DATA ELEMENTS AND DATA ELEMENTS AND ANALYSIS ANALYSIS

STRATEGIESSTRATEGIES

Forrest M. CouncilForrest M. Council

BMI-SG and UNC Highway Safety BMI-SG and UNC Highway Safety Research CenterResearch Center

DisclaimerDisclaimer

The guidance and opinions presented The guidance and opinions presented here are mine, and do not represent here are mine, and do not represent guidance from NHTSA, FHWA, or any guidance from NHTSA, FHWA, or any other agency (including the two other agency (including the two organizations I work for…). organizations I work for…).

All mistakes are mine too.All mistakes are mine too.

Can SHSP Development Be Done Can SHSP Development Be Done Without Safety Data?Without Safety Data?

NO!NO!But not a problem, since at least some data But not a problem, since at least some data exists for almost all jurisdictionsexists for almost all jurisdictionsAnd if data doesn’t exist, the problem probably And if data doesn’t exist, the problem probably isn’t large enough to worry about isn’t large enough to worry about Not because each life/injury isn’t important, but Not because each life/injury isn’t important, but

because there are a limited number of safety dollars because there are a limited number of safety dollars to spendto spend

The trick for state DOT analysts will be in The trick for state DOT analysts will be in acquiring the data, or joining with local analyst to acquiring the data, or joining with local analyst to cover local roads.cover local roads.

Structure of PresentationStructure of Presentation

Available data – what do we have to work Available data – what do we have to work with?with?Basic “analysis structure” for driver, Basic “analysis structure” for driver, vehicle and roadway issuesvehicle and roadway issuesHow these analyses can be accomplishedHow these analyses can be accomplished Including current and upcoming tools that Including current and upcoming tools that

might help (including what can be done with might help (including what can be done with limited data).limited data).

Summary: Review of selected questions Summary: Review of selected questions given me by the planning committee.given me by the planning committee.

Safety Data – What Do We Have?Safety Data – What Do We Have?

Crash dataCrash data

Roadway/street inventory dataRoadway/street inventory data

Traffic volume dataTraffic volume data

Driver historyDriver history

Vehicle registrationVehicle registration

Population censusPopulation census

Other safety filesOther safety files

Police Crash DataPolice Crash Data

““Mileposted” for state systemMileposted” for state systemOften un-mileposted for local systemOften un-mileposted for local systemCrash reporting thresholds may differ Crash reporting thresholds may differ within a state, so know your data before within a state, so know your data before combining them.combining them.Not perfect data…but any decision using Not perfect data…but any decision using these data is better than a decision without these data is better than a decision without using themusing them

Fatal Crash DataFatal Crash Data

Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) 1975-presentFatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) 1975-presentHigher quality data on all vehicles and occupants within Higher quality data on all vehicles and occupants within all fatal crashesall fatal crashes““FARS Query” on-line (and can obtain files)FARS Query” on-line (and can obtain files)City and county codes for each county in USCity and county codes for each county in USTempting to analyze FARS only, butTempting to analyze FARS only, but

Will produce small, unrepresentative samples once you began to Will produce small, unrepresentative samples once you began to do “sorts”do “sorts”

Not as helpful for roadway treatment analyses, since two of the Not as helpful for roadway treatment analyses, since two of the major factors that cause a crash to be fatal are occupant age major factors that cause a crash to be fatal are occupant age and occupant restraint use – not roadway treatment relatedand occupant restraint use – not roadway treatment related

Understand FARS before analyzing (i.e., imputed values, Understand FARS before analyzing (i.e., imputed values, “person” count not all fatalities, problems in combining “person” count not all fatalities, problems in combining crash/vehicle/person variables in analyses). crash/vehicle/person variables in analyses).

CODES (Crash Outcome Data CODES (Crash Outcome Data Evaluation System)Evaluation System)

Police crash data enhanced with hospital and EMS or Police crash data enhanced with hospital and EMS or Emergency Dept. data, and maybe other data.Emergency Dept. data, and maybe other data.NHTSA-funded CODES systems or projects in Alaska, NHTSA-funded CODES systems or projects in Alaska, Arizona, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Hawaii, Arizona, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Hawaii, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Mexico, New York, North Dakota, New Hampshire, New Mexico, New York, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, WisconsinSouth Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, WisconsinData analysts there alsoData analysts there also

