DARKROOM ,PROCESSINDARKROOM ,PROCESSINGG& Artifacts REVIEW& Artifacts REVIEW

Types of SafelightsTypes of Safelights

Kodak Wratten 6B – brownish red filter Kodak Wratten 6B – brownish red filter 7.5 to 15 watt bulb @ 4 feet above counter7.5 to 15 watt bulb @ 4 feet above counter

Kodak GBX – brighter (reddish) light is Kodak GBX – brighter (reddish) light is directed upwardsdirected upwards

White walls and dust freeWhite walls and dust free

What type of film was amber filter used for?What type of film was amber filter used for?

SAFELIGHTSSAFELIGHTS

Safelight distance?Safelight distance?

UNLOAD EXPOSED UNLOAD EXPOSED FILMFILM

FILM BIN - STORAGEFILM BIN - STORAGE

FILM ID PRINTERFILM ID PRINTER

What information What information Must be presentMust be present For Legal For Legal

reasons?reasons?

PT ID

LEGAL

SHOULD NOT BE WRITTEN ON

Film/IMAGE Film/IMAGE IdentificationIdentification Pt namePt name Exam date & Exam date &

timetime Pt x-ray numberPt x-ray number Pt Birthday/DOBPt Birthday/DOB Rt or Lt markerRt or Lt marker OptionalOptional

– Exam typeExam type– Dr. NameDr. Name

Position of film Position of film travel on feed travel on feed tray may tray may determine type determine type of artifactof artifact

What are the 3 What are the 3 classification?classification?

Processing FilmProcessing FilmFloor model Table top Floor model Table top (LAB)(LAB)

Close the lid

Before leaving

No longer in use in clinicsNo longer in use in clinicsDARKROOM DARKROOM DAYLIGHTDAYLIGHTProcessor Processor ProcessorProcessor

NOTES ON NOTES ON PROCESSINGPROCESSING DEVELOPERDEVELOPER

FIXERFIXER

WASHWASH

DRYDRY

LOAD CASSETTELOAD CASSETTE

Stored on end Stored on end prevents what prevents what type of artifacttype of artifact

Check expirationCheck expiration

DEVELOPERDEVELOPER FIXERFIXER WASHWASH DRY DRY

WATER - WATER - SOLVENTSOLVENT

Silver recoverySilver recovery

silver recoverysilver recovery- see - see notesnotes A final consideration in film processing is A final consideration in film processing is silver recoverysilver recovery. . This term is the process by which silver in the This term is the process by which silver in the

processing chemicals is reclaimed and recycled by a processing chemicals is reclaimed and recycled by a unit, such as the one shown in the illustration. unit, such as the one shown in the illustration.

This recycling is important for two reasons. This recycling is important for two reasons. Silver has economic value in its recycled form and helps Silver has economic value in its recycled form and helps

recover some of the cost of the unexposed film, which is recover some of the cost of the unexposed film, which is expensive, in part, because of the silver in it.expensive, in part, because of the silver in it.

Secondly, federal regulations require that heavy metals Secondly, federal regulations require that heavy metals like silver be reclaimed from waste solutions before they like silver be reclaimed from waste solutions before they are disposed of, to prevent pollution of the environment.are disposed of, to prevent pollution of the environment.

Roughly half the silver in the film ends up dissolved in Roughly half the silver in the film ends up dissolved in the fixer in the automatic processor. Different kinds of the fixer in the automatic processor. Different kinds of silver recovery units are used to process the used fixer silver recovery units are used to process the used fixer to recover the silver. to recover the silver.

List the 3 types of List the 3 types of silver recovery silver recovery systemssystems

Metallic, Electyolytic & Metallic, Electyolytic & ChemicalChemical

““FILM” & IMAGE FILM” & IMAGE ARTIFACTS ARTIFACTS

RT 244RT 244

REV 11/09REV 11/09

ARTIFACTS:ARTIFACTS:AN UNWANTED DENSITYAN UNWANTED DENSITYON THE FILMON THE FILM

http://www.xray2000.co.uk/

Can be a PLUS density (dark ) or MINUS density (LIGHT)

Artifacts - TypesArtifacts - Types

Processing ArtifactsProcessing ArtifactsExposure ArtifactsExposure ArtifactsHandling & Storage Handling & Storage

ArtifactsArtifacts

Exposure ArtifactsExposure Artifacts

MotionMotion Improper patient positionImproper patient position Wrong screen-film matchWrong screen-film match Poor film/screen contactPoor film/screen contact Double exposureDouble exposure Warped cassetteWarped cassette Improper grid positionImproper grid position

PATHOLOGY

?

pneumoniapneumonia

Pathology?Pathology?

