In 1993 Stanford began offering energy efficiency rebates to Stanford Utility users. Stanford University has won many awards for its leadership in green technology and new buildings. It has one LEED Gold certified building, one LEED platinum certified building and a LEED-EBOM certified building. Many of its other recent buildings have made the Top Ten Green Projects of the year. They also have an energy efficiency program that has led to a 35% drop in electrical usage, 43% drop in steam use and a 62% drop in chilled water use. Measures have also been taken to make the IT systems more sustainable in order to conserve electricity. The Stanford Energy System Innovation (SESI) will be completed by 2015 and will recover up to 70% of discharged by the cooling system which will cover at least 80% of the campus’s heating demands.There are two funding mechanisms for energy efficiency projects on campus. The first is the Energy Retrofit Program. This program is funded through a surcharge on the electricity bills for Stanford Utility users. It generates about $½ to 1 ½ million per year for energy projects. The second is the Whole Building Energy Retrofit Program. This program has $30 million in funding. The goal is to fund large capital projects. Measurement and verification is an important part of the projects that are funded through the Whole Building Energy Retrofit Program.

Results Stanford has been steadily improving the EUI of the campus. They have added over 1,000,000 ft2 of lab space which has increased the overall energy usage of the campus, but the EUI has decreased by 6% since 2000. There have been even more impressive reductions in water consumption. The campus has reduced water consumption by 21%.

Projects Stanford recognizes that laboratories are some of the largest energy users on campus. They use the Labs 21 Benchmarking Tool to benchmark labs. Based on the benchmarking results they target the top users for energy efficiency projects. Air-handling units in many labs have been converted from constant volume to variable air volume. In addition controls have been upgraded to DDC. The Office of Sustainability is working with Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) on strategies to reduce airflow in labs. Most of the labs currently operate at 6 to 8 air changes per hour. Reducing this airflow would save energy. Other strategies such as proximity sensors on fume hoods and air quality monitoring are being considered. Besides reductions in airflow, the Office of Sustainability is working with users to reduce the energy usage of material storage. For some materials, storage at room temperature may work well. Reducing the amount of materials that need to be kept frozen would reduce the number of freezer required by labs on campus and reduce freezer energy usage.Many buildings use recycled water from Stanford’s Central Energy Facility in toilets, urinals, and for some lab processes and rainwater is harvested in many of the buildings for irrigation. A variety of sustainability strategies (such as photovoltaic cells, maximized use of natural light, automated control systems, natural ventilation, high-efficiency glazing, sun shades, reflective roofing surfaces, and trellis shading) are used in many of the buildings on campus.


The Jerry Yang and Akiko Yamazaki Environment + Energy (Y2E2) Building is a mixed-usage, high-performance building that serves as a learning tool for both building occupants and the campus community. A donor-funded effort, initiated by Stanford Woods Institute faculty and coordinated through Stanford’s Office of Sustainability, to pursue LEED-EBOM (Existing Building: Operations & Maintenance) certification is currently underway. Y2E2 uses only 58 percent energy and 10 percent total water compared to a building with traditional fixtures and systems and large swaths of the building don’t require air conditioning and rely on natural light during the day. Other sustainability measures include:

Efficient active beams for mechanical cooling. Ventilation through internal atria, windows, and vents. Three solar photovoltaic installations to lower energy demands. Water conservation systems, including waterless urinals and dual-flush

toilets. Extensive use of recycled materials and sustainable products.

The Knight Management Center (KMC) is a 360,000 square-foot complex for the Graduate School of Business consisting of eight buildings. It earned a LEED-NC Platinum® rating from the U.S. Green Building Council, which is the organization’s highest certification level. The building contains a variety of energy efficiency features, including rooftop PV panels (which generate roughly 12.5 percent of KMC’s electricity needs), daylighting, automatic light sensors, rainwater capture, storage, and reuse for onsite irrigation, recycled content in 25 percent of building materials, and more than 98 percent of waste from building construction diverted from landfill.Carnegie Institution's Global Ecology Research Center is an extremely low-energy laboratory and office building that emits 72 percent less carbon and uses 33 percent less water than a comparable building. It features an evaporative downdraft cooling tower, an exterior made from salvaged wine-cask redwood, no-irrigation landscaping, dual-flush toilets, and low-flow faucets.The Leslie Shao-ming Sun Field Station at the Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve provides a natural laboratory for researchers and educational experiences for students. Sustainable elements include a 22-kilowatt, grid-connected photovoltaic system; a sophisticated energy monitoring system; waterless urinals, dual-flush toilets, and tankless water heaters; and salvaged materials used for siding, brick paving, casework, furniture and bathroom partitions.


UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA

Campus OverviewUniversity of Minnesota is a large state university that serves several campuses in Minnesota. It was founded in 1851. There are three campuses in the Twin Cities that together comprise over 1,233 acres in Minneapolis and St. Paul. The public research university has 19 colleges and schools. Degrees conferred include bachelor’s degrees, master’s degrees, Ph.Ds, law degrees, and medical degrees. In addition the university has agriculture and veterinary medicine programs. The fall and spring semesters are about 15 weeks. In addition there are two, seven week sessions each semester. In the summer there are 10-week, 8-week, and two 4-week sessions. About 13% of students live on campus during the academic year.

Table 13 : Campus Statistics (2010-2011)



Office

Laboratory

Classroom

Residential

Other



The University of Minnesota is located in central Minnesota. The climate in this area offers four distinct seasons. The winters are cold and dry with an average temperature of about 20°F. The winters have an average of 55.5 inches of snow. Summer temperatures can be hot and humid.


ASHRAE

Climate Zone

Heating

Degree Days

Cooling

Degree Days

Rainfall

(inches)

Elevation (feet)

Latitude/

Longitude

6A 7,981 2,680 32.59 841 44.98⁰ N/


93.26⁰ W





kWh)

Steam Usage (millio

n pounds

)

Chilled Water Usage

(million ton-hrs)

Building Energy

Consumption

(MMBtu)

Water Usage

(million gallons)

3,167,382 561.6


Process The Twin Cities Sustainability Committee is the entity that plans and implements sustainability efforts on campus. In addition there is a Sustainability Office that employs both students and staff to help with sustainability efforts on campus. The university also has a Director of Sustainability. The Director of Sustainability works with various sustainability groups to coordinate efforts and further sustainability on campus.


The University of Minnesota has been following the 2030 Challenge in which they plan to make all of their buildings to meet standards that are 60% less than the average for a building in Minnesota in 2003 for fossil fuels, greenhouse gas emissions and energy performance. They have signed the American College & University Presidents’ Climate Commitment (ACUPCC) in which they pledge to climate neutrality. Currently the school has one LEED Silver certified building and one LEED Gold certified building. Five other buildings on the campus have also been upgraded for energy efficiency.

Results In 2005, the University of Minnesota used 3,643,697 mmBtu of energy. In 2010-2011, annual energy usage was reduced to 3,167,382 mmBtu. Campus building space increased from 20,418,745 gross square feet to 21,449,414 gross square feet over this same time frame. The campus energy usage intensity decreased by almost 18%. Facilities Management Produces a Building Energy Report Card. The report card assigns an excellent, good, or poor to each building based whether the building meets its energy usage target. The report card includes each building’s square footage and the energy usage per square foot. A color coded map provides a quick reference for the campus. The campus has web based building energy dashboards for many buildings on campus. The dashboards provide real time energy usage data. Facilities Management is also tracking the campus peak demand in order to reduce the peak. Efforts in 2013 helped reduce the July 2013 demand by 6.6% from the July 2012 demand and save approximately $53,000.