Truck Safety DataTruck Safety Data

MCMIS (Motor Carrier Management Information System)MCMIS (Motor Carrier Management Information System)FMCSA system fed by state MCSAP (Motor Carrier FMCSA system fed by state MCSAP (Motor Carrier Safety Assistance Program) agency and motor carriersSafety Assistance Program) agency and motor carriersMost comprehensive truck-safety database in USMost comprehensive truck-safety database in USFive file types (registration, crash, roadside inspection, Five file types (registration, crash, roadside inspection, compliance, enforcement)compliance, enforcement)Analysis outputs (including state trends) and tools on-lineAnalysis outputs (including state trends) and tools on-lineNote that data are much more complete and improved Note that data are much more complete and improved since 2004 – be careful of multi-year comparisons for a since 2004 – be careful of multi-year comparisons for a while.while.

Roadway Inventory – State Roadway Inventory – State Highway SystemHighway System

Usually inventory of full state-controlled highway Usually inventory of full state-controlled highway systemsystemCross-section data (number of lanes, shoulder Cross-section data (number of lanes, shoulder width/type, etc.)width/type, etc.)Limited states have curve and grade informationLimited states have curve and grade informationLimited states have intersection/interchange Limited states have intersection/interchange inventoryinventoryExpansion of Highway Performance Monitoring Expansion of Highway Performance Monitoring System (HPMS) data which has inventory of System (HPMS) data which has inventory of sample sectionssample sections within inventory classes within inventory classes

Roadway Inventory- Local Roadway Inventory- Local JurisdictionsJurisdictions

Usually less extensive than in state systemUsually less extensive than in state system

Pieces maintained by different departments Pieces maintained by different departments (e.g., public works, traffic)(e.g., public works, traffic)

Sometimes supplemental data on sidewalk and Sometimes supplemental data on sidewalk and crosswalk presence, bike paths, bus stops, etc.crosswalk presence, bike paths, bus stops, etc.

Often just paper files, and linkage of pieces can Often just paper files, and linkage of pieces can be a problembe a problem

Traffic Volume DataTraffic Volume Data

AADT usually recorded for each section on state AADT usually recorded for each section on state systemsystemBased on system of permanent (full time) Based on system of permanent (full time) counters and “short counts” done on 2-3 year counters and “short counts” done on 2-3 year cyclecycleTruck percentages/volumes included, but based Truck percentages/volumes included, but based on many fewer actual counts, so much less on many fewer actual counts, so much less precisepreciseRemember, AADT is an Remember, AADT is an estimateestimate, not an actual , not an actual count for most roadway segmentscount for most roadway segmentsLocal jurisdictions often don’t have AADT, only Local jurisdictions often don’t have AADT, only intersection turning countsintersection turning counts

Driver History DataDriver History Data

Record for each licensed driver (and unlicensed drivers Record for each licensed driver (and unlicensed drivers who have crashes) in the statewho have crashes) in the state

Contains information on demographics and license Contains information on demographics and license status/restrictions, convictions, crashes (sometimes)status/restrictions, convictions, crashes (sometimes)

Could be used to scope and target programs related to Could be used to scope and target programs related to driver violations (e.g., DUI, speeding, etc.)driver violations (e.g., DUI, speeding, etc.)

Current “snapshot” since data on convictions and crashes Current “snapshot” since data on convictions and crashes (if present) are often purged after some time period.(if present) are often purged after some time period.

Vehicle Registration DataVehicle Registration Data

Record for each vehicle licensed in a stateRecord for each vehicle licensed in a state

Information on owner, vehicle type, VIN, Information on owner, vehicle type, VIN, etc.etc.

Can sometimes be used as “denominator/ Can sometimes be used as “denominator/ exposure” dataexposure” data

But annual mileage per vehicle is usually But annual mileage per vehicle is usually not present, and can include errors if not present, and can include errors if present (e.g., odometer rollover)present (e.g., odometer rollover)

Population Census FilesPopulation Census Files

US Census Bureau files on gender, age US Census Bureau files on gender, age and ethnicity within political subdivisionsand ethnicity within political subdivisions

Can be used as “denominator/exposure” Can be used as “denominator/exposure” data, particularly for road-user problem data, particularly for road-user problem identification or treatment targeting identification or treatment targeting

Other Safety DataOther Safety Data

Citation (as opposed to “conviction”) data Citation (as opposed to “conviction”) data Retained and published by some enforcement Retained and published by some enforcement

agencies (e.g., DUI citations)agencies (e.g., DUI citations)

