Data Source Book P-7475H

P-7475H 11/10

The information contained herein is offered for use by tech-nically qualified personnel at their discretion and risk. Itincludes data from published reference sources as well asour own data based on standard tests and procedures. Webelieve the information is reliable, but the accuracy andcompleteness thereof is not guaranteed, and no warranty ofany kind is made with respect thereto.

Praxair, the Flowing Airstream design, Making our planetmore productive, StarGold, Mig Mix Gold, Stargon, HeliStar,HydroStar and RoboStar are trademarks or registeredtrademarks of Praxair Technology, Inc., in the United Statesand/or other countries.

Data SourceYour Guide to Industrial Gasesand Cryogenic Fluids

© Copyright 1992 – 1994; 1997; 2000; 2003 – 2005; 2008; 2010 Praxair Technology, Inc.All Rights Reserved.

Praxair, Inc.World Headquarters39 Old Ridgebury RoadDanbury, CT 06810-5113U.S.A.

Tel: 1-800-PRAXAIR(1-800-772-9247)(716) 879-4077

Fax: 1-800-772-9985(716) 879-2040

Internet: www.praxair.come-mail: [email protected]

Making our planet more productiveSM

MN Data Source Book Final v289 2 color fix two4scf reved 2_Data Source Book Final v17 11/9/10 8:39 PM

ABOUT PRAXAIR...

Praxair is the largest industrial gases company in North

and South America, and one of the largest worldwide.

The company produces, sells, and distributes atmospheric,

process and specialty gases and high-performance surface

coatings. Praxair products, services and technologies bring

productivity and environmental benefits to a wide variety of

industries, including aerospace, chemicals, food and beverage,

electronics, energy, healthcare, manufacturing, metals and

others. More information on Praxair is available on the

Internet at www.praxair.com.

MN Data Source Book Final v289 2 color fix two4scf reved 2_Data Source Book Final v17 11/9/10 8:39 PM Page 3

Safety Information..........................................................................................Composition of Dry Air.....................................................................................Equivalent Temperatures of Selected Gases.....................................................Cryogenic Properties of Gases.........................................................................Property Equivalent of Gases............................................................................Tonnage Conversion Factors.............................................................................Flow Rate Conversions.....................................................................................Percent Flash Off Constant Enthalpy Throttling – Liquid Nitrogen.....................Grades of Purity................................................................................................Stoichiometric Requirements for Combustion...................................................Combustion Properties of Common Gases..........................................................Fuel Gas Data....................................................................................................Mean Specific Heats..............................................................................................Values of the Gas Constant..............................................................................Moisture Conversion Data...................................................................................Conversion Factors............................................................................................SI Unit Multiplication Factors............................................................................Miscellaneous Physical Constants.....................................................................Temperature Conversion Table...........................................................................Decimal Equivalents..........................................................................................Metric Equivalents.............................................................................................Terms and Definitions......................................................................................Standard Tankage Relative Sizes

Oxygen, Nitrogen, Argon...............................................................Cryogenic Tank Specifications

Oxygen, Nitrogen, Argon..............................................................High-Pressure Oxygen, Nitrogen, Argon........................................Hydrogen....................................................................................

Standard TankageCarbon Dioxide Bulk Storage........................................................

Cryogenic Storage Tank SpecificationsCarbon Dioxide – Aluminum Skinned, Foam Insulated.................

Cryogenic Storage Tank SpecificationsCarbon Dioxide – Vacuum Jacketed Tanks...................................

Vaporizer Types and Performance Comparisons..............................................On-Site Storage System – Microbulk Solutions..............................................Cylinder Size Chart................................................................................................

Rare Gases...................................................................................Industrial Pure Gases...................................................................Industrial Mixtures......................................................................Liquid Cryogenic Containers...........................................................

Periodic Table of the Elements...............................................................................Elements..........................................................................................................U.S. Temperature Zones......................................................................................Footnoted Information for Liquid CO2 Properties......................................................Praxair’s Service Offerings.......................................................................................

The gases and cryogenic fluids referred to in this booklet have certain properties that can cause serious injuries or even death. Therefore, make certain that anyone who handles or uses the gases or who operates and maintains related equipment and systems: (1) is properly trained; (2) receives and understands all relevant safety literature, including Material Safety Data Sheets; (3) follows the gas equipment manufacturer’s operatinginstructions; (4) reads and applies safety precautions on gas cylinder labels; and (5) observes all applicable safety codes when installing gas equipment.

Product safety handling DVDs on hydrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, heliumand combined nitrogen/argon, as well as Material Safety Data Sheets andother safety information, are available by calling 1-800-PRAXAIR.

If an emergency arises with a Praxair product in the United States, call:1-800-645-4633ORChemical Transportation Emergency Center(CHEMTREC)1-800-424-9300

In Canada, call the Canadian Hotline:1-800-363-0042

TABLE OF CONTENTS

2

SAFETY INFORMATION

EMERGENCY ASSISTANCE – HELP HOTLINES

3

3456-910-1516-1718192021222324-25262728-49505152-5354-5556-5960-63

64

65-676869-71

72

73

747576-79808181-8384-88899091-93949596


********

85.0 K-188.1 °C153.0 °R-306.7 °F

53.5 K-219.6 °C96.4 °R

-363.3 °F

FluorineF2

Normal Boiling Point Melting Point4.2 K

-268.9 °C7.6 °R

-452.1 °F

––––

HeliumHe

20.3 K-252.9 °C36.5 °R

-423.2 °F

13.8 K-259.3 °C24.9 °R

-434.8 °F

equilibrium-Hydrogene-H2

20.4 K-252.8 °C36.7 °R

-423.0 °F

14.0 K-259.2 °C25.2 °R

-434.5 °F

normal-Hydrogenn-H2

27.1 K-246.1 °C48.7 °R

-410.9 °F

24.6 K-248.6 °C44.2 °R

-415.4 °F

NeonNe

77.4 K-195.8 °C139.3 °R-320.4 °F

63.2 K-210.0 °C113.7 °R-346.0 °F

NitrogenN2

87.3 K-185.9 °C157.1 °R-302.6 °F

83.8 K-189.4 °C150.8 °R-308.9 °F

ArgonAr

90.2 K-183.0 °C162.3 °R-297.3 °F

54.4 K-218.8 °C97.9 °R

-361.8 °F

OxygenO2

111.7 K-161.5 °C201.0 °R-258.7 °F

90.7 K-182.5 °C163.2 °R-296.4 °F

MethaneCH4

119.8 K-153.3 °C215.6 °R-244.0 °F

116.0 K-157.2 °C208.7 °R-250.9 °F

KryptonKr

165.0 K-108.1 °C297.1 °R-162.6 °F

161.4 K-111.7 °C290.6 °R-169.1 °F

XenonXe

194.6 K-78.6 °C350.3 °R-109.4 °F

216.6 K-56.6 °C389.9 °R-69.8 °F

Carbon DioxideCO2

* Triple point used ** Sublimation point usedSee page 91 for Liquid CO2 properties 5

EQUIVALENT TEMPERATURES OF SELECTED GASES

The values given below are for average conditions of unpolluted dry air nearthe earth’s surface but may vary. For example, in some cities the concentrationof the normal pollutants such as nitrous oxide, sulfur dioxide and carbonmonoxide may be over 100 times the values shown. The helium concentrationmay vary considerably from very high levels near oil fields to negligibleconcentrations over the sea. Hydrocarbon concentrations may be much highernear oil fields or refineries.

Components % by Volumescf/1,000,000 scf

Dry Air or ppm by Volume

Normal Constituents:78.084 ± 0.00420.946 ± 0.0020.934 ± 0.0010.035 ± 0.003(18.21 ± 0.004) x 10-4

(5.239 ± 0.05) x 10-4

(1.14 ± 0.01) x 10-4

*(0.5) x 10-4

(0.087 ± 0.001) x 10-4

780,840209,460

9,34035018.215.2391.140.50.087

NitrogenOxygenArgonCarbon DioxideNeonHeliumKryptonHydrogenXenon

0.1 to 2.8(1 to 3) x 10-4

0.5 x 10-4

(0.06 to 1) x 10-4

(0.01 to 0.1) x 10-4

(0.01 to 0.1) x 10-4

0 to 2 x 10-4

0 to 0.1 x 10-4

0 to 1 x 10-4

0 to 0.2 x 10-4

0 to 0.08 x 10-4

5 x 10-8 to 2 x 10-6

6 x 10-18

Traces

1,000 to 28,0001 to 30.50.06 to 10.01 to 0.10.01 to 0.10 to 20 to 0.10 to 10 to 0.20 to 0.08

WaterMethaneNitrous OxideCarbon MonoxideOzoneEthaneEthylenePropaneAcetyleneButanesPentanesNitrogen DioxideRadonNitric Oxide

Impurities:

*Approximate

COMPOSITION OF DRY AIR

4

****

*


7

1.66

8.72 –

0.01

97

0.00

09

0.00

36

0.08

6

0.00

6

0.01

5

1.38

193

25.0

0.00

89

0.00

11

0.01

33

0.10

9

0.00

89

0.06

9

1.41

192

25.0

0.00

89

0.00

11

0.01

33

0.10

6

0.00

89

0.06

9

1.66

37.0

7.1

0.03

12

0.00

42

0.13

0.02

80

0.00

46

0.06

6

1.41

85.7

11.1

0.01

75

0.00

56

0.16

5

0.01

49

0.00

43

0.07

9

1.35

8

74.0

5.8

0.02

36

0.00

72

0.25

0.01

53

0.00

42

0.09

15

1.40

88.2 –

0.01

83

– –

0.01

50

– –

Btu/lb

Btu/lb

Cp Cp Cp Btu/h ft °F

Btu/h ft °F

Btu/h ft °F

Heat of Vaporization, nbp

Heat of Fusion, T

p

Viscosity

1.25

3.56

3.42

0.24

60.24

70.19

70.24

0Specific Heat, Cp, Gas, NTP

Btu/lb °F

NTP

Gas nbp

Liquid, nbp

NTP

Gas nbp

Liquid nbp

Thermal

Conductivity

NTP = 70°F and 14

.696

psia

NTP (Europe) = 0°C (3

2°F) and one atm

osphere (14.69

6 psia)

STP = 32°F and 14

.696

psia

6

Atom

ic or Molecular Weight

Normal Boiling Point (nbp)

Hee-H 2

– –

-450

.3

33.2

0.01

034

0.01

114

1.04

7.79

8

n-H 2

NeN 2

Air

F 2

-434

.8

1.02

-400

.3

187.7

0.00

5209

0.00

5611

0.08

35

4.41

8

-434

.6

1.04

-399

.9

188.1

0.00

5209

0.00

5611

0.08

31

4.42

8

-415

.5

6.3

-380

.0

395

0.05

215

0.05

618

0.59

6

73.35

-346

.0

1.8

-232

.5

493

0.07

245

0.07

805

0.28

7

50.46

28.96

-317

.8 to

-312

.4

-363

.3

0.03

7

-200

.2

808

0.09

83

0.10

6

0.33

94.1

– –

-221

.3

547

0.07

493

0.08

072

0.28

0

54.56

37.997

-306

.7

28.013

-320

.4

20.183

-410

.9

2.01

59

-423

.0

2.01

59

-423

.2

4.00

26

-452

.1

Triple Point (tp)

Critical Point

Density

°F °F psia

°F psia

lb/scf

lb/scf

lb/scf

lb/scf

Gas, NTP

Gas, STP

Vapor, nbp

Liquid, nbp

CRYOGENIC PROPERTIES OF GASES

Specific Heat Ratio,

Cp/Cv, Gas, NTP


8

39.948

-302

.6

-308

.9

10.0

-188

.1

710

0.10

34

0.11

14

0.36

3

86.98

31.999

-297

.3

-361

.8

0.02

2

-181

.1

737

0.08

281

0.08

921

0.27

9

71.27

16.043

-258

.7

-296

.5

1.7

-115

.8

673

0.04

16

0.04

48

0.11

4

26.5

83.80

-244

.0

-251

.0

10.6

-82.8

796

0.21

72

0.23

40

0.53

150.6

44.01

-109

.4 **

-69.8

75.1

87.8

1071

0.11

44

0.12

34

0.17

4 *

97.5 *

°F °F psia

°F psia

lb/scf

lb/scf

lb/scf

lb/scf

ArO 2

CH4

KrCO

2Xe 13

1.30

-162

.6

-169

.2

11.8

61.9

847

0.34

16

0.36

80

0.60

190.8

Gas, NTP

Gas, STP

Vapor, nbp

Liquid, nbp

Atom

ic or Molecular Weight

Normal Boiling Point (nbp)

Triple Point (tp)

Critical Point

Density

CRYOGENIC PROPERTIES OF GASES

9

0.12

5

1.67

70.2

12.7

0.02

24

0.00

74

0.27

0.01

00

0.00

33

0.07

1

0.22

0

1.40

91.7

6.0

0.02

04

0.00

69

0.18

9

0.01

52

0.00

44

0.08

68

0.53

3

1.31

219

25.2

0.01

11

0.00

44

0.11

6

0.01

91

0.00

69

0.10

8

0.05

93

1.68

46.4

8.4

0.02

48

0.01

07 –

0.00

53

0.00

24

0.05

2

0.20

1.33

246.3 **

84.1

0.01

48 – –

0.00

92 – –

Btu/lb °F

Btu/lb

Btu/lb

Cp Cp Cp Btu/h ft °F

Btu/h ft °F

Btu/h ft °F

0.03

83

1.66

41.4

7.5

0.02

28

0.01

30

0.49

0.00

32

0.00

19

0.04

NTP

Gas nbp

Liquid nbp

NTP

Gas nbp

Liquid nbp

Thermal

Conductivity

Specific Heat, Cp, Gas, NTP

Specific Heat Ratio, Cp/Cv, Gas, NTP


Heat of Fusion, T

p

Viscosity

NTP = 70°F and 14

.696

psia

NTP (Europe) = 0°C (3

2°F) and one atm

osphere (14.69

6 psia)