Projects Several programs are helping to make laboratories on campus more sustainable. There is a chemical redistribution/ reuse program that aims to reduce chemical waste by distributing unwanted but still usable chemicals to other labs on campus. The university also encourages researchers to reduce chemical use as much as possible. The latest Climate Action Plan calls out strategies for 2011 to 2016 to reduce lab airflows and use low-flow fume hoods. Efforts are also being made to educate fume hood users about the energy savings from keeping fume hood closed as much as possible. Since 2004 the university has been working with their utility Xcel Energy to recommission buildings on campus. The program brings in outside consultants to look at energy efficiency improvements to a building’s heating, cooling, and controls systems. Fifty three buildings are in progress or have completed the recommissioning process. $2.6 million in savings were identified and projects that will save an estimated $1.5 milllion have been completed. In 2005 the St. Paul campus finished a new central chiller. This new chiller plant is located in a historic building. It replaces inefficient chillers in 16 buildings. Annual energy cost and maintenance savings from the new plant are estimated at $1 million per year. In 2006, the university began burning oat hulls in the Southeast Steam Plant. This plant provides steam for the Twin Cities campus. The oat hulls are burned in combination with natural gas and coal which cuts down on pollution and carbon emissions when compared to the previous natural gas and coal mix. It is estimated that burning oat hulls saves about $2 million dollars per year. TCF Bank Stadium, the university’s 50,805 seat football stadium was completed in 2009. The building achieved LEED Silver certification. The stadium has a reflective roof to reduce the heat island effect. It also has features to reduce water usage for landscape irrigation by 50% and indoor potable water usage by 30%.The Science Teaching and Student Services building was certified LEED Gold in 2011. This building utilizes underfloor air delivery. The façade was designed to reduce solar heat gain


by 50%. Water conservation was also a strong consideration in the design and reduces potable water usage by 50%.A 38.4 kW photovoltaic solar array was installed on the roof of the University Office Plaza Building in 2012. It is estimated that the array will provide 3.8% of the building’s electricity.


UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT CHICAGO

Campus OverviewUniversity of Illinois at Chicago started with several offshoots from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champagne, beginning with health professions in 1896. After World War II the university formed a two year branch campus in Chicago. The current campus opened in 1965 and in 1982 the university and medical center combined to form a single public research university. The university has 15 colleges and offers bachelors, masters, and doctoral degrees along with professional degrees. The fall and spring semesters are about 15 weeks. In the summer there is a 4-week and an 8-week session.


Number of Buildings


Office


Classroom

Residential 852,255

Other (Health Care) 509,010



The University of Illinois-Chicago is located in Chicago, Illinois. Chicago is located on the shore of Lake Michigan which serves to temper the temperatures. The climate in this area offers four distinct seasons. The winters are cold and dry with an average temperature of about 30°F. The winters have an average of 37.8 inches of snow. Summer temperatures can be hot and humid.


ASHRAE

Climate Zone

Heating

Degree Days

Cooling

Degree Days

Rainfall

(inches)

Elevation (feet)

Latitude/

Longitude

5A 6,176 3,251 123.1 64741.85⁰

N/ 87.65⁰ W






kWh)

Steam Usage (millio

n pounds

)

Chilled Water Usage

(million ton-hrs)

Building Energy

Consumption

(MMBtu)

Water Usage

(million gallons)

3,418,188


Process The Campus Task Force on Sustainability was given the responsibility of advancing sustainability on campus in 2007. This task force was comprised of students, faculty, and staff. In 2008 the Office of Sustainability was created. This office is headed by the Associate Chancellor of Sustainability. The University of Illinois at Chicago is a charter participant in the Sustainability Tracking and Rating System (STARS) and in the Illinois Campus Sustainability Compact. UIC has two LEED Gold certified buildings and has four buildings with green roofs. All future buildings must have at least LEED Silver certification. They have a Climate Action Plan that is planned to be completed by 2050 and will reduce carbon emissions by at least 80%. There


is also research into sustainability going on and many related student groups are active on campus.

Results In 2005, the University of Illinois at Chicago used 3,764,200 mmBtu of energy. In 2010, annual energy usage was reduced to 3,418,404 mmBtu. Campus building space increased from 13,133,404 gross square feet to 14,641,390 gross square feet over this same time frame. The campus energy usage intensity decreased by almost 19%.

Projects: The University of Illinois at Chicago recognizes that laboratory energy use is much higher than classroom or office buildings and is targeting lab buildings for retro-commissioning. Retro-commissioning is a systematic process that documents low-cost operating and maintenance improvements in order to optimize existing system performance. The College of Medicine Research Building and the Outpatient Care Center have been through the retro-commissioning process. Several other labs are using Energy Service Performance Contracts (ESPC) to fund energy efficiency measures. The Science and Engineering Laboratories, Engineering Research Facility, and Science and Engineering South have implemented lighting retrofits and DDC upgrades. In addition the fan systems were converted from constant volume to variable volume, higher performance VAV fume hoods were installed, and air-handling units were downsized. Several other buildings on campus have been renovated with energy efficiency and sustainability in mind. Grant Hall’s renovation included a new geothermal well field. This is combined with a new high efficiency HVAC system. Windows were replaced and daylight shades were installed to control sunlight and glare. Lincoln Hall was certified LEED Gold in 2010. Modeled energy use for this renovated building was 32.8% lower than the ASHRAE 90.1-2004 baseline. Water usage was reduced by 42%. A solar photovoltaic system generates 9.4% of the buildings electricity. The building has a light colored and highly emissive roof to reduce the urban heat island effect. Other sustainable features include low VOC materials and native drought resistant plantings. The renovated Douglas Hall is home to the College of Business Administration. It is LEED Gold certified. Energy saving features include geothermal wells and automatic lighting controls. There is a solar photovoltaic array on the roof that generates about 8% of the buildings electricity. Water savings was also an important part of the design.


UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA IRVINE

Campus OverviewUniversity of California Irvine is part of the University of California system. The public research university was founded in 1965 in southern California. There are 12 schools and colleges at the university. Degrees conferred include bachelor’s degrees, master’s degrees, Ph.Ds, law degrees, and medical degrees. The academic calendar consists of fall, winter, and spring quarters that last eleven weeks. There is also a summer session that has two 5-week sessions and a 10-week session. About 53% of students live on campus during the academic year.


Number of Buildings


Office


Classroom


Other (Health Care) 385,908



The University of California Irvine is located in southern California. The climate in this area is generally mild with sunshine most of the year. In the winter temperatures range from cool to warm. Summer temperatures are usually warm to hot.



ASHRAE

Climate Zone

Heating

Degree Days

Cooling

Degree Days

Rainfall

(inches)

Elevation (feet)

Latitude/

Longitude

3B 1,238 5,430 13.87 4533.67⁰

N/: 117.82⁰

W





kWh)

Steam Usage (millio

n pounds

)

Chilled Water Usage

(million ton-hrs)

Building Energy

Consumption

(MMBtu)

Water Usage

(million gallons)

1,421,830



Process Since 1992 UC Irvine buildings have been built to perform 20% to 30% better than California’s Title 24 Energy Efficiency Standards. In 1996 the University of California Irvine won an award for Rethinking Energy: A Comprehensive Approach. This was its first recognition for its efforts to be sustainable and since then it has continued to be a trailblazer in making higher education environmentally friendly. In 2003, the University of California system adopted the Policy on Green Building Design and Energy Standards which is now known as the Policy on Sustainable Practices. In 2007 the UC system signed onto the American College and University Presidents Climate Commitment (ACUPCC). To address the requirements from these commitments, a formal UC Irvine Sustainability Committee was organized. This committee includes representatives from the student body, faculty, and administration. The committee meets four to five times a year and adopted the first campus climate action and sustainability plan in 2008.In addition, several academic units contribute to sustainability on campus and off. The UC Irvine Smart Lab program provides leadership in research into efficient laboratory design and operation as well as data on Smart Lab recommendations implemented at the university. The National Fuel Cell Research Center is working on fuel cell development and commercialization.In 2011 UC Irvine was the recipient of Second Nature’s Climate Leadership Award and was ranked 6th by the Sierra Magazine for the “Coolest Schools” search in 2011. It has eight LEED gold certified buildings and one LEED platinum certified building. In the future, the school plans to implement actions to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions and to develop a climate-neutral plan.

Results UC Irvine’s commitment to energy efficiency has yielded impressive savings. It is estimated the projects implemented in 2009 will save 10 million kWh and 73.000 therm in annual energy usage. That equate to an annual savings of about $1.2 millon. The goals for 2010 and 2011 were to save 17 million kWh and 150,000 therms. In 2005, the University of California, Irvine used 1,983,028 mmBtu of energy. In 2012, annual energy usage was reduced to 1,412,830 mmBtu. Campus building space increased from 8,827,965 gross square feet to 10,349,784 gross square feet over this same time frame. The campus energy usage intensity decreased by almost 39%.

