Data collection and statistics on domestic violence - challenges and lessons learned
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Data collection and Data collection and statistics on domestic violence - statistics on domestic violence - challenges and lessons learnedchallenges and lessons learned
Dr Henrica A. F. M. Jansen ([email protected])
International ConferenceJoint Approach to Family Violence: Legislation, Indicators, Enforcement May 20-21, 2009, Bishkek
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OutlineOutlineWhat are indicators?Why collect data and have
statistics and indicators on domestic violence/VAW?
Data collection: Sources of dataUnderstanding what the data tell
us: issues and biasesRecommendations and lessons
learned
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What are indicators? What are indicators?
Need to provide a simple summaryof a complex picture (number, proportion, percentage, trend...)
Need to present features to support informed decision making, policy and programs
Need to be sensitive enough to measure change (periodicity)
Need to enable comparisons between groups
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Why use indicators?Why use indicators?
To know the magnitude of the problem and to compare between different populations
To understand underlying causes and to understand effects
To monitor State response and changes over time: laws developed, cases reported, persons arrested, persons referred for services, etc.
To measure impact of services and interventions (are programs successful?)
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Who are interested in Who are interested in indicators?indicators?
Programme/Service managersPeople who use servicesAdvocates for health service
users – communityPolicy-makersInternational community
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Population based surveys: National crime victimization surveys Demographic and reproductive health
surveys Focussed specialized surveys Short module added to other surveys
Records from police, courts, hospital, etc
Sources for data on Sources for data on domestic violencedomestic violence
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Data collected on DV/VAWData collected on DV/VAW in surveys in surveys
Almost all surveys giveindicators of prevalence.
Many also on frequencyAlmost all on perpetratorsSurveys carried out by many
national statistical offices and other institutions, often as ad hoc activity
Attitudes sometimes collected -- Issues around usefulness
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Many women told me that they never talked about this with anyone, not even with the neighbors, friends or relatives, ‘because if I tell her, she might tell her husband or her mothers, and word will get around and might reach my husband, which would be terrible. If he found out he would kill me.’
(female interviewer, Nicaragua)
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Population-based surveys Population-based surveys to to collect data on domestic collect data on domestic violence – Challenges:violence – Challenges:Prevalence rates on violence are
highly sensitive to methodological issues
Research on violence raises major issues of safety and ethics
Unrealistic to expect reduction in prevalence in short or medium term
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Suggestions for measuringSuggestions for measuringdomestic violence in surveysdomestic violence in surveysDefine the study population broadlyUse behaviorally specific questions: specific
actsSpecify discrete time frames (last year, ever)Give multiple opportunities to
disclose Cue respondent to different
contexts and perpetratorsWHO ethical guidelines for
violence research
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Population based studiesare very useful for advocacy, policy development and program design:◦Understanding the magnitude and
characteristics of violence◦Health burden of violence◦Risk and protective factors
But less useful for monitoring and evaluation programs and services
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Using criminal justice statistics Using criminal justice statistics for program evaluationfor program evaluation
ECLAC indicator on violence:Number of women and girls
reporting sexual violence/ 100,000 Number of women and girls
reporting non-fatal injuries due to domestic violence / 100,000
Source: Bodies that produce police, judicial and forensic medical statistics
“A falling value for the indicator notes improvement”
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Problems with this indicatorProblems with this indicator
It is not representative
It is not “interpretable”
It sets the bar too high
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According to police records in Nicaragua, 3,000 women reported domestic violence in 1995
According to population based surveys 150,000 women suffered domestic violence in 1995
Service based/Criminal Service based/Criminal justice system indicatorsjustice system indicators
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Service based records are not Service based records are not easy to interpret…easy to interpret…
In 1997 more than 8,000 cases were reported
Did rates of violence increase?
During this period special police stations for women were opened throughout the country, and media campaigns carried out
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More services and better quality of care
More women reporting violenceKNOW WHAT YOUR
DATA TELL YOU
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Issues in measurement and Issues in measurement and interpretation of the data interpretation of the data collectedcollected
RepresentativenessGender biasUnderreporting
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Community based prevalence rates from surveys bias towards a symmetry in the rates women and men are perpetrators or victims of certain forms of domestic violence
Service based statistics tend to show that men commit almost all violence and overestimate women as victims of domestic violence
Gender biasGender bias
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Domestic Violence: Domestic Violence: incidents and gender (British Crime incidents and gender (British Crime Survey)Survey)
Women Men % against women
Ratio: Women: men
Victims 657,000 356,000 35% 1.8
Average number incidents per victim
20 7 3.9
Total incidents 12.9 million
2.5 million
84% 5.2
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Prevalence and incidentsPrevalence and incidentsPrevalence use of ‘course of
conduct’ might mean that a series of 20 incidents may count only as one crime, thereby underestimating the proportion of violent crime that is dv/gender-based violence
Prevalence: single events count, thereby skewing the gender composition towards image of symmetry
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Injuries and severityInjuries and severityInjuries show better the gender
differences than actions
◦Minor force (e.g. slap): 49% women 36% men sustain physical injury
◦Severe force (e.g. choke, weapon): 77% women 56% men sustain physical injury
(UK data)
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According to police records, 95% of child abuse victims in Nicaragua are girls
According to anonymous population based surveys, 70% of child abuse victims are girls and 30% are boys
Police recordsPolice recordsExample of gender bias: Example of gender bias:
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Police recordsPolice recordsExample of gender bias: Example of gender bias:
In cases of couple violence, police often finds it easier to act against male perpetrator
His arrest does not involve children
Other offences also usually by males
Police themselves are often males
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Police records: Police records: issues around issues around underreportingunderreporting
Reporting is very variable
Also other violent crime is underreported
Women feel embarrassed, ashamed, fear for more violence, economic dependence, children
Correlation between degree of under-reporting and
degree of intimacy
degree of seriousness
nature of offence (more stigma on sexual violence)
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Lessons to take homeLessons to take home
No indicator is perfect It is important to be aware of
interpretation and potential weaknesses
The range of indicators to be used changes according to the purpose and context
If you use of a group of indicators that reflect different aspects of VAW than you get a better idea of the bigger picture
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RecommendationsRecommendations
Base indicators on existing information where possible
Should be action-oriented (relevant and useful for programme or case management)
Disaggregation of indicators (sex, age, rural/urban, etc.)
Include severity and incidentsOwnership by stakeholders in
countries