STP = 32°F and 14

.696

psia

See page 91 for liquid CO

2properties

* Freezing point u

sed

** S

ublim

ation point u

sed


1.74 x 104

8.7219.20.09022.409.09

4.39 x 103

2.204.840.02270.6052.29

19190.95932.1150.0099190.26421

GallonsLiq. (nbp)

Btu KilogramCalories

3.86 x 105

1934251.0130.1114

9.73 x 104

48.61070.2537.5928.7

33861.6933.7330.0088200.26421

3.84 x 105

1924231.0030.0114

9.68 x 104

48.41070.2527.5728.6

33791.6893.7240.0088000.26421

7.40 x 104

37.081.61.9398.5373

1.86 x 104

9.3220.60.48624.893.9

198.60.099280.21890.0051770.26421

1.71 x 105

85.71896.21153578

4.32 x 104

21.647.61.5638.5146

296.50.14820.32680.010740.26421

Heat of Vaporization

1.934 x 105

96.71213.2126.63100.8

scf (NTP)Gas

3.840 x 105

192.0423.2129.95113.4

3.840 x 105

192.0423.2130.02113.6

3.835 x 104

19.1842.27151.03193.2

2.761 x 104

13.8030.43124.6093.11

Volume

200012.2050.010340.27541.042

907.20.453610.0046900.12490.4728

HeliumHe

normal-Hydrogenn-H2

NeonNe

NitrogenN2

10.00050.00110235.170 x 10-6

1.377 x 10-4

5.212 x 10-4

Tons(ton)

Pounds(lb)

Kilograms(kg)

200012.2050.0052090.15600.5906

907.20.453610.0023630.070770.2679

10.00050.00110232.604 x 10-6

7.801 x 10-5

2.953 x 10-4

equilibrium-Hydrogene-H2

200012.2050.0052090.15640.5919

907.20.453610.0023630.070930.2685

10.00050.00110232.604 x 10-6

7.819 x 10-5

2.960 x 10-4

200012.2050.052152.66110.07

907.20.453610.023651.2074.569

10.00050.00110232.608 x 10-5

0.0013300.005036

200012.2050.072451.7826.746

907.20.453610.032860.80833.060

10.00050.00110233.622 x 10-5

8.910 x 10-4

0.003373

Mass

PROPERTY EQUIVALENTS OF GASES

10 11

72633.6318.0060.0375513.785

LitersLiq. (nbp)

1.282 x 104

6.40914.130.0333913.785

1.279 x 104

6.39514.100.0333113.785

751.60.37580.82850.0196013.785

11220.56121.2370.0406613.785


1.76 x 105

88.21946.61170643

4.45 x 104

22.249.01.6742.8162

274.20.13710.30230.010270.26421

1.48 x 105

74.01637.27246931

3.73 x 104

18.641.11.8362.0235

1590.07950.1750.007810.26421

1.40 x 105

70.21557.26216816

3.54 x 104

17.739.01.8354.3206

172.00.086000.18960.0088930.26421

1.83 x 105

91.72027.59231874

4.62 x 104

23.150.91.9158.2220

209.90.10500.23140.0086920.26421

4.38 x 105

2194839.11205766

1.10 x 105

55.21222.3051.6196

5650.2820.6220.01170.26421

10380.51901.1440.0388913.785

2.669 x 104

13.3529.42125.7197.34

6020.3010.6630.029613.785

2.03 x 104

10.222.4133.8128

651.10.32560.71770.0336613.785

1.934 x 104

9.67121.32129.71112.5

794.60.39730.87590.0329013.785

2.415 x 104

12.0826.62130.39115.1

2.14 x 103

1.072.360.044513.785

4.81 x 104

24.053.0122.585.2

200012.2050.074931.9277.294

907.20.453610.033990.87403.308

Air

ArgonAr

Oxygen O2

MethaneCH4

10.00050.00110233.746 x 10-5

9.634 x 10-4

0.003647

200012.2050.09833.3212.6

907.20.453610.04461.515.71

10.00050.00110234.92 x 10-5

0.001660.00629

FluorineF2

200012.2050.10343.07211.63

907.20.453610.046901.3935.274

10.00050.00110235.170 x 10-5

0.0015360.005814

200012.2050.082812.5179.527

907.20.453610.037561.1424.322

10.00050.00110234.140 x 10-5

0.0012580.004764

200012.2050.04160.9363.54

907.20.453610.01890.4241.61

10.00050.00110232.08 x 10-5

4.68 x 10-4

0.00177

GallonsLiq. (nbp)



scf (NTP)Gas

Volume

Tons(ton)

Pounds(lb)

Kilograms(kg)

Mass

LitersLiq. (nbp)


12 13


Tons(ton)

Pounds(lb)

Kilograms(kg)

Mass

200012.2050.21725.31820.13

907.20.453610.098522.4129.132

KryptonKr

AmmoniaNH3

Carbon Dioxide CO2

10.00050.00110231.086 x 10-4

0.0026590.01007

200012.2050.34166.73825.51

907.20.453610.15493.05611.57

10.00050.00110231.708 x 10-4

0.0033690.01275

XenonXe

200012.2050.04451.505.69

907.20.453610.02020.6822.58

10.00050.00110232.22 x 10-5

7.52 x 10-4

0.00285

200012.2050.11462.2378.470

907.20.453610.051971.01453.84

15.0 x 10-4

1.10 x 10-3

5.73 x 10-5

1.12 x 10-3

4.24 x 10-3

14


GallonsLiq. (nbp)



scf (NTP)Gas

Volume

LitersLiq. (nbp)

9.28 x 104

46.410210.0247934

2.34 x 104

11.725.82.5462.2235

99.340.049670.10950.010790.26421

8.28 x 104

41.491.314.12791060

2.09 x 104

10.423.03.5670.3266

78.410.039210.086430.013390.26421

1.18 x 106

589130026.28863350

2.97 x 105

1483276.60223845

3510.1760.3870.007810.26421

2.38 x 105

119.2262.813.66266.651009.5

6.01 x 104

30.066.233.4467.2254.39

236.10.11810.26040.013530.26421

376.10.18800.41450.0408413.785

92084.60410.15124.4992.69

296.80.14840.32720.0507013.785

58552.9276.454119.7274.67

1.33 x 103

0.6651.470.029613.785

4.49 x 104

22.549.5133.81128

894.050.44700.98560.0512313.785

17.4588.729119.2476119.5373.93

15


1.212.423.624.836.047.258.459.66

10.8712.0824.1536.2348.3160.3972.4684.4596.62

108.70120.77241.55362.32483.09603.86

scf/mo (millions) tons/day

1.382.764.145.526.908.289.66

11.0412.4213.8027.5941.3955.1968.9882.7896.58

110.38124.17137.97275.94413.91551.88689.85

123456789

102030405060708090

100200300400500

scf/mo (millions) tons/day

Oxygen1 lb Gaseous Oxygen = 12.08 scf at NTP

1 ton Gaseous Oxygen = 24,160 scf at NTP

123456789

102030405060708090

100200300400500

8.2810.3520.7041.4062.1082.80

165.6248.4331.2414.0496.8579.6

scf/mo (millions)tons/day

7.259.06

18.12536.2554.37572.5

145217.5290362.5435507.5

1012.5255075

100200300400500600700

tons/day scf/mo (millions)

1012.5255075

100200300400500600700

Nitrogen1 lb Gaseous Nitrogen = 13.80 scf at NTP

1 ton Gaseous Nitrogen = 27,600 scf at NTP

0.0870.1740.260.350.430.520.610.690.780.871.742.603.474.345.216.086.957.818.68

17.3726.0534.7343.42

1.723.445.166.888.61

10.3312.0513.7715.4917.2134.4251.6468.8586.06

103.27120.49137.70154.91172.12344.24516.37688.49860.61

123456789

102030405060708090

100200300400500

Argon1 lb Gaseous Argon = 9.683 scf at NTP

1 ton Gaseous Argon = 19,366 scf at NTP

123456789

102030405060708090

100200300400500

115.2144288576864

1,1522,3043,4564,6085,7606,9128,064

5.817.26

14.5229.0543.5758.10

116.2174.3232.4290.5348.6406.7

1012.5255075

100200300400500600700

1012.5255075

100200300400500600700

Hydrogen1 lb Gaseous Hydrogen = 192.0 scf at NTP

1 ton Gaseous Hydrogen = 384,000 scf at NTP

*Based on a 30-day month

TONNAGE CONVERSION FACTORS*

16 17

scf/mo (millions) tons/dayscf/mo (millions) tons/day

scf/mo (millions)tons/daytons/day scf/mo (millions)


Enthalpy – Cal./Mole

0 100 200 300

130

120

110

100

90

80

70

60

50

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

26

24

22

20

18

16

14

12

10

86

42

0

% V

AP

OR

BY

WE

IGH

T

Pre

ssur

e –

psig

14.7029.4044.1158.8173.5188.21102.9117.6132.3147.0

Argon Hydrogen

17.9035.7953.6971.5889.48

107.38125.27143.16161.06179.00

14.4928.9843.4757.9672.4586.94

101.43115.92130.41144.90

Oxygen Nitrogen

14.8229.6344.4559.2674.0888.90

103.71118.52133.34148.20

100,000 cfh200,000 cfh300,000 cfh400,000 cfh500,000 cfh600,000 cfh700,000 cfh800,000 cfh900,000 cfh

1,000,000 cfh

Gallons Per Minute (gpm) *

68,020136,000204,000272,100340,100408,100476,100544,100612,100680,200

Argon Hydrogen

55,870111,740167,610223,480279,350335,220391,090446,960502,830558,700

69,000138,000207,000276,000345,000417,000483,000552,000621,000690,000

Oxygen Nitrogen

67,500135,000202,500270,000337,500405,000472,500540,000607,500675,000

10 gpm20 gpm30 gpm40 gpm50 gpm60 gpm70 gpm80 gpm90 gpm

100 gpm

Cubic Feet Per Hour (cfh) **

* @ Normal Boiling Point

** @ NTP (70°F and 14.696 psia)

18 19

FLOW RATE CONVERSIONS

OXYGEN, NITROGEN, ARGON, HYDROGEN

PERCENT FLASH OFF CONSTANT ENTHALPY THROTTLING -- LIQUID NITROGEN


1,000,000,000,000

100,000,000,000

10,000,000,000

1,000,000,000

100,000,000

10,000,000

1,000,000

100,000

10,000

1,000

100

10

1

ppb ppt

1,000,000

100,000

10,000

1,000

100

10

1

0.1

0.01

0.001

0.0001

0.00001

0.000001

0

90

99

99.9

99.99

99.999

99.9999

99.99999

99.999999

99.9999999

99.99999999

99.999999999

99.9999999999

ppm

1,000,000,000

100,000,000

10,000,000

1,000,000

100,000

10,000

1,000

100

10

1

0.1

0.01

0.001

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

9’sPERCENTPURITY

0.50.51.50.752.02.53.03.54.55.06.06.58.07.5

Air Oxygen

H2COH2SNH3CH4C2H2C2H4C2H6C3H6C3H8C4H8C4H10C5H12C6H6

HydrogenCarbon MonoxideHydrogen SulfideAmmoniaMethaneAcetyleneEthyleneEthanePropylenePropaneButeneButanePentaneBenzene

2.392.397.183.599.57

11.9614.3516.7521.5323.9228.7131.1038.2835.89

Volume of Oxidant per Volume of Fuel

20 21

GRADES OF PURITY STOICHIOMETRIC REQUIREMENTS FOR COMBUSTION


23

Acetylene

Propane

Methane

Propylene

Maximum

flam

e temperature, °F

Oxygen to

fuel gas ra

tio fo

rmaximum

temperature

Oxygen to

fuel ra

tio fo

r neutra

lflame or lower efficiency usage

Gross heat of c

ombustion Btu/scf

Fraction of available heat

released in

inner c

one

5720

1.5 to 1

1.1 to 1

1470 35 507

Percent

Btu

5130

4.5 to 1

2.9 to 1

2563 11 280

5040

1.9 to 1

1.3 to 1

1000 4 40

5240

3.6 to 1

2.6 to 1

2371 16 379

High in

tensity Btu/in

2 /min

(Heat transfer to

3 / 8in diam. p

robe

at 10,00

0 Btu/h exposure)

scf o

f gas per pound at 7

0°F

Pounds of g

as per 100

scf

Specific gravity of g

as at 6

0°F

(air = 1)

220

14.7

6.80

0.91

150

8.65

11.56

1.55

130

24.1

4.15

0.62

–

9.03

11.05

1.45

FUEL GAS DATA

H 2 CO H 2S

NH3

CH4

C 2H 2

C 2H 4

C 2H 6

C 3H 6

C 3H 8

C 4H 8

C 4H 1

0

C 5H 1

2

C 6H 6

Hydrogen

Carbon Monoxide

Hydrogen Sulfide

Ammonia

Methane

Acetylene

Ethylene

Ethane

Propylene

Propane

Butene

Butane

Pentane

Benzene

Lower

Upper

In Air

Limits of Inflammability *

Lower

Upper

In Oxygen

High

Low

Heat of Com

bustion

Kilojoules/g.mol **

4.0

12.5 4.3

15.5 5.0

2.5

2.8

3.0

2.0

2.1

1.8

1.9

1.4

1.4

74.2

74.2

45.5

27.0

15.0

80.0

28.6

12.5

11.1 9.4

9.0

8.4

7.8

7.1

4.6

15.0

13.5 5.4

2.8

2.9

4.1

2.1

2.6

93.9

93.9

79.0

59.2

93.0

79.9

50.5

52.8

30.0

286

283

890

1300

1411

1560

2058

2220

2877

3536

3302

242

802

1256

1323

1428

1927

2044

2657

3272

3169

* At atm

ospheric pressure and room

temperature, p

ercent by volume

** Multiply Kilojoules/g.m

ol by 23

9.01

to obtain cal/g

.mol

10.663

429.93

1.19

741.11

15

cal/liter (ST

P)Btu/lb m

olBtu/scf (ST

P)Btu/scf (NT

P)