Projects The UC Irvine has installed solar photovoltaic panels on eleven campus roofs. These panels will generate an estimated 24 million kWh over the next 20 years. UC Irvine's 18 MW, base-loaded co-generation facility employs five energy recovery methods to efficiently capture and utilize heat produced by electrical generation in order to supply the campus' air-conditioning, power, and heating needs. The plant is operating at about 66% efficiency. The plant also includes a 62,000 ton-hour above ground chilled water system. Lighting projects have been a big energy saver on campus. Between 2006 and 2009 projects were completed in over 30 buildings. Projects include replacing 32 W lamps with 25 W lamps, installation of occupancy sensors, and use of reflectors in fixtures. Building commissioning has also been a tool used to save energy. Sprague Hall, Natural Science 1, Gillespie Research have undergone a monitoring based commissioning process. This process uses data from the monitoring system to optimize system performance. In


addition, retrocommissioning measures such as static pressure reset were completed in many buildings across campus in 2009.Various HVAC projects have been completed. The air-handling units have been converted from constant volume to variable volume at Reines Hall, McGaugh Hall, and Gillespie Neuroscience buildings. Seven buildings were retrofit with a demand controlled ventilation system. The temperature control systems at McGaugh Hall and Reines hall were converted from pneumatic to DDC.Since 2008 UC Irvine’s Smart Labs program has been promoting energy efficient labs. This is accomplished by projects to reduce laboratory energy usage on campus and promoting laboratory energy conservation to other labs. Laboratories are very energy intensive. One of the major contributing factors to this energy usage is the high air change rates in most labs. The goal of the Smart Labs program is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from labs by 50% is comparison to California’s Title 24.The Smart Labs savings strategies include low flow or variable flow fume hoods, variable air volume exhaust, and reduced lab air changes. Sensing of lab contaminants with a system like Acuity and using that information to control airflow is also an important strategy. In addition, reduced power density for lighting systems, lighting controls, and efficient equipment are key components.The Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Laboratory was completed in 2010. This lab features all of the Smart Lab strategies and had a modeled energy savings of 50.4% compared to the Title 24 baseline. It was designed to be California’s most energy efficient laboratory.


UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA DAVIS

Campus OverviewUniversity of California Davis is part of the University of California system. It was founded in 1905 as the University Farm school. Until the 1960s UC Davis was primarily an agriculture school. Today it is a public research university with four colleges and six professional schools that offer 99 undergraduate majors and 90 graduate programs. UC Davis has the largest campus of all of the UC schools with 5,300 acres. The academic calendar consists of fall, winter, and spring quarters that last eleven weeks. There is also a summer session that has two 5-week sessions and a 10-week session. About 16% of students live on campus during the academic year.


Number of Buildings

Campus Square Footage

Office 10,416,496

Laboratory

Classroom

Residential

Other



The University of California Davis is located in the Sacramento Valley. The climate in this area is generally mild with sunshine most of the year. The winters are rainy with temperatures that are cool to warm. Dense fog is a feature of the winters in this area. Summer temperatures are usually hot and dry.



ASHRAE

Climate Zone

Heating

Degree Days

Cooling

Degree Days

Rainfall

(inches)

Elevation (feet)

Latitude/

Longitude

3B 2,749 4,474 19.6 5238.54⁰

N/ 121.74⁰

W



Table 24 : Campus Energy Statistics (2011-2012)


kWh)

Steam Usage (millio

n pounds

)

Chilled Water Usage

(million ton-hrs)

Building Energy

Consumption

(MMBtu)

Water Usage

(million gallons)

1,901,570 984*


*Data from 2010-2011


Process In 2008 the University set up the Office of Environmental Stewardship and Sustainability (ESS). This office is responsible for sustainability efforts on campus. It coordinates efforts in existing campus buildings and develops metrics to track campus sustainability. They also work on new campus projects to reduce their environmental impact. According to the Sierra Magazine’s cool schools survey the University of California Davis was the coolest school of 2012. This is recognition for being a powerhouse when it comes to sustainability. It has three LEED Platinum certified buildings, two LEED Gold certified buildings and LEED Registered building. The campus also has geothermal energy, solar photovoltaic cells, composting, low-impact landscaping, and one zero waste capable building. UC Davis also has a Climate Action Plan to reduce greenhouse gas emissions below 2000 levels, a Smart Lighting Initiative to reduce the use of electricity to 60% by 2015 and to buy local and organic food for dining.

Results In 2005, the University of California, Davis used 2,205,900 mmBtu of energy. In 2011-2012, annual energy usage was reduced to 1,901,570 mmBtu. Campus building space increased from 9,326,100 gross square feet to 10,416,496 gross square feet over this same time frame. The campus energy usage intensity decreased by almost 23%. Water conservation initiatives have resulted in over a 15% reduction in water consumption from the peak consumption year of 2006-20007.To help track energy on campus there is an online campus energy dashboard. This allows people to look at the hourly energy consumption of any building on campus and track peak demand. In addition to demand the dashboard has links to historical energy usage.

Projects Several new and renovated laboratory projects have been contributing to energy efficiency and sustainability on campus. Air change rates have been reduced and fume hoods rebalanced at Chem-Chem Annex, Hutchinson Hall, Life Sciences Addition, Plant & Environmental Sciences, and Tupper Hall. Many of these buildings have gotten controls upgrades and been re-commissioned. The filters at Chem-Chem Annex were replaced with high efficiency filters to reduce pressure drop.Robbins Hall is an older lab building that was significantly renovated. It was certified LEED Gold for Commercial Interiors. The HVAC and lighting systems were upgraded. Hot water and chilled water pumps were converted from constant volume to variable volume. In addition to energy projects, the building reused the existing case work to conserve materials. New labs are also being designed as energy efficient and sustainable. The Tahoe Center for Environmental Sciences is LEED Platinum and has many energy saving features including active chilled beams. Radiant floor heating and cold water storage are other strategies being used for energy savings. Electricity is generated by 875 photovoltaic shingles. Another LEED Platinum building is the Teaching & Research Winery August A. Busch III Brewing and Food Science Laboratory. This building offers a model of how to deal with the waste products, such as water and carbon dioxide, from the brewing and fermenting


processes. Water savings are estimated at 300,000 gallons per year. Solar photovoltaic panels were designed to produce more electricity than the building consumes.Gladys Valley Hall is a new building for the veterinary school. It incorporates several energy savings techniques such as natural ventilation in the common spaces and night flushing to pre-cool the building. Advanced controls with temperature and humidity sensors help to keep the building comfortable.Many other recent buildings on campus have energy efficient and sustainable features. Gallagher Hall and Conference center has ground source heat pumps used for radiant heating and cooling. The building also takes advantage of abundant daylighting. The Student Health and Wellness Center was designed to reduce energy usage by 42% in comparison to a typical medical office building. It uses chilled beams for heating and cooling. Tercero Student Housing buildings were built with chutes for recycling materials. Water is heated with solar panels and the building using nighttime cooling. The campus plant installed a reverse osmosis (RO) system on the steam boiler feed water. This reduced the amount of boiler blowdown by 18% and saves 17,137 lb/hr of make-up water.


UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA MERCED

Campus OverviewUniversity of California Merced is part of the University of California system. It opened in 2005 as a public research university. The goal of the university is to expand the higher education options in California’s Central Valley. The university currently has three schools and additional schools are planned. The academic calendar consists of fall, winter, and spring quarters that last eleven weeks. There is also a summer session that has two 5-week sessions and a 10-week session. About 23% of students live on campus during the academic year.


Number of Buildings


Office

Laboratory

Classroom

Residential

Other



The University of California Merced is located in the San Joaquin Valley. The climate in this area is generally mild with sunshine most of the year. The winters are rainy with temperatures that are cool to warm. Summer temperatures are usually hot and dry.


ASHRAE

Climate Zone

Heating

Degree Days

Cooling

Degree Days

Rainfall

(inches)

Elevation (feet)

Latitude/

Longitude

3B 2,687 4,694 12.27 18737.30⁰

N/: 120.48⁰

W






kWh)

Steam Usage (millio

n pounds

)

Chilled Water Usage

(million ton-hrs)

Building Energy

Consumption

(MMBtu)

Water Usage

(million gallons)

120,150 68.4


Process Since the early planning phases of the University of California Merced campus, the goal has been to be a leader in making universities more sustainable. In 2002 it pledged to have all of its building to be at least LEED silver certified. Since then it has had one LEED silver building and eight LEED Gold buildings. Currently it has four buildings with LEED Gold certification pending and five buildings that are planned to achieve LEED platinum. The school has also made a Triple Zero Commitment. By 2020 it plans to reach this goal and have zero net energy, zero landfill waste and zero net greenhouse gas emissions. Along with all of their goals and accomplishments the University of California Merced has been


the recipient of multiple awards including, Best Practices Overall Sustainable Design Award and the Go Beyond Award for New Construction Projects.