Speed surveys by state and local agenciesSpeed surveys by state and local agencies But be careful since most are from “special locations” But be careful since most are from “special locations”

and not a random sample for that roadway type of and not a random sample for that roadway type of jurisdiction jurisdiction

Most important -- Most important -- observedobserved occupant restraint occupant restraint (shoulder belt) use data collected by all states (shoulder belt) use data collected by all states since 1998.since 1998. NHTSA publishes year-by-year comparisons for each NHTSA publishes year-by-year comparisons for each

state state Note that only daytime and front-seat usageNote that only daytime and front-seat usage

Closure on Safety DataClosure on Safety Data

Crash data almost always available for full Crash data almost always available for full state (sometimes not mileposted)state (sometimes not mileposted)

Other supplemental files will usually be Other supplemental files will usually be available – just have to find themavailable – just have to find them

So, “lack of adequate data” is almost So, “lack of adequate data” is almost never a valid excuse for not developing a never a valid excuse for not developing a sound safety program. sound safety program.

Tired of “Data”?Tired of “Data”?

OK, let’s moved to how to use itOK, let’s moved to how to use it

Basic Analysis Structure for SHSPsBasic Analysis Structure for SHSPs

Five-step processFive-step processI will concentrate on first three, with limited coverage of I will concentrate on first three, with limited coverage of two additional stepstwo additional steps1.1. Defining the critical issues in your stateDefining the critical issues in your state2.2. Determining the best treatment strategies for each issueDetermining the best treatment strategies for each issue3.3. Targeting the treatments to road-user subpopulations or Targeting the treatments to road-user subpopulations or

roadway sections/locationsroadway sections/locations

Note that sometimes, the order is changedNote that sometimes, the order is changed You may define the “targets” first (e.g., high-crash roadway You may define the “targets” first (e.g., high-crash roadway

locations, younger drivers), locations, younger drivers), Then the issues (e.g., run-off-road crashes, younger-driver Then the issues (e.g., run-off-road crashes, younger-driver

inexperience)inexperience) Then the best treatments (e.g., rumble strips, Graduated Driver Then the best treatments (e.g., rumble strips, Graduated Driver

Licensing)Licensing)

How Do We Do This?How Do We Do This?

Will be referring to four sources of information often Will be referring to four sources of information often AASHTO Strategic Highway Safety Plan (AASHTO Strategic Highway Safety Plan (

http://safety.transportation.org/http://safety.transportation.org/) – a plan aimed at saving an ) – a plan aimed at saving an additional 9,000 lives per yearadditional 9,000 lives per year

NCHRP Report 501: Integrated Management Process to Reduce NCHRP Report 501: Integrated Management Process to Reduce Highway Injuries and Fatalities StatewideHighway Injuries and Fatalities Statewide

An excellent guide to all the coordination steps necessary to An excellent guide to all the coordination steps necessary to advance from crash data to integrated action plansadvance from crash data to integrated action plans

NCHRP Report 500: Guidance for Implementation of the AASHTO NCHRP Report 500: Guidance for Implementation of the AASHTO Strategic Highway Safety PlanStrategic Highway Safety Plan

A series of Guides presenting low-cost, effective treatments for each A series of Guides presenting low-cost, effective treatments for each of a series of “Emphasis Areas” (e.g., head-on collisions, large-truck of a series of “Emphasis Areas” (e.g., head-on collisions, large-truck collisions, pedestrian collisions). collisions, pedestrian collisions). Can be downloaded from http://safety.transportation.org/guides.aspx. Can be downloaded from http://safety.transportation.org/guides.aspx.

NCHRP Report 500: A Guide for Addressing Safety Data and NCHRP Report 500: A Guide for Addressing Safety Data and Analysis in Developing Emphasis Area Plans – “Data Guide”Analysis in Developing Emphasis Area Plans – “Data Guide” (BEING PREPARED)(BEING PREPARED)

Defining The Critical Issues Defining The Critical Issues (“Emphasis Areas”)(“Emphasis Areas”)

Usually based on crash analysesUsually based on crash analysesPossible analysis processes presented in both Possible analysis processes presented in both Report 501Report 501 and and Data GuideData Guide High-frequency (High-frequency (Report 501Report 501, Appendix D1.3), Appendix D1.3) High crash-burden (High crash-burden (Data GuideData Guide) combines frequency ) combines frequency

and severity using economic cost of crashes by crash and severity using economic cost of crashes by crash types/situation)types/situation)