COMBUSTION PROPERTIES OF COMMON

GASES

22


1600

1700

1800

1900

2000

2100

2200

2300

2400

2500

2600

2700

2800

2900

3000

3100

3200

0.24

480.24

610.24

73

0.24

840.24

950.25

06

0.25

170.25

270.25

36

0.25

450.25

540.25

62

0.25

700.25

780.25

85

0.25

930.26

00

3.51

03.51

93.52

8

3.53

83.54

93.56

0

3.57

23.58

43.59

6

3.60

83.62

03.63

2

3.64

43.65

63.66

8

3.68

03.69

2

0.50

210.50

660.51

11

0.51

560.52

010.52

45

0.52

890.53

340.53

75

0.54

150.54

560.54

96

0.55

360.55

750.56

14

0.56

520.56

88

0.26

420.26

560.26

69

0.26

820.26

950.27

07

0.27

190.27

320.27

42

0.27

530.27

640.27

74

0.27

840.27

930.28

02

0.28

110.28

19

0.26

720.26

860.27

00

0.27

130.27

260.27

39

0.27

510.27

630.27

74

0.27

840.27

940.28

04

0.28

140.28

230.28

31

0.28

400.28

48

0.26

460.26

710.26

94

0.27

160.27

370.27

57

0.27

760.27

950.28

13

0.28

300.28

450.28

60

0.28

750.28

890.29

02

0.29

150.29

27

Courtesy of A

FS CUP

OLA HA

NDBO

OK

25

t (°F)

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

Cp = H/t - 60

Btu/lb

°F

O 2 0.21

880.22

030.22

21

0.22

400.22

590.22

79

0.22

990.23

180.23

37

0.23

550.23

730.23

90

0.24

060.24

200.24

34

H 2 3.42

03.43

43.44

2

3.44

83.45

23.45

5

3.45

83.46

23.46

6

3.47

03.47

53.48

0

3.48

73.49

43.50

1

H 2O

0.44

480.44

720.44

99

0.45

290.45

620.45

97

0.46

340.46

740.47

15

0.47

570.48

000.48

44

0.48

880.49

320.49

76

N 2 0.24

820.24

850.24

88

0.24

930.25

000.25

09

0.25

200.25

310.25

44

0.25

580.25

720.25

86

0.26

000.26

140.26

28

CO 0.24

850.24

880.24

93

0.25

010.25

110.25

22

0.25

350.25

490.25

64

0.25

800.25

960.26

11

0.26

270.26

420.26

57

CO2

0.20

220.20

860.21

45

0.22

010.22

530.23

01

0.23

460.23

880.24

28

0.24

650.25

000.25

33

0.25

640.25

930.26

20

MEAN SPECIFIC HEATS

24


K°RK°RK°R

GasConstant Temperature

g.molg.molg.molg.mollb.mollb.mol

cm3

cm3

literslitersscfscf

Volume Quantity

82.056745.58710.08205440.04558581.314410.730228

atm

Pressure

P V n R T

K°RK°RK°R


cm3

cm3

literslitersscfscf

1205.91669.9501.205870.66992819.316610.7314

lb/in2

K°RK°RK°R


cm3

cm3

literslitersscfscf

84.783247.10180.08478090.04710051.358080.754489

kg/cm2

K°RK°RK°R


cm3

cm3

literslitersscfscf

62363.134646.262.361334.6452998.952554.973

mm Hg

VALUES OF THE GAS CONSTANT PV = nRT

26

ppm(By Volume)

Dew Point°F

ppm(By Volume) mg/L

Dew Point°F

The following data is intended to be the standard for use by the CompressedGas Association. For conversion to grains per 1000 cubic feet, divide ppm by 3.1.

27

MOISTURE CONVERSION DATA

-2.8-3.6-4.0-7.0-9.6

-12.5-15.8-20.0-24.2-32.0-36.6-42.8-44.4-46.2-48.2-50.6-53.4-56.7-61.1-67.1-71.1-76.6-78.1-79.7-81.3-83.5-85.6-88.3-91.8-96.5-99.8

-104.2-105.3-106.7-108.1-109.8

0.880.670.510.390.300.230.170.120.0890.0650.0470.0340.0240.0170.0120.00850.00580.00400.00260.00170.00110.000690.00043

1180895690525400305225165120876345322316.211.47.85.33.52.31.50.930.58

100095090080070060050040030020015010090807060504030201510987654321.510.90.80.70.6

0-5

-10-15-20-25-30-35-40-45-50-55-60-65-70-75-80-85-90-95

-100-105-110


By To Obtain

acre

Multiply

4.3560 x 104

0.00404694046.90.0015625

ft2

km2

m2

mi2

ångstrom (Å) 10-8

3.2808 x 10-10

3.9370 x 10-9

10-10

10-4

3.9370 x 10-6

cmftinmµmi

atmosphere,standard (atm)

1.013251.01325 x 106

33.93229.9211.0332101.3257.6000 x 105

760.001.01325 x 105

14.696760

bardyn/cm2

ft H2O (60°F)in Hg (0°C)kg(f)/cm2

kPaµ Hg (0°C)mm Hg (0°C)N/m2

lb(f)/in2

Torr

atmosphere,standard/meter (atm/m)

10.3421.01325 x 105

19.3044.4793

ft H2O (60°F)/ftN/m2.mmm Hg (0°C)/inlb(f)/in2.ft

bar 0.98692106

33.48829.5301.01971007.5006 x 105

750.06105

14.504750.06

atm (std)dyn/cm2



lb(f)/in2

Torr

Btu 252.001.0544 x 1010

777.651.0751 x 107

3.9275 x 10-4

1054.42.9288 x 10-4

10.406

cal(g)ergft.lb(f)g(f).cmhp.hJkW.hL.atm

29

Conversion Factors are presented in alphabetical order. References to NormalTemperature and Pressure (NTP), and Standard Temperature and Pressure(STP) are considered as follows:

NTP means 70°F and 14.696 psiaNTP (Europe) means 0°C (32°F) and one atmosphere (14.696 psia)STP means 0°C and one atmosphere

Throughout Conversion Factors: (f) means force(m) means mass

CONVERSION FACTORS

28


By To ObtainMultiply

calories (gram) 0.00396834.1840 x 107

3.08604.2665 x 104

1.5586 x 10-6

4.18401.1622 x 10-6

0.041293

Btuergft.lb(f)g(f).cmhp.h JkW.h L.atm

calories(g)/gram(m)

1.80001399.84.1840

Btu/lb(m)ft.lb(f)/lb(m)J/g(m)

calories(g)/gram(m), °C

1.00004.1840

Btu/lb(m) °FJ/g(m) °C

calories(g)/gram mole

0.00465381.80000.00182784.18400.0518530.0011622

Btu/scf (NTP)Btu/lb.molhp.h/1000 scf (NTP)J/g.molkW.h/1000 m3 (STP)W.h/g.mol

calories(g)/gram mole, °C

0.00258541.00004.18400.0011622

Btu/scf (NTP) °FBtu/lb.mol °FJ/g.mol °CW.h/g.mol °C

calories(g)/second

14.2864.1840 x 107

185.164.2665 x 104

0.00561084.1840

Btu/herg/sft.lb(f)/ming(f).cm/shp W

calories(g)/second, centimeter, °C

241.914.1840 x 107

4.1840

Btu/h ft °Ferg/s cm °C W/cm °C

calories (g)/second, square centimeter

1.3272 x 104

5.21264.1840 x 104

Btu/h ft2

hp/ft2

W/m2

calories (g)/second,square centimeter, °C

7373.42.89594.1840

Btu/h ft2 °Fhp/ft2 °FW/m2 K

31

By To Obtain

Btu/cubicfoot (NTP)(Btu/scf)

Multiply

386.78214.880.39275899.0511.1420.24974

Btu/lb.molcal(g)/g.molhp.h/1000 scf (NTP)J/g.molkW.h/1000 m3 (STP)W.h/g.mol

Btu/cubicfoot (NTP) oF(Btu/scf)

386.78386.781618.30.44952

Btu/lb.mol °Fcal(g)/g.mol °CJ/g.mol °CW.h/g.mol °C

Btu/hour(BTU/h)

0.0699992.9288x106

12.9612986.53.9275x10-4

0.29288

cal(g)/sergs/sft.lb(f)/ming(f).cm/shp W

Btu/hourfoot, oF

0.00413381.7296x105

0.0172961.7296

cal(gm)/s.cm °Cerg/s.cm °CW/cm °CW/m K

Btu/hoursquare foot

7.5346x10-5

3.9275x10-4

3.1525

cal(g)/s.cm2

hp/ft2

W/m2

Btu/hoursquare foot, oF

1.3562x10-4

3.9275x10-4

5.6745

cal(g)/s.cm2 °Chp/ft2 °FW/m2 K

Btu/pound(m) 0.55556777.652.3244

cal(g)/g(m)ft.lb(f)/lb(m)J/g(m)

Btu/pound(m), oF 1.00004.1840

cal(g)/g(m) °CJ/g(m) °C

Btu/poundmole

0.00258540.555560.00101542.32440.0288076.4568 x 10-4

Btu/scf (NTP)cal(g)/g.molhp.h/1000 scf (NTP)J/g.molkW.h/1000 m3 (STP)W.h/g.mol

Btu/poundmole, oF

0.00258541.00004.18400.0011622

Btu/scf (NTP) °Fcal(g)/g.mol °CJ/g.mol °CW.h/g.mol °C

CONVERSION FACTORS

30


cubic feet (cont) 0.0283170.0370377.480528.317

m3

yd3

gal (US)L

cubic feet(NTP)

2.6285 x 104

0.981120.0262851.172726.2850.0025854

cm3 (STP)scf (60°F, 14.696 psia)m3 (STP)g.molL (STP)lb.mol

cubic feet (NTP)/hour

7.30150.981123.2576 x 10-4

0.00730150.0025854

cm3 (STP)/sscf (60°F, 14.696 psia)/hg.mol/s L (STP)/s lb.mol/h

cubic feet (NTP)/minute

438.0958.8671.57710.0195460.438090.15513

cm3 (STP)/sscf (60°F, 14.696 psia)/hm3 (STP)/hg.mol/sL (STP)/slb.mol/h

cubic feet/day

0.327740.311690.0051948

cm3/s gal (US)/h gal (US)/min

cubic feet/hour

7.86580.124680.0078658

cm3/sgal (US)/minL/s

cubic feet(60°F, 14.696 psia)

2.6791 x 104

1.01920.0267911.195326.7910.0026352

cm3 (STP)scf (NTP)m3 (STP)g.molL (STP)lb.mol

cubic feet (60°F, 14.696 psia)/hour

7.44201.01920.0267913.3203 x 10-4

0.00744200.0026352

cm3 (STP)/s scf (NTP)/h m3 (STP)/h g.mol/s L (STP)/s lb.mol/h

cubic inches (in3) 16.3875.7870 x 10-4

cm3

scf


33

centimeters (cm) 108

0.0328080.39370104

393.70

Åftin µmi

centimeters/second

1.96850.0194380.022369

ft/minknots (int)mi (stat)/h

centimeters/second,second

0.0328080.00101970.022369

ft/s, sgravity (std)mi (stat)/h s

centipoises 1.0197x10-5

10-2

10-3

5.8015x10-9

2.4191

g(f).s/cm2

g(m)/s cmN.s/m2

lb(f).h/ft2

lb(m)/h ft

cubiccentimeters (cm3)

3.5315x10-5

0.0610241.3080 x 10-6

2.6417 x 10-4

10-3

scfin3

yd3

gal (US)L

cubiccentimeters/second

3.05120.127130.951020.015850

scf/dayscf/hgal (US)/hgal (US)/min

cubiccentimeters(STP)

3.8044 x 10-5

3.7326 x 10-5

4.4616 x 10-5

10-3

9.8361 x 10-8

scf (NTP)scf (60°F, 14.696 psia)g.molL (STP)lb.mol

cubiccentimeters(STP)/second

0.136960.00228260.134374.4616 x 10-5

10-3

3.5410 x 10-4

scf (NTP)/hscf (NTP)/minscf (60°F, 14.696 psia)/hg.mol/s L (STP)/s lb.mol/h

cubic feet (scf) 2.8317 x 104

1728.0cm3

in3


CONVERSION FACTORS

32


ergs (erg) (cont) 0.00101973.7251 x 10-14

10-7

2.7778 x 10-14

9.8692 x 10-10

g(f).cmhp.hJkW.hL.atm

erg/second 3.4144 x 10-7

2.3901 x 10-6

4.4254 x 10-6

0.00101971.3410 x 10-10

10-10

10-7

Btu/hcal(g)/sft.lb(f)/ming(f).cm/shpkWW

ergs/second,centimeter, °C

5.7818 x 10-6

2.3901 x 10-8

10-7

Btu/h ft °Fcal(g)/s cm °CW/cm °C

feet (ft) 3.0480 x 109

30.4800.304803.0480 x 105

1.8939 x 10-4

1.2000 x 104

Åcmmµmi (stat)mi

feet of water(60°F)