Results Shortly after opening, the University of California, Merced used 106,832 mmBtu of energy for fiscal year 2006-2007. In 2010-2011, annual energy usage increased to 120,150 mmBtu. Campus building space increased from 883,413 gross square feet to 1,195,922 gross square feet over this same time frame. The campus energy usage intensity decreased by almost 17%.

Projects: Sustainability begins with the campus’s LEED Gold certified central plant. The plant provides hot water and chilled water all of the buildings on campus. A thermal energy storage tank is included in the plant to store chilled water. This tank allows the chillers to be run when electricity is cheapest. Electricity is produced by a 1 MW solar array. The Classroom Building, Leo & Dottie Kolligian Library, and the Joseph Gallo Recreation & Wellness Center have been LEED Gold certification. The residential buildings Sierra Terraces and Valley Terraces have been awarded LEED Gold and LEED Silver certification respectively. The Science and Engineering I building is also LEED Gold certified. Wet and dry laboratories occupy about half of the space in the 236,989 square feet building. Classrooms and offices occupy the rest of the building. The building was designed with many energy efficiency measures. The buildings HVAC systems utilize low pressure drop design. In the lab spaces that require 100% outside air the outside air is evaporatively pre-cooled. Conditioning at the zone level is through a 4-pipe system designed to avoid simultaneous heating and cooling. Densely occupied spaces use carbon dioxide sensors to reduce ventilation airflow during periods of low occupancy. Fume Hoods are VAV. All of the energy flows into the building are metered. Solar shading and low-e glazing is used to reduce cooling loads. Lighting is designed for low watts per square foot and controlled by occupancy sensors. For the period of July 2007 to June 2008 the energy usage intensity of the building was 207 kBtu/sf which is 64% of the benchmark established for University of California lab buildings. In addition to energy efficiency measures, the labs are working to reduce chemical waste by recycling solvents.


UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO BOULDER

Campus OverviewThe University of Colorado Boulder is Colorado’s flagship university. It is a public research university. CU-Boulder opened in 1877. The university has six colleges or schools. It offers over 80 undergraduate majors and more than 100 graduate and professional programs. The fall and spring semesters are about 16 weeks. There is a three week mini session at the beginning of the summer. The rest of the summer has sessions that range from four to nine weeks. About 20% of students live on campus during the academic year.

Table 28 : Campus Statistics (2011)

Number of Buildings


Office

Laboratory

Classroom

Residential

Other


Number of Faculty

The University of Colorado at Boulder is located in the foothills of the Rocky Mountains. The climate in this area offers four distinct seasons. The climate in this area is generally sunny throughout the year. The winters are generally mild with periods of very low temperatures. Boulder averages 87.6 inches of snowfall per year. Summer temperatures are usually hot and dry.


ASHRAE

Climate Zone

Heating

Degree Days

Cooling

Degree Days

Rainfall

(inches)

Elevation (feet)

Latitude/

Longitude

5B 5,554 2,820 20.51 5,43040.01⁰

N/: 105.27⁰

W






kWh)

Steam Usage (millio

n pounds

)

Chilled Water Usage

(million ton-hrs)

Building Energy

Consumption

(MMBtu)

Water Usage

(million gallons)

1,359,176 245.7


Process Campus sustainability is championed by the Chancellor’s Committee on Energy, Environment and Sustainability (CCEES), the Carbon Neutrality Working Group (CNWG), and the Sustainability council. The CCEES was established in 2007 to carry out the Chancellor’s directive to make CU Boulder more sustainable and energy efficient. The Vice Chancellor of Administration is the head of the committee and coordinates sustainability on campus. Students, faculty, staff make up the Sustainability council which works with the CCEES on sustainability issues.


The University of Colorado at Boulder was the first university to establish a recycling program. It has been a global leader in sustainability for a long time and continues to be so today. The school has one LEED Silver certified building, ten LEED Gold certified buildings and three LEED Platinum certified buildings. CU-Boulder is currently focusing on making their labs more environmentally friendly and through the CU Green Labs program they are phasing out old equipment and putting in more sustainable equipment. There is also a large focus on energy research at the university and has been for the last six decades.

Results In 2005, the University of Colorado Boulder used 1,768,261 mmBtu of energy. In 2009-2010, annual energy usage was reduced to 1,359,176 mmBtu. Campus building space increased from 8,648,728 gross square feet to 10,141,285 gross square feet over this same time frame. The campus energy usage intensity decreased by almost 35%. Water conservation initiatives have resulted in over a 22% reduction in water consumption since 2005.Energy data for all campus buildings can be tracked with the online energy management tool EnergyCap.

Projects: Since 2009, the CU-Boulder Green Labs program is leading the charge to reduce laboratory energy usage and make labs more sustainable. The program aims to engage lab users to take steps to reduce energy usage, water usage, and material waste. Another part of the program is energy saving retrofits and renovations. Fume hood energy usage is being reduced in a number of ways. Lab users are encouraged to “Shut the Sash” on VAV fume hoods. In addition, users can report fume hoods that can be decommissioned. The long term plan for CU labs is to replace all of the constant volume fume hoods with VAV fume hoods. The Green Labs program is also leading a number of other efforts. Temperatures of ultra deep temperature storage are being raised from -80°C to -70° C. This reduces the energy required to run the freezers. Low temperature storage is a large energy user in labs. Timers are offered free to lab users to help turn equipment off when not in use. The Jennie Smoly Caruthers Biotechnology building is a new 336,800 square feet LEED platinum research facility. The building uses 30% less energy than similar buildings. Sustainable features include heat recovery, low-flow plumbing fixtures, LED lighting, lighting controls, energy efficient freezers, and energy efficient lab fume hoods.The CU-Boulder power plant was originally built in 1910 and serves most buildings on campus. In 1990 the plant was retrofit for cogeneration. The plant provides both heat and electricity to campus. Building renovations are an important part of the CU-Boulder sustainability plan. In 2002 the University Memorial Center was renovated to become the campus’s first LEED building. The building is trying to meet zero waste goals through composting and recycling. New buildings on campus are building designed to meet LEED standards. In 2006 the new Wolf Law building was completed. It is estimated that the LEED Gold building will save $250,000 in energy and water costs each year. The project includes a photovoltaic solar array and an electric vehicle charging station. The Center for Community is also LEED Gold certified. It saves energy with LED lighting, Energy Star kitchen equipment and evaporative cooling. The Institute of Behavioral Science is a LEED Platinum building


designed to reduce water and energy usage by 30% in comparison to an energy code compliant building.The Williams Village North residence hall became the first LEED platinum building on campus in 2011. The building was designed to use 40% less energy than an energy code compliant building and get 12.5% of its electricity from solar panels. Energy saving features include daylighting controls and heat recovery. Water savings are achieved with low-flow fixtures and reductions in landscape irrigation.


COMMON ENERGY AND WATER EFFICENCY MEASURESHeating Plant

Burner Upgrades Replace older, inefficient burners with more efficient burners that utilize higher turndown and more advanced controls. The burner would modulate to operate at a maximum efficiency given fuel input and oxygen content. The upgraded boiler would run preferentially. A new control system can better regulate the combustion air and natural gas flow to the boiler’s burner for increased efficiency. The system will include a combustion manager that controls the start-up and shut-down of the burner along with controls for the air damper, gas valve, and mixing chamber to regulate the air/fuel ratio to minimize excess air and increase efficiency. A VFD will provide speed control to the fan motor, increasing control of combustion airflow and efficiency. Increasing the burner turndown rate will increase efficiency because the boiler will not have to cycle on and off as much. When the burner cannot turn down to the desired level, the boiler will shut down until it is needed again. With a higher turndown rate, the boiler will be able to continuously operate at a partial load without the need to shut down. When a boiler cycles on and off, air is purged from the boiler through the exhaust, wasting large amounts of energy in the form of heat. At low loads, a boiler may cycle several times an hour, with each cycle demanding a wasteful purge cycle.