See FHWA report See FHWA report Crash Cost Estimates by Maximum Police-Crash Cost Estimates by Maximum Police-Reported Injury Severity within Selected Crash Geometries Reported Injury Severity within Selected Crash Geometries (July 2005)(July 2005)

Overrepresentation Overrepresentation CARE (Critical Analysis Reporting Environment – see CARE (Critical Analysis Reporting Environment – see Report Report 501501, Appendix D1.3) , Appendix D1.3)

Defining The Targets And Best Defining The Targets And Best Treatments (Or Vice-versa…)Treatments (Or Vice-versa…)

So now we have a series of critical Emphasis Areas, So now we have a series of critical Emphasis Areas, and need to develop individual action plans for eachand need to develop individual action plans for each

For road-user (e.g., driver, pedestrian) and vehicle-For road-user (e.g., driver, pedestrian) and vehicle-oriented programs, we often define the targets and oriented programs, we often define the targets and then pick the treatments.then pick the treatments.

Can use further “drill-down” or “overrepresentation” Can use further “drill-down” or “overrepresentation” or “crash burden” analysis to define the or “crash burden” analysis to define the subpopulations of users (e.g., younger pedestrians, subpopulations of users (e.g., younger pedestrians, older male drivers, younger motorcycle operators), older male drivers, younger motorcycle operators), who are the largest share of the problemwho are the largest share of the problem

Defining The Targets And Best Defining The Targets And Best Treatments (cont)Treatments (cont)

Can use further “drill-down” to identify Can use further “drill-down” to identify specifics (e.g. crash types, location, specifics (e.g. crash types, location, day/night, etc.)day/night, etc.)Procedures in Procedures in Report 501 Report 501 and and Data GuideData GuideWe then can use the NCHRP Series 500 We then can use the NCHRP Series 500 Guides or other information to pick Guides or other information to pick treatments that are suitable for these treatments that are suitable for these subgroups.subgroups.

Defining The Targets And Best Defining The Targets And Best Treatments (Cont)Treatments (Cont)

For roadway-based Emphasis Areas, we have For roadway-based Emphasis Areas, we have two procedures we can followtwo procedures we can follow Identify High-crash locations and analyze each Identify High-crash locations and analyze each

location to define the best treatment(s)location to define the best treatment(s) Identify a potential high-payoff treatment (e.g. rumble Identify a potential high-payoff treatment (e.g. rumble

strips to prevent run-off-road crashes) and then strips to prevent run-off-road crashes) and then identify the set of roadway locations where this identify the set of roadway locations where this treatment will produce the greatest benefit per dollar treatment will produce the greatest benefit per dollar spent (a crash-cost based procedure). spent (a crash-cost based procedure).

Repeat this procedure for different high-priority treatments Repeat this procedure for different high-priority treatments until the fatality/injury reduction goal is reacheduntil the fatality/injury reduction goal is reachedNote that this procedure is only possible if treatment Note that this procedure is only possible if treatment effectiveness is known (i.e., an acceptable Accident effectiveness is known (i.e., an acceptable Accident Modification Factor or Crash Reduction Factor exists).Modification Factor or Crash Reduction Factor exists).

Tools That Can Help In These Tools That Can Help In These Roadway-Oriented ProcessesRoadway-Oriented Processes

High-Crash Location AnalysisHigh-Crash Location Analysis States (and some localities) have a procedure States (and some localities) have a procedure

in place to identify and analyze high-crash in place to identify and analyze high-crash locationslocations

FHWA is developing FHWA is developing SafetyAnalystSafetyAnalyst –improved –improved procedures for choosing sites, treatments, procedures for choosing sites, treatments, and evaluating the results and evaluating the results http://www.safetyanalyst.org/http://www.safetyanalyst.org/

SafetyAnalystSafetyAnalyst

To assist agencies in making better To assist agencies in making better decisions about:decisions about: Where to make highway safety improvementsWhere to make highway safety improvements Determining what improvements to makeDetermining what improvements to make Evaluating the effectiveness of implemented Evaluating the effectiveness of implemented

safety improvementssafety improvements

FeaturesFeatures

Comprehensive – Integrates all parts of Comprehensive – Integrates all parts of the safety management process and the safety management process and automates portions of the process that are automates portions of the process that are performed manually.performed manually.

Applies state-of-the-art procedures in the Applies state-of-the-art procedures in the safety management process.safety management process.

Has strong cost-effectiveness component.Has strong cost-effectiveness component.