0.0294710.0298612.9861 x 104

0.881800.00304502.2398 x 104

22.3982986.10.4331022.398

atm (std)bardyn/cm2

in Hg (0°C)kg(f)/cm2

µ Hg (0°C)mm Hg (0°C)N/m2

lb(f)/in2

Torr

feet of water(60°F)/foot

0.0966899.7979797.01.86650.43310

atm (std)/mkPa/mN/m2 mmm Hg (0°C)/inlb(f) in2 ft

feet/minute 0.508000.0182880.00987470.011364

cm/s km/h knots (int)mi (stat)/h

feet/second 1.09730.592480.68182

km/hknots (int)mi (stat)/h

35


cubic inches (in3)(cont)

0.00432900.016387

gal (US)L

cubic meters (m3) 35.3156.1024 x 104

1.3080264.17

scfin3

yd3

gal (US)

cubic meters/second

scf/dayscf/h gal (US)/h gal (US)/min

cubic meters(STP)

38.04437.32644.6160.098361

scf (NTP)scf (60°F, 14.696 psia)g.mollb.mol

cubic meters(STP)/hour

0.634070.0123930.098361

scf (NTP)/ming.mol/slb.mol/h

cubic yards (yd3) 4.6656 x 104

0.76455201.97764.55

in3

m3

gal (US)L

dynes (dyn) 0.001019710-5

2.2481 x 10-6

g(f)Nlb(f)

dynes/centimeters

0.1019710-3

6.8522 x 10-5

g(f)/mN/mlb(f)/ft

dynes/squarecentimeter

9.8692 x 10-7

10-6

3.3488 x 10-5

2.9530 x 10-5

1.0197 x 10-6

0.750067.5006 x 10-4

0.11.4504 x 10-5

7.5006 x 10-4

atm (std)bar ft H2O (60°F)in Hg (0°C)kg(f)/cm2

µ Hg (0°C)mm Hg (0°C)N/m2

lb(f)/in2

Torr

ergs (erg) 9.4845 x 10-11

2.3901 x 10-8

7.3756 x 10-8

Btucal(g)ft.lb(f)

3.0512 x 106

1.2713 x 105

9.5102 x 105

1.5850 x 104

34


CONVERSION FACTORS


grams(f) 980.6650.009806650.0022046

dynNlb(f)

gram(f)-centimeters

9.3011 x 10-8

2.3438 x 10-5

980.6657.2330 x 10-5

3.6530 x 10-11

9.80665 x 10-5

2.7241 x 10-11

9.6784 x 10-7

Btucal(g)ergft.lb(f)hp.hJkW.hL.atm

gram(f)-centimeters/second

3.3484 x 10-4

2.3438 x 10-5

980.6650.00433981.3151 x 10-7

9.80665 x 10-5

Btu/hcal(g)/serg/sft.lb(f)/minhp W

grams(f)/meter

9.806650.009806656.7197 x 10-4

dyn/cmN/mlb(f)/ft

gram(f)-seconds/squarecentimeter

9.80665 x 104

980.66598.06655.6893 x 10-4

2.3723 x 105

centipoisesg(m)/s cmN.s/m2

lb(f).h/ft2

lb(m)/h ft

grams (m) 15.4320.0352740.0321510.0022046

groz (avdp)oz (troy)lb(m)

grams (m)/cubiccentimeter

5.8418 x 104

103

62.4280.0361278.3454

gr/gal (US)g(m)/Llb(m)/scflb(m)/in3

lb(m)/gal

grams (m)/liter

58.41810-3

0.0624280.0083454

gr/gal (US)g(m)/cm3

lb(m)/scflb(m)/gal


grains/gallons (US)(cont)

1.4286 x 10-4 lb(m)/gal (US)

37

foot-pounds (f) 0.00128590.324051.3558 x 107

1.3825 x 104

5.0505 x 10-7

1.35583.7662 x 10-7

0.013381

Btucal(g)ergg(f).cmhp.h JkW.hL.atm

foot-pounds(f)/minute

0.0771560.00540082.2597 x 105

230.423.0303 x 10-5

0.022597

Btu/hcal(g)/serg/sg(f).cm/shp W

foot-pounds(f)/pound(m)

0.00128597.1440 x 10-4

2.9891

Btu/lb(m)cal(g)/g(m)J/kg(m)

gallons (US) 3785.40.13368231.000.00495113.7854

cm3

scfin3

yd3

L

gallons (US)/hour

1.05153.20830.133681.0515 x 10-6

0.0010515

cm3/s scf/dayscf/hm3/sL/s

gallons (US)/minute

63.090192.508.02080.063090

cm3/sscf/dayscf/hL/s

grains (gr) 0.0647990.00228570.00208331.4286 x 10-4

g(m)oz (avdp)oz (troy)lb(m)

grains/gallon (US) 1.7118 x 10-5

0.0171180.0010686

g(m)/cm3

g(m)/Llb(m)/scf


CONVERSION FACTORS

feet/second,second

30.4800.0310811.0973

cm/s sgravity (std)km/h s

36


horsepower-hours/1000cubic feet(NTP)

2.5461984.79547.112289.128.3690.63586

Btu/scf (NTP)Btu/lb.molcal (g)/g.molJ/g.molkW.h/1000 m3 (STP)W.h/g.mol

horsepower/square foot

2546.10.191848026.6

Btu/h ft2

cal (g)/s cm2

W/m2

horsepower/square foot,°F

2546.10.345311.4448 x 104

Btu/h ft2 °Fcal (g)/s cm2 °CW/m2 K

inches (in) 2.5400 x 108

2.54002.5400 x 104

103

Åcm µmi

inches ofmercury (0°C)(in Hg)

0.0334210.0338643.3864 x 104

1.13400.0345323.38642.5400 x 104

25.4003386.40.4911525.400

atm (std)bardyn/cm2

ft H2O (60°F)kg(f)/cm2


lb(f)/in2

Torr

inches/second 0.0914400.0493740.056818

km/h knots (int)mi (stat)/h

joules (J) 9.4845 x 10-4

0.23901107

0.737561.0197 x 104

3.7251 x 10-7

2.7778 x 10-7

0.0098692

Btucal(g)ergft.lb(f)g(f).cmhp.hkW.hL.atm

joules/gram (m) 0.430210.23901334.55

Btu/lb(m)cal(g)/g(m)ft.lb(f)/lb(m)


39

grams (m)/second

7.93660.132280.095240

lb(m)/hlb(m)/minton (short)/day

grams (m)/second,centimeter

102

0.00101970.15.8015 x 10-7

241.91

centipoisesg(f).s/cm2

N.s/m2

lb(f).h/ft2

lb(m)/h ft

grams (m)/second,squarecentimeter

7373.451.204122.892.0482

lb(m)/h ft2

lb(m)/h in2

lb(m)/min ft2

lb(m)/s ft2

gram moles (g.mol)

2.2414 x 104

0.852700.836610.02241422.4140.022046

cm3 (STP)scf (NTP)scf (60°F, 14.696 psia)m3 (STP)L (STP)lb.mol

gram moles/second

2.2414 x 104

3069.751.1623011.880.6897.9366

cm3 (STP)/sscf (NTP)/hscf (NTP)/minscf (60°F, 14.696 psia)/hm3 (STP)/hlb.mol/h

gravity(standard)

980.66532.17435.30421.937

cm/s sft/s skm/h smi (stat)/h s

horsepower (hp) 2546.1178.237.4570 x 109

3.3000 x 104

7.6040 x 106

745.70

Btu/hcal(g)/serg/sft.lb(f)/ming(f).cm/sW

horsepower-hours (hp.h)

2546.16.4162 x 105

2.6845 x 1013

1.9800 x 106

2.7374 x 1010

2.6845 x 106

0.745702.6494 x 104

Btucal(g)ergft.lb(f)g(f).cmJkW.hL.atm


CONVERSION FACTORS

38


kilogram (m)/cubic meter

58.4180.0624280.0083454

gr/gal (US)lb(m)/scflb(m)/gal (US)

kilogram (m)/hour

0.0367446.1240 x 10-4

0.026455

lb(m)/minlb(m)/ston (short)/day

kilogram (m)/second

7936.6132.2895.240

lb(m)/hlb(m)/minton(short)/day

kilogram (m)/second, squaremeter

737.345.120412.2890.20482

lb(m)/h ft2

lb(m)/h in2

lb(m)/min ft2

lb(m)/s ft2

kilopascal 0.0098690.010.334880.295297500.7510000.145047.5006

atm (std)barft H2O (60°F)in Hgµ Hg (0°C)N/m2

lb(f)/in2

Torr

kilometer (km) 3280.80.62137

ftmi (stat)

kilometer/hour

27.77854.6810.9113410.9360.539960.62137

cm/sft/minft/sin/sknots (int)mi (stat)/h

kilowatt (kW) 3414.4239.011010

4.4254 x 104

1.0197 x 107

1.3410103

Btu/hcal(g)/serg/sft.lb(f)/ming(f).cm/shpJ/s

kilowatt-hours(kW.h)

3414.48.6042 x 105

3.6000 x 1013

2.6552 x 106

3.6710 x 1010

1.3410

Btucal(g)ergft.lb(f)g(f).cmhp.h


41

joules/gram (m) °C

0.239010.23901

Btu/lb(m) °Fcal(g)/g(m) °C

joules/gram mole(J/g.mol)

0.00111230.430210.239014.3685 x 10-4

0.0123932.7778 x 10-4

Btu/scf (NTP)Btu/lb.molcal(g)/g.molhp.h/1000 scf (NTP)kW.h/1000 m3 (STP)W.h/g.mol

joules/gram mole °C

6.1794 x 10-4

0.239010.239012.7778 x 10-4

Btu/scf (NTP) °FBtu/lb.mol °Fcal(g)/g.mol °CW.h/g.mol °C

joules/kilogram (m)

4.3021 x 10-4

2.3901 x 10-4

0.33455

Btu/lb(m)cal(g)/g(m)ft.lb (f)/lb(m)

joules/kilogram (m) K

2.3901 x 10-4

2.3901 x 10-4

Btu/lb(m) °Fcal(g)/g(m) °C

joules/second

3.41440.23901107

44.2541.0197 x 104

0.001341010-3

1.0000

Btu/hcal(g)/serg/sft.lb(f)/ming(f).cm/shpkWW

kilograms (f) 9.80665 x 105

9.806652.2046

dynNlb(f)

kilograms (f)/square centimeter

0.967840.9806659.80665 x 105

32.84128.9597.3556 x 105

735.569.80665 x 104

14.22334735.56

atm (std)bardyn/cm2

ft H2O (60°F)in Hg (0°C)µ Hg (0°C)mm Hg (0°C)N/m2

lb(f)/in2

Torr

kilograms (m) 1.5432 x 104

35.27432.1512.20469.8421 x 10-4

0.0011023

groz (avdp)oz (troy)lb(m)ton (long)ton (short)


CONVERSION FACTORS

40

kilometer/hours, second

27.7780.911340.028325

cm/s sft/s sgravity (std)


liters (STP)/second (cont)

3.60000.0446160.35410

m3 (STP)/hg.mol/slb.mol/h

meters 1010

3.280839.370106

6.2137 x 10-4

3.9370 x 104

Åftinµmi (stat)mi

meters/second

196.851.94382.2369

ft/minknots (int)mi (stat)/h

meters/second, second

3.28080.101973.6000

ft/s sgravity (std)km/h s

microns 104

10-4

3.2808 x 10-6

3.9370 x 10-5

10-6

0.039370

Åcmftinmmi

microns ofmercury (0°C)

1.3158 x 10-6

1.3332 x 10-6

1.33324.4647 x 10-5

3.9370 x 10-5

1.3595 x 10-6

1.3332 x 10-4

10-3

0.133321.9337 x 10-5

10-3

atm (std)bardyn/cm2


kPamm Hg (0°C)N/m2

lb(f)/in2

Torr

miles(statute)

5280.06.3360 x 104

1.6093

ftinkm

miles(statute)/hour

44.70488.0001.466717.6001.60930.868980.44704

cm/sft/minft/sin/skm/hknots (int)m/s


43

kilowatt-hours (kW.h)(cont)

3.6x106

3.5529 x 104

JL.atm

kilowatt-hours/1000 cubicmeters (STP)

0.08974934.71319.2850.03524980.6890.022414

Btu/scf (NTP)Btu/lb.molcal(g)/g.molhp.h/1000 scf (NTP)J/g.molW.h/g.mol

knots(international)

51.444101.271.68781.85201.1508

cm/sft/minft/skm/hmi (stat)/h

liter-atmospheres

0.09610224.2171.01325 x 109

74.7331.0332 x 106

3.7744 x 10-5

101.3252.8146 x 10-5

Btucal(g)ergft.lb(f)g(f).cmhp.hJkW.h

liters (L) 103

0.03531561.02410-3

0.26417

cm3

scfin3

m3

gal (US)

liters/second

103

3051.2127.1310-3

951.0215.850

cm3/sscf/dayscf/hm3/sgal (US)/hgal (US)/min

liters (STP) 103

0.0380440.03732610-3

0.0446169.8361 x 10-5

cm3 (STP)scf (NTP)scf (60°F, 14.696 psia)m3 (STP)g.mollb.mol

liters (STP)/second

103

136.962.2826134.37

cm3 (STP)/sscf (NTP)/h scf (NTP)/minscf (60°F, 14.696 psia)/h


CONVERSION FACTORS

42


newtons/square meter, meter

9.8692 x 10-6

1.0207 x 10-4

1.9052 x 10-4

4.4208 x 10-5

atm (std)/mft H2O (60°F)/ftmm Hg (0°C)/inlb(f)/in2 ft

newton-seconds/square meter

103

0.01019710.05.8015 x 10-6

2419.1


g(m)/s cmlb(f).h/ft2

lb(m)/h ft

ounces(avoirdupois)

437.5028.3500.911460.062500

grg(m)oz (troy)lb(m)

ounces(troy)