RO Water for Boiler Make-up A reverse osmosis (RO) water treatment system is a way to minimize energy lost by blow down and chemical usage for boiler make-up. RO is a process in which minerals are removed from the water. A semi permeable membrane separates the make-up water from the water sent to the boilers. The membrane allows only the water to pass through, leaving the minerals behind in the waste water. There will still be RO blow down but the decrease in boiler blow down will offset this.

Stack Economizer Stack economizers extract heat from the exhaust air to preheat the boiler feed water. The boiler efficiency is effectively increased through exhaust air heat recovery, as the heat in exhaust air is one of the sources of inefficiency in a boiler. A certain amount of exhaust heat is necessary, but the excess can be minimized to improve efficiency.

VFDs on Boiler Feed Water or Transfer Pumps The boiler feed water pumps and transfer pumps commonly operate at a constant speed to pump water from the receiving tank to the boilers. Typically they stage on with the boiler. Installing VFDs on the pump motors will improve energy efficiency and system control.

Reduce Boiler Pressure In many steam systems, boilers produce steam at a higher temperature than what is used in the equipment on that system. Pressure reducing valves are used to reduce the pressure of the steam down to what the equipment needs.

Steam Trap Repair/Replacement Campuses commonly produce steam at a central location that is distributed throughout the campus. Steam is used in various equipment such as sterilizers, steam coils, steam to hot water heat exchangers, and humidifiers. Each piece of equipment that uses steam has a


steam trap. The steam traps allow condensate to be returned to the central boilers, but they prevent steam from passing into the condensate lines. If a steam trap fails open, or is leaking, steam enters the condensate lines and is wasted. Steam trap surveys should be regularly performed. Any steam traps that are noted as failed open, leaking, or failed closed, should be replaced. Replacing steam traps that are failed closed will not result in energy savings, but will improve system operations.

Small/Summer Boiler Many systems have requirements for heat in the summer. A boiler may be operated to provide steam for kitchen processes, to heat domestic hot water, or to provide reheat. Most of the boilers sized much larger than the summer time load requirements. Installing a smaller boiler sized for summer loads would allow facilities to better match the summer load and reduce energy losses associated with running the larger boilers.

Blow Down Heat Recovery In order to maintain a proper balance of water chemistry in a steam system, some of the boiler water must be removed by regular surface blow down. Otherwise, chemicals would continue to accumulate as water is heated into steam. The quantity of chemicals added to boiler water depends primarily on the amount of steam which does not return to the boiler as condensate and must be replaced with make-up water. Use of sterilizers, winter humidification and kitchen steam kettles are common uses of non-returned steam. Generally, a significant amount of make-up water is needed and, therefore, treatment chemicals to maintain acceptable levels of mineral concentrations.Usually, the blow down is sent directly to drain and the heat contained in this water is lost. However, much of the heat from the blow down can be reclaimed. Heat from the blow down, through a heat exchanger, would preheat the incoming make-up water before it goes to the deaerator and then the boilers. Savings are based on the gas saved by not having to heat that portion of the make-up water.

Cooling Plant

Chilled Water Reset Chillers operate more efficiently at increased chilled water supply temperatures. A 1% increase in efficiency for each degree Fahrenheit that the chilled water setpoint is increased is a reasonable estimate. At lower outside air temperatures, the building cooling load will be also be lower, allowing for an increase in chilled water supply temperature. The chilled water setpoint can be reset based on outside air temperature to reduce chiller energy usage. For example, the chilled water temperature setpoint will be 48°F (adjustable) at outside air temperatures less than or equal to 60°F and 42°F at temperatures above 80°F. When the outside air temperature is less than or equal to 80°F and greater than 60°F the chilled water temperature will modulate between 42°F and 48°F based on the outside air temperature.

Condenser Water Reset The condenser water temperature setpoint can be reset downward when outside conditions permit. The lower condenser water temperature will increase the efficiency of the chillers, thereby reducing energy consumption. The control system can be programmed to automatically reset the condenser water supply temperature for the electric centrifugal chillers between the minimum allowable temperature for the chillers and the design condenser water setpoint based on outside air wet-bulb. This control strategy will reduce


compressor lift under part load conditions resulting in lower energy usage by chiller compressors.

Convert from Constant Volume Primary/Secondary to Primary only Variable Volume or Secondary Variable VolumeIn a constant volume primary/secondary chilled water arrangement, the pumps are always running at full load during cooling periods, whereas the load seen by the cooling coils varies throughout the course of the day and cooling season. Additionally, in a constant volume system, this flow must be sized to match the peak cooling load of the facility, which only occurs a few hours each year. The rest of the year sees cooling part loads, but because the current pumps are constant volume, the same energy is expended on their operation regardless of the smaller loads. The additional chilled water flow that is not needed for cooling bypasses the air-handler cooling coils at the three-way control valves located at each cooling coil. The energy required to pump this water to the coils is then essentially wasted as the water bypasses the coils without being used for cooling.Conversely, variable frequency drives reduce pump speed and thus water flow to match actual load requirements as the required water flow varies directly with load. Pump affinity laws dictate that the power required by the pump is proportional to the cube of the water flow. Thus, a 10% decrease in cooling load results in over a 25% decrease in pump motor electricity usage.

Variable Frequency Drives on Cooling Towers In many typical cooling tower installations cooling tower fans are run at full speed to draw air through the fill and out of the top of the cooling tower. However, full air flow is not always needed to achieve the desired cooling effect. Installing VFDs and the necessary controls to control the fan motors will reduce the cooling tower energy usage. The fans will only run at the speed required to cool the condenser water to its supply setpoint, saving electricity.

Variable Frequency Drives on Chillers Typically, the compressor loading of a chiller is varied using inlet vanes on the impeller. To reduce energy usage a chiller’s starter can be removed and replaced with a variable frequency drive. The VFDs will allow the chillers to more efficiently modulate based on the cooling load in the building. Anytime the chiller is at part load the VFD will save energy. Chillers spend a large majority of their operating hours at part load conditions.

High Efficiency Chillers Older chillers are not as efficient as new chillers and they don’t perform aswell at part‐load. New chillers with VFDs will be significantly more efficient than most currently installed chillers. The VFDs will allow the chillers to modulate based on the cooling load in the building. Anytime the chiller is at part load the VFD will save energy. Chillers spend a large majority of their operating hours at part load conditions.

Ice or Chilled Water Storage

Higher Efficiency Coolant Propylene glycol and (PG) and ethylene glycol (EG) are compounds that are commonly used to prevent freezing in water systems. It is very effective method to protect coils and other system components from damage. Glycol acts well as antifreeze because of its high viscosity and low ability to transfer heat. Both of these qualities reduce the efficiencies of equipment and pumps. Replacing the glycol solution in water systems with a less viscous


fluid that is better at transferring heat will save energy. Glycol solutions can be replaced with Formate or other chemical solutions improve system efficiency.

Replace Air-Cooled Equipment with Evaporative Cooled

Non-chemical Water Treatment Investigate the incoming water quality and current water treatment and work with the water treatment provider to reduce chemical usage in cooling towers by using a non-chemical water treatment. Technologies such as electric field, ultra-violet, and ozone generation can be used to replace some or all of the chemicals used in water treatment. This will reduce pollution from the water treatment chemicals and help increase the cycles of concentration. Increased cycles will reduce cooling tower blow down and therefore reduce make-up water.

Increase Tower Cycles of Concentration Investigate the incoming water quality and current water treatment and work with the water treatment provider to increase the condenser water cycles of concentration. Many facilities do not optimize their cycles of concentration and use more make-up water than necessary. Increased cycles will reduce cooling tower blow down and therefore reduce make-up water.

Water Side Economizer A heat exchanger can be used to transfer heat directly from the chilled water loop to the condenser water loop when ambient wet bulb temperatures are low. In systems with winter chilled water loads, the chiller plant may run continuously throughout the year. In the winter, the outside wet bulb temperatures are often low enough to allow the condenser water temperature to be reset to chilled water supply temperature. With the lower condenser water temperatures, the cooling tower can essentially be used to meet the building chilled water load and the chillers can be shut off and heat exchanger can be used instead. This saves chiller energy. There may be an increase in the cooling tower fan energy usage to produce colder leaving water temperatures but this increase is small in comparison with the chiller savings.