Progressive massive fibrosis

SCOLIOSISSCOLIOSIS

GRIDS GRIDS CAN CAN

LEAVE LEAVE LINESLINES

ON THE ON THE IMAGE IMAGE

POOR POOR

DETAILDETAIL

GOOD GOOD DETAILDETAIL

Lack of contact between film and cassette can cause “blurring” of the image

When there is a space between the contact When there is a space between the contact of the film to the intensifying screens, a of the film to the intensifying screens, a larger amount of light is allowed to reach larger amount of light is allowed to reach the film – causing “more density” on fimthe film – causing “more density” on fim

POOR SCREEN POOR SCREEN CONTACTCONTACT

Patient motionPatient motion

Blurring of image due to patient movement during exposure.

ArtifactArtifact

CR image – CR image – NEW IMAGENEW IMAGE

Line caused Line caused from dirt from dirt collected in collected in a CR a CR ReaderReader

Patient swallowed batteriesWhat size are they?

castcast

Processing ArtifactsProcessing Artifacts

Emulsion pickoffEmulsion pickoff Chemical fogChemical fog Guide-shoe marksGuide-shoe marks Water marksWater marks Chemical spotsChemical spots Guide-shoe & roller scratchesGuide-shoe & roller scratches

Developer Spots

Water spot

Discolored film due to hypo (fixer) retention.

Chemicals not washed off – over time will turn

film brown

Scratch marks from rollers in automatic processor.

PATIENT ARTIFACT - PATIENT ARTIFACT - JEWERLYJEWERLY

Handling & Storage Handling & Storage ArtifactsArtifacts Light fogLight fog Radiation fogRadiation fog StaticStatic Kink marksKink marks ScratchesScratches Dirty cassettesDirty cassettes

Crimping /cresent Crimping /cresent markmark

Double Exposure

2 exposures made on top of each other –

from poor handling of cassettes

Type and cause?

Dirt on screen mimicking a foreign object.

Scratch marks from improper handling.

Light fog

Vs

Radiation fog

HOW can you tell the difference on a film/ cassette?

Kink mark or nail pressure mark

motionmotion

Double Double exposureexposure

ChildChild

PoorPoorscreen screen contactcontact

Double exposureDouble exposure

Exposure ArtifactsExposure Artifacts

Could be corrected before Could be corrected before exposure =exposure =

JewelryJewelry Hands in the anatomyHands in the anatomy Something on the patientSomething on the patient

??

Hands over upper abdomen

Is itIs itmotion or motion or double double exposure?exposure?

Pt clothing

Hip replacement

2 chest tubes in the patient

PATHOLOGY NOT PATHOLOGY NOT ARTIFACTARTIFACT

Name &Name & cause causeof this?of this?

scratches

Pacemaker

Digital image

Mis-

Registrationi

error

Roller marks from film stuck –

then pulled from processor

Hardware

In cervical

spine

Dust in imaging plate can Dust in imaging plate can cause white marks on cause white marks on image –image –

Both in film/screen and Both in film/screen and computed radiographycomputed radiography

E E G MONITOR

Does this show good detail?Does this show good detail? Is all of the anatomy present?Is all of the anatomy present? How is the density / contrast?How is the density / contrast?

Does this show good detail? Does this show good detail? – YESYES

Is all of the anatomy present? Is all of the anatomy present? – No (part of the little finger is not seen)No (part of the little finger is not seen)

How is the density / contrast?How is the density / contrast? Density – a little “light” underexposedDensity – a little “light” underexposed Contrast is goodContrast is good

Which image showsWhich image shows“better” detail“better” detail

Faster speed Slower speed

CR - ? Which shows CR - ? Which shows “better detail” “better detail” Why/how?Why/how?

8 x 10 cassette 14 x 17 cassette

See anythingSee anythingwrong wrong

with with this this

image?image?

Contrast? What influences this? in f/s & Contrast? What influences this? in f/s & CR?CR?

?

What are the following What are the following types of artifact types of artifact classifications?classifications?

Handling/StorageHandling/StorageExposureExposureProcessing (Chemical)Processing (Chemical)

NEW IMAGENEW IMAGE

Double Double expousureexpousure

Femur & chestFemur & chest

grid cut-offgrid cut-off

Grid linesGrid lines

grids are grids are not necessary not necessary for a 3 year oldfor a 3 year old

Review of some CR Review of some CR artifactsartifacts

NEW IMAGENEW IMAGE towel that was towel that was used to help in used to help in positioning a childpositioning a child

CR is MORE CR is MORE sensitive to sensitive to

ARTIFACTSARTIFACTS

What do you

See?

2 exposures

Collimation – reducing the size of beamCollimation – reducing the size of beamhelps to improve the image, and reduce the helps to improve the image, and reduce the dose to the patientdose to the patient

Discarded x-ray film Discarded x-ray film used to make ♫ records used to make ♫ records ♫♫