480.0031.1031.09710.068571

grg(m)oz (avdp)lb(m)

pound moles 1.0167 x 107

386.78379.4810.167453.591.0167 x 104

cm3 (STP)scf (NTP)scf (60°F, 14.696 psia)m3 (STP)g.molL (STP)

pound moles/hour

2824.1386.786.4463379.4810.1670.126002.8241

cm3 (STP)/sscf (NTP)/hscf (NTP)/minscf (60°F, 14.696 psia)/hm3 (STP)/hg.mol/sL (STP)/s

pounds (f) 4.4482 x 105

453.594.4482

dyng(f)N

pounds(f)-hours/square foot

1.7237 x 108

1757.71.7237 x 106

1.7237 x 105

4.1698 x 108


g(m)/s cmN.s/m2

lb(m)/h ft

pounds (f)/foot

1.4594 x 104

1488.214.594

dyn/cmg(f)/mN/m


45

miles(statute)/hour, second

44.7041.46670.0455851.6093

cm/s sft/s sgravity (std)km/h s

millimeters ofmercury (0°C)

0.00131580.00133321333.20.0446470.0393700.0013595103

133.320.0193371.0000

atm (std)bardyn/cm2


µ Hg (0°C)N/m2

lb(f)/in2

Torr

millimeters of mercury (0°C)/inch

0.0518030.535775248.90.23204

atm (std)/mft H2O (60°F)/ftN/m2

lb(f)/in2 ft

mils 2.5400 x 105

0.00254008.3333 x 10-5

10-3

25.400

Åcmftin µ

newtons 105

101.970.101970.22481

dyng(f)kg(f)lb(f)

newtons/meter

103

101.970.068522

dyn/cmg(f)/mlb(f)/ft

newtons/square meter

9.8692 x 10-6

10-5

10.03.3488 x 10-4

2.9530 x 10-4

1.0197 x 10-5

0.0017.50060.00750061.4504 x 10-4

0.0075006

atm (std)bardyn/cm2


kPaµ Hg (0°C)mm Hg (0°C)lb(f)/in2

Torr


CONVERSION FACTORS

44


pounds (m)/hr, sq foot

1.3562 x 10-4

0.0069444g(m)/s cm2

lb(m)/h in2

pounds (m)/hour, squareinch

0.0195302.40000.040000

g(m)/s cm2

lb(m)/min ft2

lb(m)/s ft2

pounds (m)/minute

7.559927.2160.72000

g(m)/skg(m)/hton (short)/day

pounds (m)/minute, sq ft

0.0813740.41667

kg(m)/s m2

lb(m)/h in2

pounds (m)/second 1632.943.200

kg(m)/hton (short)/day

pounds (m)/second, sq ft

0.4882425.000

g(m)/s cm2

lb(m)/h in2

square centimeters (cm2)

0.00107640.15500

ft2

in2

square feet (ft2) 2.2957 x 10-5

929.03144.009.2903 x 10-8

3.5870 x 10-8

acrecm2

in2

km2

mi2 (stat)

square inches (in2) 6.45160.0069444

cm2

ft2

square kilometers(km2)

247.111.0764 x 107

0.38610

acreft2

mi2 (stat)

square meters (m2) 2.4711 x 10-4

104

10.7641550.010-6

3.8610 x 10-7

acrecm2

ft2

in2

km2

mi2 (stat)

square miles(statute)

640.002.78784 x 107

2.5900 x 106

acreft2

m2

tons (long) 1016.02240.0

kg(m)lb(m)


47

pounds (f)/square inch

0.0680460.0689486.8948 x 104

2.30892.03600.0703076.89485.1715 x 104

51.7156894.851.715

atm (std)bardyn/cm2



Torr

pounds (f)/square inch,foot

0.223252.30892.2621 x 104

4.3096

atm (std)/mft H2O (60°F)/ftN/m2 mmm Hg (0°C)/in

pounds (m)(avoirdupois)

7000.0453.5916.00014.5834.4643 x 10-4

5.0000 x 10-4

grg(m)oz (avdp)oz (troy)ton (long)ton (short)

pounds (m)/cubic foot

935.760.01601816.0185.7870 x 10-4

0.13368

gr/gal (US)g(m)/cm3

g(m)/Llb(m)/in3

lb(m)/gal (US)

pounds (m)/cubic inch

27.6801728.0231.00

g(m)/cm3

lb(m)/scflb(m)/gal (US)

pounds (m)/gallon (US)

7000.00.11983119.837.48050.0043290

gr/gal (US)g(m)/cm3

g(m)/Llb(m)/scflb(m)/in3

pounds (m)/hour

0.126000.453590.012000

g(m)/skg(m)/hton (short)/day

pounds (m)/hour, foot

0.413384.2153 x 10-6

0.00413384.1338 x 10-4

2.3982 x 10-9


g(m)/s cmN.s/m2

lb(f).h/ft2


CONVERSION FACTORS

46


watts (W) (cont) 0.00134101.0000

hpJ/s

watts/centimeter, °C 57.8180.23901107

Btu/h ft °Fcal(g)/s cm °Cerg/s cm °C

watts/meter, K 0.578180.0023901105

Btu/h ft °Fcal(g)/s cm °Cerg/s cm °C

watts/squaremeter

0.317212.3901 x 10-5

1.2459 x 10-4

Btu/h ft2

cal(g)/s cm2

hp/ft2

watts/squaremeter, K

0.176232.3901 x 10-5

6.9214 x 10-5

Btu/h ft2 °Fcal(g)/s cm2 °Chp/ft2 °F


49

tons (long) (cont) 1.1200 ton (short)

tons (short) 907.182000.00.89286

kg(m)lb(m)ton (long)

tons (short)/day

10.50037.79983.3331.38890.023148

g(m)/skg(m)/hlb(m)/hlb(m)/minlb(m)/s

Torr 0.00131580.00133321333.20.0446470.0393700.00135950.1332103

1.0000133.320.019337

atm (std)bardyn/cm2



lb(f)/in2

watt-hours (W.h) 3.4144860.423.6000 x 1010

2655.23.6710 x 107

0.00134103600.035.529

Btucal(g)ergft.lb(f)g(f).cmhp.hJ L.atm

watt-hours/gram mole

4.00421548.8860.421.57273600.044.616

Btu/scf (NTP)Btu/lb molcal(g)/g.molhph/1000 scf (NTP)J/g.molkW.h/1000 m3 (STP)

watt-hours/gram mole, 0°C

2.2246860.42860.423600.0

Btu/scf (NTP) °FBtu/lb mol °Fcal(g)/g.mol °CJ/g.mol °C

watts (W) 3.41440.23901107

44.2541.0197 x 104

Btu/hcal(g)/serg/sft.lb(f)/ming(f).cm/s


CONVERSION FACTORS

48


Value UnitsNumerical Constant

Avogadro’s Number (chem.)Gas-Law Constant R.

6.0220 x 1023

1.9871.987

82.060.082056

10.7310.7302

atm/g.molcal/g.mol KBtu/lb.mol °Rcm3.atm/g.mol KL.atm/g.mol Kscf.lb/in2 lb.mol °Rscf.atm/lb.mol °R

Standard volume ofideal gas 22.414 L/g.mol

MISCELLANEOUS PHYSICAL CONSTANTS

51

Prefix SI SymbolMultiplication Factors

1 000 000 000 000 = 1012

1 000 000 000 = 109

1 000 000 = 106

1 000 = 103

100 = 102

10 = 101

0.1 = 10-1

0.01 = 10-2

0.001 = 10-3

0.000 001 = 10-6

0.000 000 001 = 10-9

0.000 000 000 001 = 10-12

0.000 000 000 000 001 = 10-15

0.000 000 000 000 000 001 = 10-18

teragigamegakilohectodekadecicentimillimicronanopicofemtoatto

TGMkhdadcmµnpfa

Multiple and Submultiple Units

SI UNIT MULTIPLICATION FACTORS

50


53

-389

.67

-387

.67

-382

-380

-379

.67

-370

-369

.67

-364

-360

-359

.67

-351

.67

-350

-349

.67

-346

-340

-329

.67

-333

.67

-330

-329

.67

-328

-320

-319

.67

-315

.67

-310

-309

.67

-300

-299

.67

-297

.67

70 72 77.67

79.67

80 89.67

90 95.67

99.67

100

108

109.67

110

113.67

119.67

120

126

129.67

130

131.67

139.67

140

144

149.67

140

159.67

160

162

-234

.26

-233

.15

-230

-228

.89

-228

.71

-223

.33

-223

.15

-220

-217

.78

-217

.59

-213

.15

-212

.22

-212

.04

-210

-206

.67

-206

.48

-203

.15

-201

.11

-200

.93

-200

-195

.56

-195

.37

-193

.15

-190

-189

.82

-184

.44

-184

.26

-183

.15

38.89

40 43.15

44.26

44.44

49.82

50 53.15

55.37

55.56

60 60.93

61.11

63.15

66.48

66.67

70 72.04

72.22

73.15

77.59

77.78

80 83.15

83.33

88.71

88.89

90

-225

.67

-220

-219

.67

-210

-209

.67

-207

.67

-202

-200

-199

.67

-190

-189

.67

-184

-180

-179

.67

-171

.67

-170

-169

.67

-166

-160

-159

.67

-153

.67

-150

-149

.67

-148

-140

-139

.67

-135

.67

-130

234

239.67

240

249.67

250

252

257.67

259.67

260

269.67

270

275.67

279.67

280

288

289.67

290

293.67

299.67

300

306

309.67

310

311.67

319.67

320

324

329.67

-143

.15

-140

-139

.82

-134

.44

-134

.26

-133

.15

-130

-128

.89

-128

.71

-123

.33

-123

.15

-120

-117

.78

-117

.59

-113

.15

-112

.22

-112

.04

-110

-106

.67

-106

.48

-103

.15

-101

.11

-100

.93

-100

-95.96

-95.37

-93.15

-90

130

133.15

133.33

138.71

138.89

140

143.15

144.26

144.44

149.82

150

153.15

155.37

155.56

160

160.93

161.11

163.15

166.48

166.67

170

172.04

172.22

173.15

177.59

177.78

180

183.15

-59.67

-58

-50

-49.67

-45.67

-40

-39.67

-30

-29.67

-27.67

-22

-20

-19.67

-10 -9.67

-4 0 0.33

8.33

10 10.33

14 20 20.33

26.33

30 30.33

32

400

401.67

409.67

410

414

419.67

420

429.67

430

432

437.67

439.67

440

449.67

450

455.67

459.67

460

468

469.67

470

473.67

479.67

480

486

489.67

490

491.67

-50.93

-60

-45.56

-45.37

-43.15

-40

-39.82

-34.44

-34.26

-33.15

-30

-28.89

-28.71

-23.33

-23.15

-20

-17.78

-17.59

-13.15

-12.22

-12.04

-10 -6.67

-6.48

-3.15

-1.11

-0.93

0

222.22

223.15

227.59

227.78

230

233.15

233.33

238.71

238.89

240

243.15

244.26

244.44

249.82

250

253.15

255.37

255.56

260

260.93

261.11

263.15

266.48

266.67

270

272.04

272.22

273.15

52

-459

.67

-454

-450

-449

.67

-441

.67

-440

-439

.67

-436

-430

-429

.67

-423

.67

-420

-419

.67

-418

-410

-409

.67

-405

.67

-400

-399

.67

-390

°F

0 5.67

9.67

10 18 19.67

20 23.67

29.67

30 36 39.67

40 41.67

49.67

50 54 59.67

60 69.67

°R

-273

.15

-270

-267

.78

-267

.59

-263

.15

-262

.22

-262

.04

-260

-256

.67

-256

.48

-253

.15

-251

.11

-250

.93

-250

-254

.56

-245

.37

-243

.15

-240

-239

.82

-234

.44

°C

0 3.15

5.37

5.56

10 10.93

11.11

13.15

16.48

16.67

20 22.04

22.22

23.15

27.59

27.78

30 33.15

33.33

38.71

K

-292

-290

-289

.67

-280

-279

.67

-274

-270

-269

.67

-261

.67

-260

-259

.67

-256

-250

-249

.67

-243

.67

-240

-239

.67

-238

-230

-229

.67

°F

167.67

169.67

170

179.67

180

185.67

189.67

190

198

199.67

200

203.67

209.67

210

216

219.67

220

221.67

229.67

230

°R

-180

-178

.89

-178

.71

-173

.33

-173

.15

-170

-167

.78

-167

.59

-163

.15

-162

.22

-162

.04

-160

-156

.67

-156

.48

-153

.15

-151

.11

-150

.93

-150

-145

.56

-145

.37

°C

93.15

94.26

94.44

99.82

100

103.15

105.57

105.56

110

110.93

111.11

113.15

116.48

116.67

120

122.04

122.22

123.15

127.59

127.78

K

-129

.67

-120

-119

.67

-117

.67

-112

-110

-109

.67

-100

-99.67

-94

-90

-89.67

-81.67

-80

-79.67

-76

-70

-69.67

-63.67

-60

°F

330

339.67

340

342

347.67

349.67

350

359.67

360

365.67

369.67

370

378

379.67

380

383.67

389.67

390

396

399.67

°R

-89.92

-84.44

-84.26

-83.15

-80

-78.89

-78.71

-73.33

-73.15

-70

-67.78

-67.59

-63.15

-62.22

-62.04

-60

-56.67

-56.48

-53.15

-51.11

°C

183.33

188.71

188.89

190

193.15

194.26

194.44

199.82

200

203.15

205.37

205.56

210

210.93

211.11

213.15

216.48

216.67

220

222.04

K

°F=9/5 °C + 32 °C=

5/9 (°F - 32

) °R = °F + 459

.67

K=°C + 273

.15

TEMPERATURE CON

VERSION TABLE


17/3235/649/16

37/6419/3239/64

5/841/6421/32

43/6411/1645/64

23/3247/643/4

49/6425/3251/64

13/1653/6427/32

55/647/857/64

29/3259/6415/16

61/6431/3263/641

0.5312500.5468750.562500

0.5781250.5937500.609375

0.6250000.6406250.656250

0.6718750.6875000.703125

0.7187500.7343750.750000

0.7656250.7812500.796875

0.8125000.8281250.843750

0.8593750.8750000.890625

0.9062500.9218750.937500

0.9531250.9687500.9843751.000000

13.4937513.8906314.28750

14.6843715.0812515.47813

15.8750016.2718716.66875

17.0656317.4625017.85937

18.2562518.6531319.05000

19.4468719.8437520.24063

20.6375021.0343721.43125

21.8281322.2250022.62187

23.0187523.4156323.81250

24.2093724.6062525.0031325.40000

Fractional Inches Decimal Inches Millimeters

55

Fractional Inches

1/641/323/64

1/165/643/32

7/641/89/64

5/3211/643/16

13/647/3215/64

1/417/649/32

19/645/1621/64

11/3223/643/8

25/6413/3227/64

7/1629/6415/32

31/641/233/64

Decimal Inches Millimeters

0.0156250.0312500.046875

0.0625000.0781250.093750

0.1093750.1250000.140625

0.1562500.1718750.187500

0.2031250.2187500.234375

0.2500000.2656250.281250

0.2968750.3125000.328125

0.3437500.3593750.375000

0.3906250.4062500.421875

0.4375000.4531250.468750

0.4843750.5000000.515625

0.396870.793751.19061

1.587501.984372.38125

2.778133.175003.57187

3.968754.365634.76250

5.159375.556255.95313

6.350006.746877.14375

7.540637.937508.33437

8.731259.128139.52500

9.9218710.3187510.71563

11.1125011.5093811.90625

12.3031312.7000013.09687

DECIMAL EQUIVALENTS

54


1.10231 US short tons0.984207 UK long ton

Volume

1 cubic inch (in3)1 cubic foot (scf)