HVAC Systems

Convert Constant Volume Systems to Variable Air Volume Variable volume systems save energy by providing only the required airflow to meet space conditioning loads. A constant volume system is sized for and operates at the peak design load airflow at all operating hours. Since spaces rarely see peak loads, an oversupply of air is being provided at all other times with a constant volume system. This oversupply of air uses more electricity for the fan motors, and because of fan power laws, a decrease in the airflow of the fan results in a larger decrease in the electricity needed by the motor. A 10% airflow reduction correlates to more than a 25% reduction in electricity usage. In addition, constant volume systems often supply air at a constant temperature from the air handling unit and require reheat for the difference between the current space cooling load and the peak space cooling load. Variable volume systems reduce the volume of air that is reheated and save energy.

Static Pressure Reset for VAV AHUs The discharge static pressure on a VAV system is often set too high for all modes of operation. It is set to make sure all zones have adequate cooling during a design cooling


day and therefore wastes energy when it is not a design cooling day. When DDC terminal units are present, this measure resets the supply static pressure by monitoring the damper position of each VAV box on the system and adjusts the discharge static pressure so that the most “open” box is no more than 95% open, thus assuring each box is still controlling air volume and doing so as efficiently as possible. This is especially beneficial when system airflow volume drops due to low occupant loads. This saves energy by reducing fan flow and electricity usage.

Supply Air Temperature Reset Resetting the supply air temperature higher during cooling under low load conditions will save on simultaneous heating and cooling. At partial cooling loads when the airflow has been reset to its minimum, the temperature of the air may still be colder than what is needed and excess cooling will occur. At these times, reheat is used at the terminal unit to maintain the proper space temperature. Resetting the temperature back at the air-handling unit will avoid overcooling of the air, saving on cooling energy, and reduce the need for reheat at the terminal unit, saving on heating energy.

Direct Digital Control Systems

The energy savings advantages of digital control through a building automation system (BAS) include optimal resetting of supply air temperatures and proper sequencing of the air system damper operation with the preheat and cooling coils. These control strategies help prevent unnecessary heating and cooling because the software programming can be more flexible and adaptive that the pneumatic controls. Digital controls also do not suffer from accuracy and calibration drift in the way that pneumatic controls can over time.

Reduce Laboratory Air Change Rates Labs and vivarium facilities use large amounts of energy and have high carbon emissions because of the large volumes of outside air that are conditioned, supplied to, and exhausted from these facilities. For example, laboratories typically consume 5 to 10 times more energy per square meter than do office buildings. And some specialty laboratories, such as clean rooms and labs with large process loads, can consume as much as 100 times the energy of a similarly sized institutional or commercial structure. With many modern laboratories operating with fewer fume hoods and more energy-efficient equipment and lighting the labs’ minimum air exchange rate requirement is often the dominant energy use driver. Achieving the safe reduction or variation of air change rates in labs and vivariums can represent the greatest single approach for reducing their energy consumption and carbon footprint. Minimum ventilation rates should be established on a room-by-room basis considering the hazard level of materials expected to be used in the room and the operation and procedures to be performed. As the operation, materials, and hazard level of a room change, an increase or decrease in the minimum ventilation rate should be evaluated. 1

Demand Response Laboratory Airflow Devices can be installed to sample the air quality in the labs and deliver the right amount of air to each lab as it is needed. The supply and exhaust fans would need to be outfitted with variable frequency drives to allow for reductions in airflow. Each hood would also need a variable air volume terminal unit to vary the airflow according to demand.

1 ASHRAE, Applications Handbook, 2011, Chapter 16 Laboratories, pg. 16-8.


A product such as the Aircuity OptiNet system samples the air quality in the laboratories every 40 to 50 seconds. Sampling is done by centralized sensor suites at up to 18 locations. The advantage to a centralized sampling location is that it reduces the number of sensors that need to be maintained. Plastic tubing for sample drawing is run through the exhaust ducts from the laboratory space to the sensor suite. The sensor suite has a vacuum pump and draws samples from each space individually. It is able to detect carbon dioxide, volatile organic compounds, particulates, humidity, and carbon monoxide.When no contaminants are detected, the OptiNet system signals the BAS to reduce the space airflow requirements. In the event that a contaminant is found in the sample from one of the laboratories, the exhaust rate in that laboratory is increased to the predefined maximum. The increase to a higher air change rate will quickly purge the space of the contaminant. Studies have shown that about four such events per week are typical in a laboratory. See Exhibit 2 for more product information. Implementation of this ECM will not change the air change rates to the spaces on the fourth floor which are not laboratories.Energy is saved from the reduction in heating and cooling of the laboratory supply air. Fan energy is also saved from the reduction in airflow as the fan speed modulates.

Air-to-Air Energy Recovery Energy recovery can be used to reclaim energy from an exhaust air stream. There are many technologies for accomplishing this including enthalpy wheels, heat pipe, and glycol run-around loops. An energy recovery enthalpy wheel is placed in the exhaust airstream and the supply airstream upstream of the cooling coil. Energy recovery is achieved by drawing outside air across half of the enthalpy wheel and drawing exhaust air across the other half. Latent and sensible heat is transferred from the hotter moister outside air and to the cooler dryer exhaust air, thus reducing both the temperature and humidity of the air entering the chilled water cooling coil. Wrap around heat pipe is an air-to-air heat exchanger located upstream and downstream of the cooling coil. There is no contact between the exhaust and supply air with this option and therefore, it can be used in systems with exhaust that can’t be passed through an enthalpy wheel. Heat pipes are pipes that are filled with a liquid that can be vaporized. Heat is absorbed by the heat pipe and the liquid in the pipe turns to vapor. The vapor rises to a second section of the pipe and the vapor condenses back to liquid as the heat pipe gives off the absorbed heat. In a glycol run-around loop system a coil is placed in both the exhaust air stream and the supply air stream, the two coils are tied together by piping, and an anti-freeze fluid is pumped between the two coils. The fluid acts as a heat transfer media that is heated by the exhaust air stream and then passes this heat to the incoming air stream. In the winter, the incoming outside air is tempered, thus reducing the preheat energy required from conventional sources. Approximately 50% of the heat may be recovered from the exhaust air.

CO 2 based Demand Control VentilationFor non-lab areas, outside air ventilation can be controlled and optimized to realize significant energy savings. Paybacks in the range of 1 to 4 years can be achieved by the use of carbon dioxide based demand control ventilation. This can be used advantageously where there can be a high density of people such as in conference rooms, auditoriums, class rooms, libraries, lunch rooms, etc. Additionally, demand control ventilation can often be used beneficially in large cubicle areas where many people may be working


Low Pressure Drop Duct and Pipe Design The energy needed to move fluids is significantly affected by the resistance to flow, or pressure drop. The Labs21 Design Guide recommends that the design team establish a system-wide maximum pressure drop target and pursue strategies to achieve this goal. For example, consider specifying slightly oversized supply ducts to both reduce pressure drop and anticipate future needs. Avoid devices that create large, and often unnecessary, drops such as balance valves and fittings. For similar reasons, use low face-velocity coils and filters. In particular, always use high-efficiency particulate (HEPA) filters with the lowest pressure drop available.2

Plumbing Systems

Low-Flow Fixtures and Flush Devices The use of low-flow fixtures reduces consumption of water as well as any energy used to heat it or pump it and chemicals used to treat it. Low flow aerators and shower heads are widely available. Toilets are also available with small flushing volumes or dual flush operation to save water.

Condensate Recovery: The condensate from air conditioners, dehumidifiers, and refrigeration units can provide facilities with a steady supply of relatively pure water for many processes. Laboratories are excellent sites for this technology because they typically require dehumidification of a large amount of 100% outside air.

Rainwater Harvesting Rainwater is another excellent source of non-potable water and can be used in many of the applications in which condensate recovery water is used. Rainwater typically contains fewer impurities than potable water.