SafetyAnalyst SafetyAnalyst ToolsTools

Network screening to identify sites with potential Network screening to identify sites with potential for safety improvementfor safety improvement

Diagnosis of the nature of safety problemsDiagnosis of the nature of safety problems

Selection of countermeasuresSelection of countermeasures

Economic appraisal of countermeasuresEconomic appraisal of countermeasures

Priority ranking of improvement projectsPriority ranking of improvement projects

Evaluation of implemented projectsEvaluation of implemented projects

Final version and training – Late 2006Final version and training – Late 2006

Supplementing the High-Crash Location Supplementing the High-Crash Location ProcessProcess

AASHTO – set a “stretch goal” for fatality and AASHTO – set a “stretch goal” for fatality and injury reductionsinjury reductions

In most cases, this will probably not be met with In most cases, this will probably not be met with the high-crash location program onlythe high-crash location program only

Will need to treat longer corridors or route-typesWill need to treat longer corridors or route-types

Given an Emphasis Area has been chosen (e.g., Given an Emphasis Area has been chosen (e.g., lane-departure crashes), the lane-departure crashes), the Data GuideData Guide presents presents procedures for choosing among potential procedures for choosing among potential treatment strategies and targeting the strategiestreatment strategies and targeting the strategies

Supplementing the High-Crash Location Supplementing the High-Crash Location Process (Cont)Process (Cont)

Data GuideData Guide Procedures will cover three levels of safety Procedures will cover three levels of safety data and treatment effectivenessdata and treatment effectiveness

Known treatment effectiveness combined with linkable crash, Known treatment effectiveness combined with linkable crash, roadway inventory and traffic data;roadway inventory and traffic data;

Known treatment effectiveness and crash data only (e.g., no Known treatment effectiveness and crash data only (e.g., no inventory data) for both mileposted and un-mileposted crash inventory data) for both mileposted and un-mileposted crash datadata

Unknown treatment effectiveness and crash data onlyUnknown treatment effectiveness and crash data only

The first two are based on a “reverse economic analysis” The first two are based on a “reverse economic analysis” procedure developed by Tom Bryer as part of the procedure developed by Tom Bryer as part of the AASHTO SHSP efforts. AASHTO SHSP efforts. Note that these first two could also be used for driver Note that these first two could also be used for driver and vehicle-based programs, but only if treatment and vehicle-based programs, but only if treatment effectiveness is known – not often the case.effectiveness is known – not often the case.

Two Addition SHSP Analysis StepsTwo Addition SHSP Analysis Steps

4.4. Optimizing your safety budget – choosing the Optimizing your safety budget – choosing the best mix of efforts (e.g., emphasis areas, best mix of efforts (e.g., emphasis areas, locations) within your budgetlocations) within your budget

5.5. Evaluating the effects of your programEvaluating the effects of your program

(Don’t worry – only limited coverage for both!)(Don’t worry – only limited coverage for both!)

Budget OptimizationBudget Optimization

Can be done at different budget levelsCan be done at different budget levelsCan be used in decisions of basic choice Can be used in decisions of basic choice between emphasis areas down to choice between emphasis areas down to choice of locations/subpopulationsof locations/subpopulationsReport 501Report 501 provides a detailed description provides a detailed description in Appendix D.1.6, and a set of in Appendix D.1.6, and a set of computerized tools on a diskette.computerized tools on a diskette.Note that this requires known Accident Note that this requires known Accident Modification FactorsModification Factors

Program/Project EvaluationProgram/Project Evaluation

Report 501Report 501 describes both process and impact describes both process and impact evaluations and procedures that can be used, evaluations and procedures that can be used, along with case studies (Appendix D3)along with case studies (Appendix D3)

Also provides overview of impact (crash-based) Also provides overview of impact (crash-based) evaluation methodologies in Appendix D2 evaluation methodologies in Appendix D2 (cross-sectional studies, before/after, EB before (cross-sectional studies, before/after, EB before after, time series, etc.)after, time series, etc.)

NHTSA evaluation assistanceNHTSA evaluation assistance

Other Resources for SHSP Other Resources for SHSP DevelopersDevelopers

NHTSA will assist in FARS analysisNHTSA will assist in FARS analysisNHTSA course – “Data Analysis in Highway Safety NHTSA course – “Data Analysis in Highway Safety Problem Identification and Program Evaluation”.Problem Identification and Program Evaluation”.