1 cubic yard (yd3)1 US liquid ounce (US liq oz)1 UK fluid ounce (UK fl oz)1 US liquid gallon (US liq gal)1 UK gallon1 cubic centimeter (cm3)

or milliliter (mL)

1 cubic decimeter (dm3)or liter (L)

Equivalent

16.387064 cubic centimeters or millimeters1728 cubic inches28.316846 592 cubic decimeters or liters7.48052 US liquid gallons6.22884 UK liquid gallons27 cubic feet29.5735 cubic centimeters or milliliters28.4130625 cubic centimeters or milliliters3.785411784 cubic decimeters or liters4.54609 cubic decimeters or liters

0.0610237 cubic inch0.033814 0 US liquid ounces0.035195 1 UK fluid ounce

61.0237 cubic inches33.8140 US liquid ounces35.1951 UK fluid ounces0.264172 US liquid gallon0.219969 UK gallon0.0353147 cubic foot

Density

1 ounce per US liquidgallon (oz/US liq gal)

1 ounce per UK gallon(oz/UK gal)

1 pound per cubic foot (lb/scf)1 kilogram per cubic meter

(kg/m3) or gram per liter (g/L)

1 cubic foot of water1 cubic inch of waterpounds per US liquid gallonat 20°C

pounds per US liquid gallon

Equivalent

7.48915 kilogramsper cubic meter

6.23602 kilograms per cubic meter16.0185 kilograms per cubic meter

0.133526 ounces per US liquid gallon0.160359 ounces per UK gallon0.0624280 pound per cubic foot62.37 pounds at 60°F (15.56°C)0.036 pound at 60°F (15.56°C)

specific gravity x 8.32160.119826 gram per millimeter

57

Length

1 inch (in)

1 foot (ft)

1 yard (yd)

1 statute mile (mi)

1 centimeter (cm)

1 meter (m)

1 kilometer (km)

Equivalent

0.083 foot25.4 millimeters12 inches304.8 millimeters3 feet0.9144 meter5280 feet1.609344 kilometers0.393701 inch0.0328084 foot39.3701 inches3.28084 feet1.09361 yards0.621371 statute mile

Area

1 square inch (in2)1 square foot (ft2)

1 square yard (yd2)

1 acre1 square centimeter (cm2)

1 square meter (m2)

1 hectare (ha)1 square kilometer (km2)

Equivalent

6.4516 square centimeters144 square inches0.09290304 square meter9 square feet0.83612736 square meter0.40468564224 hectare0.155000 square inch0.00107639 square foot10.7639 square feet1.19599 square yards2.47105 acres247.105 acres0.386102 square mile

Weight

1 ounce (oz)1 pound (lb)1 US short ton1 UK long ton

1 gram (g)1 kilogram (kg)

1 megagram (Mg)or tonne (t)or metric ton

Equivalent

28.349523152 grams0.45359237 kilogram0.90718474 megagram or tonnes or metric ton1.0160469088 megagrams or tonne ormetric ton

0.0352740 ounce35.2740 ounces2.20462 pounds

56

METRIC EQUIVALENTS


Power

1 foot pound-force per second(ft lbf/s)

1 UK horsepower (hp)1 mechanical horsepower

1 electrical horsepower1 boiler horsepower1 metric horsepower

1 kilowatt (kW)

Equivalent

1.35582 watts745.700 watts550 foot pounds-force per second745.699 watts746.000 watts9809.500 watts735.499 watts0.986320 UK horsepower1.34102 UK horsepower1.35962 metric horsepower

59

Pressure

1 atmosphere (atm)

Equivalent

760 millimeters of mercury (Torr)29.92126 inches of mercury14.69595 pounds-force per square inch1.013247 bar1.013247 dynes per square centimeter101.3247 kilopascals or kilonewtons per

square meter

Temperature Equivalent

1 pound-force per squareinch (lb(f)/in2) 6.89476 kilopascals or kilonewtons per

square meter

1 kilopascal (kPa) or 1 kilonewton per square meter (kN/m2) 0.145038 pound-force per square inch

Energy

1 foot pound-force (ft lbf)1 kilogram-force meter (kgfm)1 British thermal unit (Btu)1 watt hour (W.h)1 UK horsepower hour (hph)1 joule (J)1 kilojoule (kJ)1 kilojoule (kJ)1 kilowatt hour (kW.h)

Equivalent

1.35582 joules9.80665 joules1.05506 kilojoules3.6 kilojoules0.745700 kilowatt hour0.737562 foot pound-force0.947817 British thermal unit 0.277778 watt hour1.34102 UK horsepower hours

Viscosity

1 centipoise (cP)100 centipoises (cP)1 pascal second (Pa.s)100 centistokes (cSt)centipoises (cP)

Equivalent

1 millipascal second1 dyne second per square centimeter1 newton second per square meter1 square centimeter per secondcentistokes x density in grams per millimeter

METRIC EQUIVALENTS

58

degrees Fahrenheit (°F)degrees Celsius (°C)degrees Celsius (°C)Kelvin (K)

(°C x 1.8) + 32(°F - 32) x 0.556K - 273.15°C + 273.15


Flammable Range – The range over which a gas at normal temperature(NTP) forms a flammable mixture with air.

Fractional Distillation – The process of separating the constituents of aliquid by heating the liquid to its boiling point, removing the vaporsthrough a cooling and condensing apparatus, and collecting the con-densed liquid in a separate receiver. This process is commonly used toseparate two or more liquids in a mixture, based on the differences intheir boiling points.

Fluid – A substance which yields readily to any force which tends to alter itsshape. Fluids possess no shape. The term applies to both liquids and gases.

Freezing Point – The temperature at which a liquid and solid are in equilibrium at a given pressure (usually one atmosphere).

Fusion, Latent Heat of – The amount of heat which must be supplied atthe melting point to a unit quantity of a solid in order to transform it into aliquid at the same temperature (usually at standard pressure). Also calledHeat of Fusion.

Gas – An aeriform flied, having neither independent shape nor volume, buttending to expand indefinitely.

Gas Density – Concentration of matter, measured by the mass of a substance per unit volume.

Melting Point – The normal melting point of a solid is the temperature atwhich the solid and the liquid phases of the material are in equilibriumunder a pressure of one atmosphere. It differs from the freezing point onlyfor impure substances.

Liquid – A form a fluid characterized by free movement of constituentmolecules among themselves, but without the tendency to separate.

Molecular Weight – The sum of the atomic weights of all the constituentatoms in the molecule of an element or compound.

Normal Boiling Point – The temperature at which the vapor pressure of aliquid reaches 760 mm of mercury.

61

Absolute Zero – A hypothetical temperature characterized by complete absenceof heat and equivalent to -459.69 °F or -273.16 °C.

Absorption – The penetration of a liquid or gas into the inner structure of a liquid.

Adiabatic Process – A process carried out in such a way that no heat isabsorbed or evolved by the system.

Adsorption – The adherence of gas or liquid molecules to the surface of another substance, called the adsorbent. (Usually a solid.)

Boiling Point – The temperature at which the vapor pressure of a pure liquid isequal to the surrounding atmospheric pressure.

CGA – Denotes the Compressed Gas Association.

Combustion, Heat of – The total amount of heat evolved when a definite quantity of a substance is completely burned (oxidized).

Critical Pressure – The pressure which is just sufficient to cause the appearanceof two phases at the critical temperature. It is the vapor pressure of a liquid atthe critical temperature.

Critical Temperature – The temperature above which a gas cannot be liquefiedby pressure alone. At this temperature, there is no distinction between liquid andvapor, both having the same density and constituting one homogeneous system.

Critical Volume – The volume occupied by unit mass of a substance at the critical temperature and pressure.

Cryogenic – Refers to the field of low temperatures, usually -200 °F or below.

Density – The ratio of the weight of a substance per unit volume; e.g. mass of a solid, liquid or gas per unit volume at a specific temperature.

Dew Point – The temperature and pressure at which the liquefaction of a vaporbegins. The term is usually applied to condensation of moisture from the watervapor in the atmosphere.

Expansion, Coefficient of – The ratio of the increase in length (linear coefficient),area (superficial), or volume (cubical) of a body for a given rise in temperature(usually from 0 °C to 1 °C) to the original length, area of volume, respectively.These three coefficients are approximately in the ratio of 1:2:3.

TERMS & DEFINITIONS

60


Specific Volume – Volume occupied by a unit mass of a substance at agiven temperature.

Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP) – An internationally acceptedreference base. Standard temperature is 0 °C. Standard pressure is oneatmosphere, or 14.6960 psia.

Sublimation – The process of a substance passing from the solid state to thegaseous state directly without an intermediate liquid state.

Superconductivity – Disappearance of electrical resistance in a metal attemperatures near absolute zero.

Thermal Conductivity – The quantity of heat passing in unit time through aplate of unit area and unit thickness, with a temperature differential of onedegree between the faces of the plate.

Triple Point – The definite temperature and pressure for a pure substance atwhich the three phases—solid, liquid and vapor—coexist in equilibrium asan invariant system.

Vapor Density – The weight of vapor per unit volume at any stated temperature and pressure.

Vapor Pressure – The pressure exerted by a vapor when a state of equilibriumhas been reached between a liquid, solid or solution and its vapor. When thevapor pressure of a liquid exceeds that of the confining atmosphere, the liquid is commonly said to be boiling.

Vaporization, Heat of – The quantity of heat required to convert a unit quantityof a liquid at a definite temperature to vapor at the same temperature.

Viscosity – The resistance offered by a fluid (liquid or gas) to flow. The viscosity is a characteristic property and is a measure of the combinedeffects of adhesion and cohesion.

63

Normal Temperature and Pressure (NTP) – A gas industry reference base.Normal temperature is 70 °F. Normal pressure is 14.6960 psia.

Partial Pressure (Dalton’s Law) – In any mixture of gases, the total pres-sure is equal to the sum of the pressures each gas would exert were it alonein the volume occupied by the mixture; i.e., the total pressure is equal to thesum of partial pressures of the individual gases.

ppm – The abbreviation for parts per million, a convenient means to expressvery low concentrations of a substance in a mixture, or as a low level contaminant in a pure product.

Pressure Drop (Friction Loss) – The pressure lost by fluids flowing in apipeline. Pressure drop is a function of mass flow, viscosity, condition of pipewall, fluid density and inside pipe diameter of orifice conditions. It is usuallyexpressed pressure drop (psi) per equivalent length (feet) of pipe.

psia – The abbreviation for pounds per square inch absolute. One atmosphere equals 14.696 psia; psia = psig + 14.696.

psig – The abbreviation for pounds per square inch gauge. Gauge pressurealways ignores the first atmosphere absolute (14.696 psia).

Pyrophoric - The ability of a chemical to ignite spontaneously in air at orbelow 130 °F (54.4 °C).

Rare Gas – Refers to those constituents of air which comprise less than onepercent of air and are generally considered inert: argon, helium, krypton,neon and xenon. These gases are also called noble gases.

Specific Gravity – The ratio of the weight of any volume to the weight of anyequal volume of some other substance taken as the standard at stated temperatures. The standard is usually water for solids and liquids, and air orhydrogen for gases.

Specific Heat – The amount of heat required to raise a unit of mass of a substance one degree of temperature at either constant pressure or constant volume.