Buildings/Structures

Window Replacement Many campuses have building stock that ranges in age. Many of the older buildings have existing windows that are single pane. These windows should be replaced with double-pane windows with thermally broken frames. Replacing the windows will result in lower heating and cooling loads for conditioning of perimeter areas. The maximum required airflow for peak loads will be reduced as the peak loads are also reduced. This reduction will result in reduced airflows and save fan energy as well as the energy needed for conditioning the air. In addition, many older windows allow significant amounts of air infiltration. Reducing this air infiltration saves energy and helps increase the thermal comfort of occupants in the space.

Insulate Walls and Roofs Many campuses have building stock that ranges in age. Many of the older buildings have no insulation in their walls and roofs. Insulation should be added to reduce heat transfer and infiltration through the building envelope. Adding insulation will result in lower heating and cooling loads for conditioning of perimeter areas. Perimeter heating energy usage will go down with the reduced load. The maximum required airflow for peak loads will be reduced as the peak loads are also reduced. This reduction will result in reduced

2 Labs 21, Laboratories for the 21st Century: An Introduction to Low-Energy Design, p. 8.


airflows in spaces served by variable volume terminal units and save fan energy as well as the energy needed for conditioning the air.

Renewables

Solar Thermal In a typical solar thermal array, solar panels are arranged on the roof. The panels are typically mounted at a fixed angle that gives the best performance for the panels. The panels can also be mounted flat on the roof. Solar thermal panels heat a glycol water mixture which passes through a heat exchanger to heat domestic hot water or water used for space heating. This water is preheated by the sun so that less energy has to be used to heat the water.

Solar Photovoltaic Solar photovoltaic panels directly convert the sun’s energy into electricity. This electricity can be used to offset electricity purchased from the utility. In a typical solar photovoltaic array, solar panels are arranged on the roof. The panels are typically mounted at a fixed angle that gives the best performance for the panels. The panels can also be mounted flat on the roof.The electricity produced by the solar panels is DC power. An inverter must be used to convert the DC power to AC power for use in the building. Electricity from the solar panels can be interconnected with the electricity from the utility. When the panels produce more electricity than the building can use, the excess electricity can be fed back to the utility.

Lighting

Daylighting Photocells can be used to detect the ambient light level in an area. When the photocell detects that daylight levels are sufficient for illumination in the room the controls will turn the light off, thus saving lighting energy. When the ambient light level is low the sensor will turn the lights on. Light level thresholds and time delay adjustments help prevent rapid cycling of the lights due to temporary changes in daylight levels.

Occupancy Sensors for Lighting Control A common occurrence on many campuses is that lighting is left on in unoccupied spaces. Occupancy sensor controls turn off lights when a room has been left empty, thus saving lighting energy. When people return to the room the sensor turns the lights back on. Sensitivity and time delay adjustments help detect small movements and prevent rapid cycling of the lights due to transitory occupancy. Possible locations for occupancy sensors include offices, conference rooms, restrooms, and storage areas.There are two types of occupancy sensors that are generally used, switch mounted and ceiling mounted. Switch mounted sensors can be installed quickly as a direct replacement to the existing wall switch. Ceiling mounted sensors require more time to install. They also require the addition of a power pack to control the lighting. Ceiling sensors are available with dual, ultrasonic and passive infrared, technologies. Ultrasonic sensors fill the room with high-frequency sound; movement causes the reflected sound to have a frequency shift which triggers the sensor. Because it does not rely on “line-of-sight” this type of sensor is well suited to areas with tall obstacles. Ultrasonic sensors are not to be confused with acoustic sensors that require a person to make noise in order to be detected. Passive infrared sensors rely on moving body heat. To be seen, the person must move between the “vanes” created by the sensor's lens. The installation of occupancy sensors offers a layer of


control, ensuring that operating hours are observed. Occupancy sensors will also prevent lights from accidentally being left on in vacant areas.

LED Exit Sign Lighting Replace existing incandescent lighting exit signs with LED lighting exit signs. LEDs are significantly more efficient than incandescent lamps, requiring less energy and having a longer rated lamp life. Since LEDs use less energy to produce the same lighting levels, the heat gain from lighting is reduced when incandescent lamps are replaced. This reduced heat gain translates into reduced cooling loads and increased heating loads.

Replace Incandescent Lamps with CFLs or LEDs Replace incandescent lamps with screw-in compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) to reduce electric energy consumption used for lighting. CFLs produce lumens comparable to incandescent bulbs while using about a quarter of the electricity. CFLs also have a longer service life, reducing the time spent by maintenance staff replacing burnt out lamps. Many of the incandescent lamps in the hospital are on dimmers. Thus, the replacements specified are dimmable CFLs. It is important that dimmable CFLs are purchased as most CFLs are not dimmable. Wherever there are incandescent lamps that are not on a dimming circuit, non-dimmable CFLs should be purchased instead of dimmable CFLs because the non-dimmable lamps are less expensive. With the installation of CFLs it is important to implement a CFL disposal program, however, as CFLs contain mercury and should be kept out of landfills.

Delamp Interior Light Fixtures A common light fixture is a 2’ x 4’ fixture with three or four lamps. Reflectors or other retrofit kits allow one or two of the lamps to be removed. Similar lighting levels can be maintained by adding specular reflectors. Reducing the lamps per fixture will result in energy savings. In addition, lower wattage lamps can often be used further increasing energy savings.

Equipment

ENERGY STAR Equipment General practice for campuses should be to specify low energy appliances. This includes computers, copiers, scanners, refrigerators, and vending machines. Many low energy appliances are specified on the US EPA’s ENERGY STAR website, www.energystar.gov. In addition, employees should be encouraged to shut down equipment in the evening or at least change operation to standby mode. A typical computer with monitor operates at between 20-40 watts in standby mode. While this doesn’t seem like much individually, in aggregate this can add up to significant consumption.

Use High Performance Fume Hoods The fume hood is the “primary barrier” in chemistry labs. It is a ventilated enclosure designed to capture, contain, and exhaust fumes, gases, vapors, mists and particulate matter generated within it. It generally consists of side, back, and top enclosure panels, a work surface, an access opening (called a “face”), a sash (or sashes), and an exhaust plenum equipped with a baffle system for airflow distribution. There are many kinds of fume hoods but the most energy efficient types are high performance, low face velocity and variable air volume (VAV).High performance, low face velocity fume hoods use a baffle control system that varies the position of a rear baffle in accordance with the sash position. When the sash is substantially


closed, the baffle is moved to the rear of the fume hood so that the airflow is mostly horizontal to the back of the hood and above the work zone. As the sash is opened, the baffle is moved forward so that the turbulence at the rear of the hood is reduced, creating a floor sweep effect in the work zone. By varying the position of the baffle in the back of the fume hood, the turbulence created in a conventional fume hood at low sash heights is minimized, which reduces spillage of fumes and vapors from the hood. Studies suggest that this type of hood can contain at lower face velocities, down to as low as 0.25 m/s (51 fpm). The VAV fume hood is an energy-saving adaptation of the conventional fume hood that varies the exhaust air volume according to the sash position to maintain a constant face velocity. The energy savings are a result of reduced energy for conditioning the supply air, and reduced fan energy for both the supply and exhaust air when the fume hood sash is partially or fully closed. In order to achieve energy savings with VAV fume hoods, there must be times when either the laboratory is unoccupied or the fume hoods are not being used, and the laboratory occupants must be educated to keep fume hoods closed when they are not in use.

Reduce Hood Minimum Airflow Reduce the minimum air flow on hood exhausts. Many hoods were designed to maintain a VAV minimum of 400 cfm on average. This is based on a typical airflow of about 25 cfm/ft2 of hood opening. Newer laboratory hood systems are designed with a minimum flow of 10 cfm/ft2 of hood opening. This yields an allowable VAV minimum of 160 cfm for 8 foot hoods and still meets safety standards. Dropping hood airflows to this level will result in a substantial reduction in airflow as well as outdoor air cooling, heating, and humidification.