See NHTSA Region staffSee NHTSA Region staff

NHTSA is developing on-line training modules NHTSA is developing on-line training modules concerning all components of a traffic records system concerning all components of a traffic records system and basic analysis of these dataand basic analysis of these data

On line this month On line this month www.trafficrecords101.netwww.trafficrecords101.net

FHWA course on “New Approaches to Safety Analyses”FHWA course on “New Approaches to Safety Analyses” National Highway InstituteNational Highway Institute

FMCSA Division Offices will provide analysis assistanceFMCSA Division Offices will provide analysis assistanceHighway Safety Manual (see Highway Safety Manual (see http://www.highwaysafetymanual.org/http://www.highwaysafetymanual.org/))

Will present best “safety knowledge” and “analysis tools” for Will present best “safety knowledge” and “analysis tools” for roadway-safety programs (First edition – 2007)roadway-safety programs (First edition – 2007)

Other Resources (cont)Other Resources (cont)Traffic Safety Information Systems International Scan: Traffic Safety Information Systems International Scan: Strategy Implementation White PaperStrategy Implementation White Paper

Suggestions for improving both crash and non-crash (e.g., Suggestions for improving both crash and non-crash (e.g., inventory) safety datainventory) safety data

Recommendations for FHWA, NHTSA, AASHTO and statesRecommendations for FHWA, NHTSA, AASHTO and statesIncrease use of high-end automated crash-data collection systems Increase use of high-end automated crash-data collection systems (e.g., TraCs) and in-car computers with GPS capabilities(e.g., TraCs) and in-car computers with GPS capabilitiesConduct a Traffic Records Assessment using external reviewers Conduct a Traffic Records Assessment using external reviewers (and improve the assessment of roadway-related data)(and improve the assessment of roadway-related data)If a state’s tort system does not allow “failure to improve” litigation, If a state’s tort system does not allow “failure to improve” litigation, the state safety data managers should recruit DOT attorneys as the state safety data managers should recruit DOT attorneys as supporters for improved safety data supporters for improved safety data Establish a “data user/owner” committee that would include a well-Establish a “data user/owner” committee that would include a well-staffed secretariat and representatives of all potentially linkable non-staffed secretariat and representatives of all potentially linkable non-crash databases. crash databases. Establish “data-for-data partnerships” with local agencies as a Establish “data-for-data partnerships” with local agencies as a possible avenue to increase collection of improved safety data. possible avenue to increase collection of improved safety data.

Final Draft to FHWA by January, 2006Final Draft to FHWA by January, 2006

Selected Questions from Selected Questions from Conference Program TeamConference Program Team

Are data issues, e.g. needs, deficiencies, Are data issues, e.g. needs, deficiencies, requirements, etc., addressed as an requirements, etc., addressed as an emphasis area in the plans? Should emphasis area in the plans? Should they be? they be?

They clearly should be since (1) data is They clearly should be since (1) data is the key now and forever will be the key to the key now and forever will be the key to safety program planning, and (2) there is safety program planning, and (2) there is money available to improve data.money available to improve data.

Selected Questions (cont)Selected Questions (cont)What is the “state-of-the-art” in technology and What is the “state-of-the-art” in technology and computerized systems? computerized systems?

Crash data collection: Crash data collection: TraCs or other on-board computer equipment equipped with GPS.TraCs or other on-board computer equipment equipped with GPS.

Roadway inventory: Roadway inventory: Roadway cross-section inventory for full-jurisdiction system updated Roadway cross-section inventory for full-jurisdiction system updated “immediately” from as-built plans. “immediately” from as-built plans. Roadway curvature and grade from as-built plans or from FHWA’s Roadway curvature and grade from as-built plans or from FHWA’s new “Dynamic Highway Measurement” vehicle. new “Dynamic Highway Measurement” vehicle. Intersection and interchange inventory including crossroad traffic Intersection and interchange inventory including crossroad traffic volumes. volumes. All roadway inventory files with both LRS and geo-coding. All roadway inventory files with both LRS and geo-coding.

Traffic counts: Traffic counts: Standard counting system with 2-3 year system-wide updates; Standard counting system with 2-3 year system-wide updates; Truck counts (vehicle classification counts) with increased numbers Truck counts (vehicle classification counts) with increased numbers of count points enhanced with WIM and other available data.of count points enhanced with WIM and other available data.

Data storage and linkage: Data storage and linkage: Data warehousing, where all different types of safety files and data Data warehousing, where all different types of safety files and data are stored in one warehouse and linked easily to each other. are stored in one warehouse and linked easily to each other.

Questions?Questions?