TERMS & DEFINITIONS

62


STAN

DARD

TAN

KAGE: RELATIVE SIZES

OXYGEN, NITROGEN, ARGON

15’-6”

TM-500

TM-900

TL/TM-1500

TL/TM-3000TL/TM-6000

TL/TM-9000

TL-TM-11000

TL/TM-13000

36’-2”

64

Characteristics

Gross Volume (gal)

Net C

apacity

Oxygen (scf)

Nitro

gen (scf)

Argon (scf)

Maximum

Working Pressure

Liquid Container (p

sig)

Weight (lb)

Tank Empty

Filled Ox

ygen

Filled Nitro

gen

Filled Argon

Configuration

Dimensions

Diam

eter (in)

Height (ft-in)

TM-500 568

530

61,000

49,300

59,600 250

5,40

010

,500

9,10

011

,700

Vertical

6015

-6

TM-900 956

904

104,00

084

,100

101,60

0

250

9,70

018

,400

15,800

20,300

Vertical

7815

-9

TM-1500

1,61

1

1,51

717

4,60

014

1,20

017

0,65

4

250

10,300

24,800

20,600

28,000

Vertical

7815

-9

TL-1500

1,61

5

1,52

317

5,30

014

1,80

017

1,30

0

125

8,94

023

,400

19,200

26,700

Vertical

7815

-9

TM-3000

3,11

7

3,00

034

5,20

027

9,20

033

7,20

0

250

15,500

44,100

35,800

50,400

Vertical

9616

-0

TL-3000

3,13

3

3,01

634

7,10

028

0,70

033

0,10

0 83

11,400

40,200

31,900

46,500

Vertical

9616

-0

CRYOGENIC TANK SPECIFICATION

SOXYGEN, NITROGEN, ARGON

65


CRYOGENIC STORAGE TANK SPECIFICATION


Characteristics

Gross Volume (gal)

Net C

apacity

Oxygen (scf)

Nitro

gen (scf)

Argon (scf)

Maximum

Working Pressure

Liquid Container (p

sig)

Weight (lb)

Tank Empty

Filled Ox

ygen

Filled Nitro

gen

Filled Argon

Configuration

Dimensions

Diam

eter (in)

Height (ft-in)

Length (ft-in)

HTM-11000

11,350

10,800

1,24

2,90

01,00

5,90

01,21

4,80

0

250

46,000

148,90

011

8,90

017

1,60

0

Horizontal

129

11-8

29-10

TM-13000

13,300

13,000

1,49

6,30

01,21

0,40

01,46

2,50

0

250

50,000

174,00

013

8,00

020

1,00

0

Vertical

122

36-2

TL-13000

13,300

13,000

1,49

6,30

01,21

0,40

01,46

2,50

0 62

38,000

162,00

012

6,00

018

9,00

0

Vertical

122

36-2

T M-13000HP*

1330

0

13,000

1,49

6,30

01,21

0,40

01,46

2,50

0

375

63,600

187,60

015

1,60

021

4,60

0

Vertical

122

36-2

HTM-13000HP*

1321

5

13,000

1,49

6,30

01,21

0,40

01,46

2,50

0

600

90,000

214,00

017

8,00

024

1,00

0

Horizontal

129

11-8

34-6

HTM-13000

1335

0

12,730

1,46

5,22

31,18

5,29

01,43

2,12

5

250

55,500

175,20

014

0,00

020

1,70

0

Horizontal

129

11-8

33-11

* high pressure ** includes ribs

67

Characteristics

Gross Volume (gal)

Net C

apacity

Oxygen (scf)

Nitro

gen (scf)

Argon (scf)

Maximum

Working Pressure

Liquid Container (p

sig)

Weight (lb)

Tank Empty

Filled Ox

ygen

Filled Nitro

gen

Filled Argon

Configuration

Dimensions

Diam

eter (in)

Height (ft-in)

TM-6000

6,02

2

5,88

967

7,70

054

8,10

066

2,00

0

250

27,800

84,000

67,600

96,300

Vertical

9625

-9

TL-6000

6,03

6

5,90

867

9,40

054

9,40

066

3,70

0 77

20,700

77,100

60,700

89,400

Vertical

9625

-9

TM-9000

9,18

0

8,90

01,02

4,40

082

6,70

01,00

1,30

0

250

37,000

121,80

097

,000

140,50

0

Vertical

114

27-10

TL-9000

9,18

0

8,90

01,02

4,40

082

6,70

01,00

1,30

0 65

26,500

111,30

086

,500

130,00

0

Vertical

114

27-10

TM-11000

11,290

11,040

1,26

6,10

01,02

4,20

01,23

7,50

0

250

47,000

152,00

012

1,00

017

5,00

0

Vertical

122

31-7

TL-11000

11,290

11,040

1,26

6,10

01,02

4,20

01,23

7,50

0 65

34,200

139,00

010

8,00

016

2,00

0

Vertical

122

31-7

TM-11000HP*

11,290

11,300

1,26

6,10

01,02

4,20

01,23

7,50

0

375

56,500

161,50

013

0,50

018

4,50

0

Vertical

122

31-7

*high pressure



66

****

*



SHYDR

OGEN

Characteristics

Capacity (g

al)

Actual (Trycock cold)

Weight (lb) –

Actual

Gas (scf) (NT

P) – Actual

Maximum

Working Pressure

Liquid Container (p

sig)

Weight (lb)

Empty

Full

Configuration

Dimensions

Height (ft-in)

Diam

eter (ft-in)

Length (ft-in)

TLH-1500

1,51

090

017

1,20

0

150

8,50

09,40

0

Horizontal

8-2

7-3

18-1

TLH-4500

4,34

52,75

049

2,72

0

150

20,000

22,750

Horizontal

9-13/8

8-0

24-3

TLH-9000

8,80

05,21

099

9,68

0

150

46,400

51,610

Horizontal

9-4

8-8

39-8

TMH-9000

8,80

05,21

099

9,68

0

250

54,300

59,510

Horizontal

9-4

8-8

39-8

69


SHIGH-PRESSURE OXYGEN, NITROGEN, ARGON

Characteristics

Gross Volume (gal)

Net C

apacity

Oxygen (scf)

Nitro

gen (scf)

Argon (scf)

Maximum

Working Pressure

Liquid Container (p

sig)

Weight (lb)

Tank Empty

Filled Ox

ygen

Filled Nitro

gen

Filled Argon

Configuration

Dimensions

Diam

eter (in)

Height (ft-in)

Length (ft-in)

TM6000-400

6,00

0

5,88

067

6,50

054

7,49

066

1,21

0

400

33,800

89,100

72,800

101,50

0

Vertical

122

19-3 3 /

4 -

TM6000-600

6,00

0

5,86

067

5,00

054

4,30

065

9,10

0

600

46,500

102,30

086

,000

114,70

0

Vertical

9626

-3 1 /

4 -

TM9000-400

9,30

0

9,00

01,03

4,00

083

7,90

01,01

2,00

0

400

50,100

136,00

011

0,70

015

4,80

0

Vertical

122

26-10

1 /4 -

TM13000-400

13,300

13,000

1,49

6,00

01,21

0,00

01,46

2,00

0

400

63,600

187,60

015

1,60

021

4,60

0

Vertical

122

36-2 -

TM13000-600

13,300

13,000

1,49

6,00

01,21

0,00

01,46

2,00

0

600

86,000

210,00

017

4,00

023

7,00

0

Vertical

122

36-2 -

HTM13000-600

13,215

13,000

1,47

1,20

01,19

1,40

01,44

0,90

0

600

90,000

211,90

017

6,40

023

9,00

0

Horizontal

122 -

34-6 1 /

4

68


Characteristics

Net C

apacity (g

al)

(scf)

Maximum

Working Pressure

Liquid Container (p

sig)

Weight (lb)

Tank Empty

Filled

Configuration

Dimensions

Diam

eter (ft-in)

Height (ft-in)

Length (ft-in)

HCSH 1500

1,57

817

8,96

1

150

8,42

59,35

7

Horizontal

6-0

7-1

18-1

VCSH 4500

4,49

851

0,16

4

150

21,860

24,517

Vertical

8-0

22-2 1 /

16 -

HCSH 4500

4501

510,50

0

150

20,892

23,550

Horizontal

8-0

9-3

23-5

VCSH 15000

14,664

1,66

3,04

4

150

58,410

67,071

Vertical

10-0

41-6 9 /

16 -

HCSH 18000

18,000

2,04

1,38

0

150

67,090

77,721

Horizontal

11-0

12-2

43-5


SHYDR

OGEN

71

Characteristics

Capacity (g

al)

Actual (Trycock cold)

Weight (lb) –

Actual

Gas (scf) (NT

P) – Actual

Working Pressure (psig)

Weight (lb)

Empty

Full

Configuration

Dimensions

Height (ft-in)

Diam

eter (ft -in)

Length Overall (ft-in

)

TLH-18000

17,150

10,150

1,94

8,24

0 75

69,800

79,950

Horizontal

11-4

10-8

44-3

TMH-18000

17,150

10,150

1,94

8,24

0

250

89,500

99,650

Horizontal

11-4

10-8

44-3

TLH-18150

17,150

10,150

1,94

8,24

0

150

76,800

86,950

Horizontal

11-4

10-8

44-3


SHYDR

OGEN

70


Characteristics

Capacity (ton)

Maximum

Working

Pressure (p

sig)

Weight

Empty (lb)

Filled (lb)

Dimensions

Diam

eter (in)

Height (ft-in)

6 Ton 6

350

12,000

24,000 64

15-0

Alum

inum

Skinned, Foam Insulated Tanks – Horizontal

12 Ton 12 350

18,000

42,000 68

22-0

14 Ton 14 350

10,400

38,400 88

15-3

26 Ton 26 350

25,000

52,000 90

31-0

34 Ton 34 360

27,500

95,500 94

32-0

54 Ton 54 360

43,000

151,00

0 9448

-5

14 Ton 14 350

15,500

43,500 96

20-4

30 Ton 30 350

30,000

90,000 96

35-10

50 Ton 50 350

40,000

140,00

0

114

39-6

Vertical


SCARBON

DIOXIDE

73

Alum

inum

Skinned, Foam Insulated Tanks — Horizontal

STAN

DARD

TAN

KAGE

CARBON

DIOXIDE BULK STORAGE

Vertical

14 Ton

30 Ton

50 Ton

40’

20’

49’

15’

6 Ton

12-14 Ton

24-26 Ton

30-34 Ton

50-54 Ton

72


Type

Atmospheric

Standard

LWS

Powered:

Forced-Air *

Steam **

Electric **

Waste-Heat

Hybrid

Usage

Interm

ittent

Interm

ittent/C

ontinuous

Interm

ittent/C

ontinuous

Interm

ittent/C

ontinuous

Interm

ittent/C

ontinuous

Interm

ittent/C

ontinuous

Interm

ittent/C

ontinuous

Typical Capacity (scfh)

0 to 2,000

2,00

0 to 100

,000

10,000

to 100

,000

25,000

to 1 m

illion or greater

25,000

to 1 m

illion or greater

Determ

ined by waste heat

availability

25,000

to 200

,000

Space Requirements

Medium

Medium to

High

Low to

Medium

Low

Low

Low to

High

Medium

Energy Costs

None

None

Low

Medium to

High

High

None to

Low

Low

Recommended for Z

ones warm and warmest o

nly (see m

ap). When tempera-

tures are below freezing fo

r extended perio

ds, n

o defro

sting is possible and

the vaporizer can becom

e clogged with ice. A

s a result, th

ese vaporizers are not

recommended for c

ontinuous or e

xtended interm

ittent a

pplications in re

latively

cold clim

ates.

Approximate energy re

quirements: O

xygen, Nitrogen and Argon – Steam

– 15 lb per

hour per 100

0 scfh; E

lectric – 5 kW.h per 100

0 scfh.

Hydrogen – Steam

– 10 lb per hour p

er 100

0 scfh; E

lectric – 3 kW.h per 100

0 scfh.

VAPORIZER TYPES AN

D PERFORMAN

CE COM

PARISONS

75

Characteristics

Capacity (ton)

Capacity (lb)

Maximum

Working

Pressure (p

sig)

Design Tem

perature

Weight

Empty (lb)

Filled (lb)

Dimensions

Outside Diam

eter (in)

Overall H

eight (ft-in)

VJ-6 5.9

11,800 350

-40°F

11,500

23,300 78

15-10

Vacuum

Jacketed Tanks — Vertical

VJ-14

14.0

28,000 350

-40°F

27,800

55,800 96

19-5

VJ-26

25.5

51,000 350

-40°F

39,100

90,100 96

31-3

VJ-35

34.3

68,600 350

-40°F

47,300

115,90

0

114

28-6

VJ-50

49.0

98,000 350

-40°F

62,100

160,10

0

114

38-7


SCARBON

DIOXIDE

74

***


7776

CAPACITY (Liters)

ON-SITE STORAGE SYSTEM – MICROBULK SOLUTIONS

GrossNet

450LHPPlateBase

450LVHPPlateBase

700LHPPlateBase

1000LHPPlateBase

1000LVHPPlateBase

1500LHP

PalletBase

1500LVHPPalletBase

2000LHP

PalletBase

2000LVHPPalletBase

3000LHP

PalletBase

450420

450420

688645

1,056950

1,056950

1,5501,455

1,5501,455

2,0421,945

2,0421,945

2,9112,707

CAPACITY (Gallons)GrossNet

118.9111.0

118.9111.0

181.8170.4

279.0251.0

279.0251.0

409.5384.4

409.5384.4

539.5513.9

539.5513.9

770715

MAWPGrossNet

35024.1

50034.5

35024.1

35024.1

50034.5

35024.1

50034.5

35024.1

50034.4

35024.1

MAXIMUM PRE-SET OPERATING PRESSURE

GrossNet

30020.7

45031.0

30020.7

30020.7

45031.0

30020.7

45031.0

30020.7

45031.0

30020.7

DESIGN SPECIFICATIONSASME ASME ASME ASME ASME ASME ASME ASME ASME ASME

STORAGE CAPACITY (1)

