Data Processing 2
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Transcript of Data Processing 2
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Data Processing
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A processing mode is the way in which
transactions are grouped and handled for
input to the central processor forcomputation or generation of reports and
outputs.
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Batch processing system
A technique in which a number of similar
items or transactions to be processed are
grouped (batched) for processing as asingle unit at predetermined times.
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A batch of transactions is accumulated,
batch total complied for it, the transactions
transcribed on floppy diskette or other media at regular intervals for a
predetermined period of time (say weekly,
monthly, daily, etc.) after which it is
processed to produce the desired output.
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Payroll.
Stores ledgers etc.
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Online processing
In an On-line-direct-access system, the
input data enters the system from the point
of origin and output is transmitted directlyback to the user.
This system implies direct communication
between the CPU and the user for both
input and output.
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Two essential requirements forOnline-
processing system:
Terminals located in various departments/locations of an organization, connected to,
and controlled by the main computer.
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Storage of records in such a way that the
computer directly accesses a particular
record by its identifying records key,
without having to search through a
sequence of records which is possible only
if records are stored on a direct-access
storage device like floppy disk/ hard disk.
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Apart from transaction processing and file
updating, inquires are also handled by the
Online-Processing System.
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Example:
A salesman wanting to know the availability of a
stock as desired by his customer whose
accounts are more than 3 months past due..
Further, online processing ensures that therecords are in updated status at any time where
as with batch processing it is say one week or
so.
But on-line processing is usually more costly.
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Online system applications:
Banking system:Banking system: Online systems are
being used to inform bank customers of
the status of their account in response to
an inquiry by accessing the relevant file
using an online terminal.
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Airline reservation system:Airline reservation system: which
receive requests from the terminals of
hundreds of travel agents about booking
seats on a particular flight on a particular
date.
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Stock exchanges:Stock exchanges: Terminals located in
major stock exchanges throughout the
country and the offices of participating
brokerage firms enable the speedy
processing of share dealings.
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Benefits provided by Online Systems
Information is centralized:
Dissemination of information:
Reduction in paper works:
Improved accuracy: As terminal messages are
checked for accuracy before being transmitted to
the computer by data validation programs, the
quality of information in a system increases asthe input errors are reduced and the information
is more reliable.
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Elimination of tedious tasks: Routine
clerical tasks are replaced by terminal
operations providing a greater degree of
job interest, operating efficiency and job
satisfaction.
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Real-time Systems
Real time refers to the technique ofupdating files with transaction dataimmediately after the event to which it
relates occurs.Real-time systems are on-line systems
with tighter constraints on response time.
In these systems the data is processedand results are generated fast enough toinfluence ongoing activity.
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Characteristics of real time systems include:
1. Only a small volume of data is processed at
any one time.
2. Turnaround is critical.
3. Processing efficiency is subordinate to
response need.
4. The system responds to and often controls itsenvironments and the processing keep pace
with external events.
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5. Fairly fast response time (is only a
fraction of a second), allowing two-way
communication, i.e. interaction between
the user and the central processor.
6. Decision to be made on the basis of the
latest information available from files
which are getting continuously updated.
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Applications of Real-time Systems
Enquires about customers account status
can be answered in seconds.
Credit appraisal can be carried outimmediately.
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Time-Sharing
Time-sharing is a term used to describe a
processing system with a number of
independent, relatively low-speed, on-line,
simultaneously, usable stations which are
geographically remote from the computer
and from each other.
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Each station provides direct access to the
central processor for obtaining instant
responses to the questions asked or
statements made in an interactive
conversational mode.
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The speed of the system and the use of
multiprogramming allow the central
processor to switch from one using station
to another and to do a part of each job in
the allocated time slice until the work is
completed.
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Multiprogramming Systems
A technique for handling two or more
independent programs simultaneously by
overlapping or interleaving their execution
or by loading them into primary storage
and executing their instructions
concurrently.
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Multiprocessing
Pertaining to the simultaneous execution
of two or more computer programs or
sequences of instructions by a computer
system.
Frequently refers to simultaneous
execution accomplished by the use of a
system with more than one centralprocessor.
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A hardware and software architecture
which allows more than one processor to
work on different parts of a program at the
same time.
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Applications of multiprocessing:
Where some jobs are too large for one
computer to process.
Where it is required to solve aconsiderable number of problems
simultaneously and very speedily.
Where a high degree of protection against
breakdown is required.
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Distributed Data processing system
Unlike centralized transaction processing
in which all components run on the same
computer, distributed transaction
processing is a system in which one or
more components run on separate
computers and communicate across a
network.
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It is a network of computer systems that
fully support the data processing needs of
one organization, interacting with each
other and a vast database through a larger
computer that oversees the entire network.
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The essential requisites for a system to
be described as distributed are :
Computer processing ability is situated at more
than one location.
This facility is applied to user-oriented tasks.
A data transmission facility to enable the
interconnection of the locations.
Some element of data handling at each location.
Certain common standard of the conduct ofoperations must be followed.