CommissioningExisting building commissioning (EBCx) is a systematic process that documents low-cost operating and maintenance improvements in order to optimize existing system performance. The process begins with data gathering and assessment of existing conditions. The next step includes monitoring and testing. Data from the EMS system may be logged. The services of a test and balance company may be obtained to measure air or water flows. This data is analyzed and recommendations for operational improvements are made. Systems are then monitored to fine tune improvements.A study performed by the Lawrence Berkley National Lab (LBNL), Portland Energy Conservation Inc. (PECI), and Texas A&M’s Energy Systems Laboratory found that the median savings from EBCx projects was 15% of the building’s annual energy cost.3

3 The Cost Effectiveness of Commissioning New and Existing Commercial Buildings, Mills et al. Synopsis available at: http://www.peci.org/ncbc/proceedings/2005/19_Piette_NCBC2005.pdf.


http://www.peci.org/ncbc/proceedings/2005/19_Piette_NCBC2005.pdf

INNOVATIVE AND LESS COMMON MEASURES

Ground-Source SystemsGround-source systems use the ground or water bodies such as lakes and ponds for heat sources or sinks for heating and air-conditioning systems. The ground is at a relatively stable temperature for most of the year. In the winter it is warmer than the outside air temperature and in the summer it is cooler. Compressor-based systems such as chillers and heat pumps use the ground as an efficient heat sink or source.Ground temperatures in the United States range from 40°F to 80°F, however 50°F to 60°F is common throughout much of the country. The ability to reject heat to a sink at that temperature increases the efficiency of the equipment that requires heat rejection. More common than heat rejection to the ground is heat rejection to air. The variation in the temperature of air and the generally higher temperatures of water that uses air for heat rejection, increase the energy use of equipment.

Combined Heat and Power SystemsCombined Heat and Power (CHP) or cogeneration systems are plants that produce both electrical energy and thermal energy. The plants are designed to take advantage of the synergies in energy production to increase the efficiency of energy production. Most grid connected electric generation plants generate a large quantity of waste heat. The most efficient of these plants are only about 30% efficient. Combined cycle plants that use waste heat to generate additional electrical energy can be over 40% efficient. CHP plants can be around 80% efficient.University campuses can be great places to apply CHP. Most campuses require large amounts of both thermal and electrical energy. Many campuses have their own electrical power production and finding ways to use the waste heat saves money and reduces greenhouse gas emissions.


COMMON THEMES AND APPLICATIONS

1. Savings Achieved2. Savings Potential3. Most Common Roadblocks4. Top Lessons Learned


LESSONS LEARNED, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS


SOURCES AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

1. The Association for the Advancement of Sustainability in Higher Education STARS Programa. https://stars.aashe.org/

2. University of Hawaiia. About UH Manoa

http://manoa.hawaii.edu/about/b. Sustainability at UH Manoa

http://manoa.hawaii.edu/sustainability/c. Green Building Design and Clean Energy Policy

http://imina.soest.hawaii.edu/UHMEnergy/Draft%20UHM%20Energy%20Policy%20for%20posting%2010-17.pdf

3. Cornell Universitya. Survey responses provided by:

David Frostclapp, Lanny Joyce, Randy Lacey– Cornell University4. Massachusetts Institute of Technology

a. Campus Energy Update:2012http://ehs.mit.edu/site/sites/default/files/files/CampusEnergyUpdate_FY2012_Final_PR.pdf

b. MIT Department of Facilities Building Energy Efficiency Program (BEEP)http://web.mit.edu/facilities/environmental/beep.html

c. MIT Energy Initiativehttp://mitei.mit.edu/campus-energy

5. Stanford Universitya. Survey responses provided by:

Susan Vargas, Jiffy Vermylen – Stanford Universityb. Sustainability at Stanford: A Year in Review 2011-2012

http://sustainable.stanford.edu/sites/sustainable.stanford.edu/files/documents/Sustainability_YIR_11-12.pdf

c. Stanford University websitehttp://www.stanford.edu/about/

d. Sustainable Stanfordhttp://sustainablestanford.stanford.edu/

6. University of Minnesotaa. Twin Cities Sustainability Committee

http://www.sustaintc.umn.edu/index.htmlb. Sustainability and U


http://www.sustaintc.umn.edu/index.html

http://sustainablestanford.stanford.edu/

http://www.stanford.edu/about/



http://mitei.mit.edu/campus-energy

http://web.mit.edu/facilities/environmental/beep.html

http://ehs.mit.edu/site/sites/default/files/files/CampusEnergyUpdate_FY2012_Final_PR.pdf

http://ehs.mit.edu/site/sites/default/files/files/CampusEnergyUpdate_FY2012_Final_PR.pdf



http://manoa.hawaii.edu/sustainability/

http://manoa.hawaii.edu/about/

https://stars.aashe.org/

http://www.uservices.umn.edu/sustainableU/welcome.htmlc. Building Energy Report Card

http://www.facm.umn.edu/prod/groups/uservices/@pub/@uservices/@fm/documents/content/uservices_content_305721.pdf

d. UM Newshttp://www1.umn.edu/news/news-releases/2009/UR_CONTENT_131347.htmlhttp://www1.umn.edu/news/news-releases/2011/UR_CONTENT_340154.html

e. Facilities Managementhttp://www.facm.umn.edu/about/energy-management/building-dashboards/index.htm

f. Climate Action Planhttp://www.sustaintc.umn.edu/assets/pdf/tc_climate_action_plan_1.1.pdf

7. University of Illinois at Chicagoa. Office of Sustainability

http://www.uic.edu/sustainability/about.htmlb. Climate Action Plan

http://www.uic.edu/sustainability/climateactionplan/drafts/UIC.CAP.FINALdft.pdf

c.8. University of California Irvine

a. UC Irvine Sustainabilityhttp://www.ehs.uci.edu/programs/energy/index.html

b. A&BS-Centered UC Irvine Energy-Efficiency Leadership and Accomplishmentshttp://www.abs.uci.edu/EnergyManagementProgramSummary.doc

c. UC Irvine Smart Lab Initiativehttp://www.ehs.uci.edu/programs/energy/index.html

9. University of California Davisa. UC Davis

http://www.ucdavis.edu/b. UC Davis: By the numbers

http://www.ucdavis.edu/about/facts/index.htmlc. Sustainable 2nd Century

http://sustainability.ucdavis.edu/index.html10. University of California Merced

a. UC Mercedhttp://www.ucmerced.edu/about-uc-merced


http://www.ucmerced.edu/about-uc-merced

http://sustainability.ucdavis.edu/index.html

http://www.ucdavis.edu/about/facts/index.html

http://www.ucdavis.edu/

http://www.ehs.uci.edu/programs/energy/index.html

http://www.abs.uci.edu/EnergyManagementProgramSummary.doc

http://www.ehs.uci.edu/programs/energy/index.html



http://www.uic.edu/sustainability/about.html

http://www.sustaintc.umn.edu/assets/pdf/tc_climate_action_plan_1.1.pdf

http://www.facm.umn.edu/about/energy-management/building-dashboards/index.htm

http://www.facm.umn.edu/about/energy-management/building-dashboards/index.htm

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http://www1.umn.edu/news/news-releases/2009/UR_CONTENT_131347.html



http://www.uservices.umn.edu/sustainableU/welcome.html

b. UC Merced Sustainabilityhttp://sustainability.ucmerced.edu/

c. University of California CIEE Measured Performance Case Studyhttp://uc-ciee.org/downloads/Case_Study_UCM-SE1-R_d2_ML.pdf

11. University of Colorado at Bouldera. CU-Boulder About

http://www.colorado.edu/aboutb. CU-Boulder Sustainability

http://www.colorado.edu/sustainabilityc. Campus Sustainability Tour

http://www.colorado.edu/cusustainability/greeningcu/documents/FINALSustainabilityMap.pdf

d. Williams Village earns local green building awardhttp://www.colorado.edu/news/features/williams-village-earns-local-green-building-award

e. Green Labshttp://www.colorado.edu/cusustainability/solution/greenlabs.html

Psychometric chart plots were produced in Climate Consultant 5.2. Climate consultant was developed by the UCLA Energy Design Tools group.

Climate Consultant is copyrighted 1976, 1986, 2000, 2006, 2008, 2010, and 2011 by the Regents of the University of California. Users shall have no right to modify, change, alter, edit, or create derivative works.

©2023 Grumman/Butkus Associates

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http://www.colorado.edu/cusustainability/solution/greenlabs.html

http://www.colorado.edu/news/features/williams-village-earns-local-green-building-award

http://www.colorado.edu/news/features/williams-village-earns-local-green-building-award



http://www.colorado.edu/sustainability

http://www.colorado.edu/about

http://uc-ciee.org/downloads/Case_Study_UCM-SE1-R_d2_ML.pdf

http://sustainability.ucmerced.edu/

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