NitrogenSCFNm3

10,332272

10,332272

15,860449

24,350689

24,350689

35,7901,013

35,7901,013

47,8471,257

47,8471,257

66,5921,750

OxygenSCFNm3

12,760336

12,760336

19,600554

30,070850

30,070850

44,2201,250

44,2201,250

59,0891,553

59,0891,553

82,2392,161

ArgonSCFNm3

12,478328

12,478328

19,160542

29,400832

29,400832

43,2201,223

43,2201,223

57,7861,519

57,7861,519

80,4252,115

CO2SCFNm3

8,200232

8,200232

12,608357

19,960564

19,960564

29,340830

29,340830

38,0481,000

38,0481,000

52,9541,390

3000VHPVHPPalletBase

2,9112,707

770715

50034.5

45031

ASME

66,5921,750

82,2392,161

80,2452,115

52,9541,390


7978

THERMAL PERFORMANCE (2) (NER%/DAY)

ON-SITE STORAGE SYSTEM – MICROBULK SOLUTIONS (Continued)

N2

O2-ARCO2

450LHPPlateBase

450LVHPPlateBase

700LHPPlateBase

1000LHPPlateBase

1000LVHPPlateBase

1500LHP

PalletBase

1500LVHPPalletBase

2000LHP

PalletBase

2000LVHPPalletBase

3000LHP

PalletBase

1.6%1%.5%

1.6%1%.5%

1%.62%.3%

1%.62%.3%

1%.62%.3%

1%.62%.3%

1%.62%.3%

1%.62%.3%

1%.62%.3%

1%.62%.3%

GAS DELIVERY RATE (LIN/LAR/LOX)SCF/HNm3h)

57515.1

57515.1

66018.6

96025.2

96025.2

1,35035.4

1,35035.4

1,35035.4

2,000(3)

52.4135035.4

GAS DELIVERY RATE (CO2)

SCF/HNm3h)

1925.4

1925.4

2206.2

3209.0

3209.0

45012.7

45012.7

45012.7

66717.5

45012.7

DIMENSIONS

Diameterinmm

30762

30762

421,067

421,067

421,067

481,219

481,219

481,219

481,219

591,499

Diameterinmm

681,727

681,727

601,524

812,058

812,058

912,311

912,311

1172,970

1172,970

1223,099

Tare Weightlbskg

688312

812368

1,065483

1,750794

2,2501,020

3,0801,395

3,3501,518

3,8601,751

3,8601,751

4,5002,045

3000LVHPPalletBase

1%.62%.3%

200052.4

45012.7

591,499

122.53,112

4,5002,045


8180

CYINDER SIZE CHART

High-Pressure Steel Cylinders

TK 51 9.0

133

559.25 143

519.25 145

4K

Height (in)

Diam

eter (in)

Average Weight (lb)

QG 20 6.0 29

31 7.0 65

46 7.4 76

SR 14 5.1 14

Acetylene Cylinders

#4#3

#5

Height (in)

Diam

eter (in)

Average Weight (lb)

Maximum

Gas Capacity (scf)

MC

B

Dimensions and capacities are approximate and do not in

clude valve or product weight. 30 12 41 75

39 3.9 78 145

51 6.1

189

350

13.2 7 7 10

19.5 8 22 40

Dimensions and capacities are approximate and do not in

clude valve or product weight.

Product

Neon

Cylinder

TKKQD4D8ELBELB

Contents(Liters)

7,5005,0002,5001,5003001005025

Pressure (psig)

2,3711,745845

1,5451,9311,6751,486721

Grade

Research99.999+%

RARE GASES CYLINDER DATA

Krypton TTKQD4D8ELBELB

10,0008,0007,0002,0003001005025

2,2181,8191,7921,5571,4621,3111,199647

Research99.999+%

Xenon KKQD4D4D8ELBELB

10,0005,0001,0005003001005025

970836655935858801796535

Research99.999+%

(Liters measured at NTP)


8382

Acetylene #5#4#3BMC

390145754010

510510510520200

INDUSTRIAL PURE GASES

Air,Compressed

TKSQGR

310232144783919

590590590590590590

Argon 4KTKSQGR

495335248154834221

680580580580580580580

CarbonDioxide

KS20#10#

64 lb39 lb20 lb10 lb

320320320320

Helium 4KTKSQGR

432291218135733718

680580580580580580580

Hydrogen TKSQ

26119612165

350350350350

GasCylinderStyle

Content(scf)

Approx. FullCylinder

Pressure @ 70 °F (psig)

CGAConnection

250250250250250

2,6402,2002,2002,2002,2002,200

4,5002,6402,2002,2002,2002,2002,200

835835835835

4,5002,6402,2002,2002,2002,2002,200

2,4002,0002,0002,000

Nitrogen 4KTKSQGR

430304228142763919

4,5002,6402,2002,2002,2002,2002,200

680580580580580580580

INDUSTRIAL PURE GASES (CON’T)

Oxygen 4KTKSQGR

499337249154834221

4,5002,6402,2002,2002,2002,2002,200

701540540540540540540

GasCylinderStyle

Content(scf)

Approx. FullCylinder

Pressure @ 70 °F (psig)

CGAConnection

(scf is measured at NTP)


8584

StarGold® C-5

StarGold® C-10

StarGold® C-15

StarGold® C-20

StarGold® C-25

StarGold® C-40

StarGold® C-50

Mig Mix GoldTM

Composition %

95

90

85

80

75

60

50

>90

5

10

15

20

25

40

50

<10

TK

TK

TK

TK

TK

TK

TK

TK

338252

348258

357264

368272

381280

219195

157177

344255

INDUSTRIAL MIXTURES – PRAXAIR’S STARGOLD®BLENDS

Argon / Carbon Dioxide - CGA 580

Ar CO2CylinderStyle

Volume(scf)

2,6402,200

2,6402,200

2,6402,200

2,6402,200

2,6402,200

1,4641,464

1,1681,168

2,6402,200

Pressure(psig)

StarGold® O-1

StarGold® O-2

StarGold® O-5

99

98

95

1

2

5

TK

TK

TK

331247

331247

331247

Argon / Oxygen - CGA 580

2,6402,200

2,6402,200

2,6402,200

Composition %Ar CO2

CylinderStyle

Volume(scf)

Pressure(psig)

Stargon® 90 8 TK

344255

2,6402,200

INDUSTRIAL MIXTURES – PRAXAIR’S STARGON®BLENDS

Argon / CO2 / Oxygen - CGA 580

Stargon® SS > 90 < 5 TK

335249

2,6402,200

Argon / CO2 / Nitrogen - CGA 580

< 5

2

Composition %Ar CO2

CylinderStyle

Volume(scf)

Pressure(psig)O2

Composition %Ar CO2

CylinderStyle

Volume(scf)

Pressure(psig)N2


8786

HeliStar® A-25

HeliStar® A-50

HeliStar® A-75

25

50

75

75

50

25

TK

TK

TK

280212

288217

304228

2,6402,200

2,6402,200

2,6402,200

INDUSTRIAL MIXTURES – PRAXAIR’S HELISTAR® BLENDS

Argon / Helium - CGA 580

HeliStar® A1025

HeliStar® CS

HeliStar® SS

HeliStar® GV

7.5

66

66.1

> 80

90

26.5

33

<10

TK

TK

TK

TK

278211

309232

298224

335248

2,6402,200

2,6402,200

2,6402,200

2,6402,200

Argon / Helium / CO2 - CGA 580

2.5

7.5

0.9

<10

Composition %Ar He

CylinderStyle

Volume(scf)

Pressure(psig)

Composition %Ar He

CylinderStyle

Volume(scf)

Pressure(psig)CO2

HydroStar® H-2

HydroStar® H-5

HydroStar® H-10

HydroStar® H-35

98

95

90

65

2

5

10

35

TK

TK

TK

TK

300223

297221

293218

276207

2,4002,000

2,4002,000

2,4002,000

2,4002,000

INDUSTRIAL MIXTURES – PRAXAIR’S HYDROSTAR®BLENDS

Argon / Hydrogen - CGA 350

HydroStar® PBSS > 95 < 5 TK

333248

2,6402,200

Argon / CO2 / Hydrogen - CGA 350

< 1

Composition %Ar H2

CylinderStyle

Volume(scf)

Pressure(psig)

Composition %Ar CO2

CylinderStyle

Volume(scf)

Pressure(psig)H2


8988

RoboStarTM CS > 85 < 10 TK

349258

2,6402,200

INDUSTRIAL MIXTURES – PRAXAIR’S ROBOSTARTMBLENDS

Argon / CO2 / Oxygen - CGA 580

< 5

RoboStarTM SS > 60 < 40 TK

298224

2,6402,200

< 1

RoboStarTM AL > 40 < 60 TK

288217

2,6402,200

Argon / Helium / CO2 - CGA 580

Argon / Helium - CGA 580

Composition %Ar CO2

CylinderStyle

Volume(scf)

Pressure(psig)O2

Composition %Ar He

CylinderStyle

Volume(scf)

Pressure(psig)CO2

Composition %Ar He

CylinderStyle

Volume(scf)

Pressure(psig)

Container Style160Liter

22/2306020

250-280

180 Liter

22/2306620

280-320

230Liter

22/230/3505326

300-340

265Liter

22/230/3505826

340-360

LIQUID CRYOGENIC CONTAINERS

Cryogenic Liquid

Argon

ContainerStyle

GP 160GP 180GP 230GP 265

Volume(scf)

4,4604,9606,0806,990

Pressure(psig)

230230230230

CGAConnectionGas / Liquid

580 / 295580 / 295580 / 295580 / 295

Pressure (psi)Height (in)Diameter (in)Average Weight (lb)

Nitrogen LS 160LS 180LS 230LS 240

GP 160GP 180GP 230GP 265

HP 160HP 180HP 230HP 265

3,9304,5805,6105,840

3,6904,1105,0305,780

3,4703,8704,7405,450

22222222

230230230230

350350350350

580 / 295580 / 295580 / 295580 / 295

580 / 295580 / 295580 / 295580 / 295

580 / 295580 / 295580 / 295580 / 295

Oxygen GP 160GP 180GP 230GP 265

4,5805,1106,2507,190

230230230230

540 / 440540 / 440540 / 440540 / 440

Dimensions and capacities are approximate and may vary slightly.


9190

ActiniumAluminumAmericiumAntimonyArgonArsenicAstatineBariumBerkeliumBerylliumBismuthBoronBromineCadmiumCalciumCaliforniumCarbonCeriumCesiumChlorineChromiumCobaltCopperCuriumDysprosiumEinsteiniumErbiumEuropiumFermiumFluorineFranciumGadoliniumGalliumGermaniumGoldHafniumHeliumHolmiumHydrogenIndiumIodineIridiumIronKrypton

AcAlAmSbArAsAtBaBkBeBiBBrCdCaCfCCeCsClCrCoCuCmDyEsErEuFmFFrGdGaGeAuHfHeHoHInllrFeKr

8913955118338556974

835

354820986

5855172427299666996863

1009

8764313279722

671

4953772636

ELEMENTS

Element Symbol Atomic Number


92 93

ELEMENTS


LanthanumLawrenciumLeadLithiumLutetiumMagnesiumManganeseMendeleviumMercuryMolybdenumNeodymiumNeonNeptuniumNickelNiobium (Columbium)NitrogenNobeliumOsmiumOxygenPalladiumPhosphorusPlatinumPlutoniumPoloniumPotassiumPraseodymiumPromethiumProtactiniumRadiumRadonRheniumRhodiumRubidiumRutheniumSamariumScandiumSeleniumSiliconSilverSodiumStrontiumSulfurTantalum

LaLrPbLiLuMgMnMdHgMoNdNeNpNiNbNNoOsOPdPPtPuPoKPrPmPaRaRnReRhRbRuSmScSeSiAgNaSrSTa

57103823

711225

101804260109328417

102768

461578948419596191888675453744622134144711381673

ELEMENTS


TechnetiumTelluriumTerbiumThalliumThoriumThuliumTinTitaniumTungsten (Wolfram)UraniumVanadiumXenonYtterbiumYttriumZincZirconium

TcTeTbTlThTmSnTiWUVXeYbYZnZr

43526581906950227492235470393040


Co

ldes

t

Co

ld

Mo

der

ate

War

m

War

mes

t

US TEM

PERATURE ZON

ES

Source:

http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/recs/recs97

/zonem

ap.pdf

94 95

Boiling Point *

FOOTNOTE REFERENCE FOR PAGE 5

Melting Point ** Triple Point

216.6 K-56.6 °C389.9 °R-69.8 °F

194.6 K-78.6 °C 350.3 °R -109.4 °F

255.4 K-17.4 °C460 °R

0 °F

Carbon DioxideCO2

CO2 liquid is normally stored @ 0°F and 305.5 psia* @ 0°F and 305.5 psia Liquid CO2 conditions ** Sublimation point used

Vapor, nbp

Liquid, nbp

Density lb/scf

lb/scf

3.44*

63.69*

Viscosity

Btu/lb

Specific Heat Ratio, Cp/Cv, Gas, NTP


Cp

120.1 @ 0°F

0.142*

1.28

NTP = 70°F and 14.696 psia *@ 0°F and 305.5 psiaNTP (Europe) = 0°C (32°F) and 1 atmosphere (14.696 psia) Liquid CO2 conditionsSTP = 32°F and 14.696 psia

EQUIVALENT TEMPERATURES OF LIQUID CARBON DIOXIDE

FOOTNOTE REFERENCE FOR PAGE 9

CRYOGENIC PROPERTIES OF LIQUID CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2)

Liquid nbp


96 97

PRAXAIR’S SERVICE OFFERINGS

• Design and installation of advanced gas-delivery systems

• Site-gas, utility and energy management

• Total materials management

• Safety and technical training

• Process analysis

• Inventory management

• Pipeline leak detection, purging and cleaning services

• Mobile nitrogen and carbon dioxide pumping services

• Food testing services

• Enhanced oil and gas recovery services

• Productivity-enhancing programs


9998


Data Source Book P-7475H

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