Page | i

CREATING ACTIVE BOXES AND SAFE NODES TO ENHANCE SECURITY IN

GATINA/WARUKU AREA IN DAGORETTI NORTH

DONE BY:

Muhali Darius Amboye

REG NO: B65/0843/2012

A Planning Development Project Submitted In Partial Fulfillment for the

Requirements of the Degree of Bachelor of Arts in Urban and Regional Planning

Department of Urban and Regional Planning

University of Nairobi

Page | ii

DECLARATION

This Planning Research Project is my original work and has not been presented for Degree

in any other University

Signature……………………………………... Date……………………………………….

Muhali Darius Amboye

(Candidate)

This planning Research project has been submitted for examination with my approval as

the University Supervisor.

Signature………………………………………. Date……………………………………….

Dr. Romanus Opiyo

(Supervisor)

Page | iii

DEDICATION

I dedicate this work to my family, my supervisor and those who financially, spiritually and

emotionally contributed to the completion of this Development Project.

Page | iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The Development project would not have accomplished without enormous contribution

and support of all the people who participated. First of all, I give thanks to God for granting

me sound mind and good health. Secondly, I owe a lot of gratitude to my family, friends and

relatives for their support especially during this period of the project. I feel obliged to

express my gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Opiyo, for the good will, professional advice and

guidance to the accomplishment of the project. I am also indebted to the department of

DURP University of Nairobi members and staffs, my college mates for their assistance in the

completion of this project.

Page | v

ABSTRACT

Waruku/Gatina settlement is one of the informal settlements which were established due

to the pressure exerted on the city housing infrastructure thus it became unplanned

settlement accommodating city workers. The settlement has been experiencing cases of

crime including burglary, mugging, robbery and house breaking as supported by the

research project evidence which is attributed to the nature of the spatial layout, the

population pressure exerted by the majority unemployed youths and poverty. This can be

categorized into the situation, the social and the institutional factors which is taken into

account in this development project report in order to create a working synergy that will

alleviate this problem which has made the study area lark behind in development and

scaring away developers. With respect to this, the neighbourhood requires planning hence

this development project looks at alternative ways of creating a secure neighbourhood to

ensure a safe environment for users. To achieve this, Violence Prevention through Urban

Upgrading have been used to guide the design process.

The core objective of this development project is to contribute towards providing a

framework for the effective planning of the settlement which will ensure a secure and safe

environment based on the analysis of the existing situation, policy guidelines and the

regulatory framework that will guide the designing process in order to come up with a

secure environment. It also evaluates the proposed alternatives and the best

implementation framework

An alternative layout to ensure a secure neighbourhood is planned for with activity spaces

zoned having clear definition of ownership, observed building line as well as clear

circulation routes which are overlooked from the residential units to reduce fear of crime

as well as opportunities for crime occurrence. Through the observation of this, it will

ensure that the projects sustainability and viability is highly recognized.

Page | vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS

DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................... iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... iv

ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................................... v

TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................... vi

LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................ x

LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................................... x

LIST OF MAPS .............................................................................................................................. x

LIST OF PLATES ......................................................................................................................... xi

CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................. 1

INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Overview ............................................................................................................................... 1

1.2 Statement of the planning research project title .................................................................... 1

1.3 Summary of the main findings of the planning research project .......................................... 1

1.3.1 Spatial distribution of crime in the study area ................................................................ 2

1.3.2 Land use and crime ......................................................................................................... 2

1.3.3 Seasonality and crime ..................................................................................................... 4

1.4 Summary of the main recommendations of the planning research project ........................... 4

1.4.1 Overview ........................................................................................................................ 4

1.4.2 Situational crime prevention ........................................................................................... 4

1.4.3 Social Crime prevention ................................................................................................. 5

1.4.4 Local governance promotion .......................................................................................... 5

1.4.5 The coping mechanism by the business and household owners ..................................... 6

1.5 Development Project for implementation ............................................................................. 6

1.6 Justification for the choice of development Project title ....................................................... 6

1.7 Objectives of the Development Project ................................................................................. 7

1.7.1 The specific objectives of the active boxes concept will try to address ......................... 7

1.8 Assumptions of the development Project title....................................................................... 7

1.9 Scope of the development project and the organization of the project in chapters ............... 8

1.10 Methodology ....................................................................................................................... 9

1.10.1 Data needs and requirements ........................................................................................ 9

1.10.2 Data sources .................................................................................................................. 9

1.10.3 Methods of data collection ........................................................................................... 9

Page | vii

1.10.4 Methods of analysis ...................................................................................................... 9

1.10.5 Methods of data presentation ........................................................................................ 9

1.10.6 Definition of key terms and concepts ........................................................................... 9

CHAPTER TWO .......................................................................................................................... 11

REVIEW OF LEGAL AND POLICY GUIDELINES ................................................................. 11

2.1 Overview ............................................................................................................................. 11

2.2 Legal framework ................................................................................................................. 11

2.2.1 The Constitution of Kenya, 2010 ................................................................................. 11

2.3 Policy guidelines ................................................................................................................. 11

2.3.1 Kenya Vision 2030 ....................................................................................................... 11

2.3.2 Nairobi Metro Spatial Development plan ..................................................................... 12

2.3.3 Nairobi Metro 2030 ...................................................................................................... 12

2.3.4 UN Habitat Safer Cities Programme ............................................................................ 13

2.3.5 Physical Planning Handbook, 2008 .............................................................................. 14

2.3.6 Building Code (1968) ................................................................................................... 14

2.3.7 Planning and Building Regulation 2009 ....................................................................... 14

2.4 Legal and Regulatory framework ........................................................................................ 15

2.4.1 Physical Planning Act Cap 286 of the laws of Kenya .................................................. 15

2.4.2 Devolved system of governance and its effect to the Physical planning Act cap 286 . 15

2.4.3 Urban Areas and Cities Act, 2011 ................................................................................ 16

2.4.4 County Government Act ............................................................................................... 16

2.4.5 National Police Service Act (2011) .............................................................................. 16

2.4.6 The Traffic Act chapter 403 ......................................................................................... 16

2.4.7 Land acquisition act, cap 295 ....................................................................................... 17

2.4.8 Environmental management and coordination act, 1999 ............................................. 17

2.5 Design Guidelines and elements ......................................................................................... 17

2.5.1 Elements of the design objectives and guidelines ........................................................ 17

2.5.2 Design and regulatory guidelines ................................................................................. 20

2.6 Case studies ......................................................................................................................... 21

2.6.1 Case study 1: Khayelitsha Township in Cape Town –South Africa ............................ 21

Situational crime prevention .................................................................................................. 23

2.6.2 Case study 2: Community policing .............................................................................. 25

Page | viii

2.7 Conceptual framework ........................................................................................................ 29

CHAPTER THREE ...................................................................................................................... 30

SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS ....................................................................................................... 30

3.1 Overview ............................................................................................................................. 30

3.2 Location context of the project area .................................................................................... 30

3.2.1 Regional context ........................................................................................................... 30

3.2.2 Local context ................................................................................................................ 31

3.2.3 Neighborhood context .................................................................................................. 32

3.3 Background of the project area, the project and its historical context ................................ 33

3.4 Site analysis ......................................................................................................................... 33

3.4.1 Physical/landscape/topography .................................................................................... 33

3.4.2 Geological soil characteristics ...................................................................................... 33

3.4.3 Vegetation ..................................................................................................................... 34

3.4.4 Climate.......................................................................................................................... 34

3.4.5 Hydrology ..................................................................................................................... 35

3.5 Population and demographic characteristics ....................................................................... 35

3.5.1 Population ..................................................................................................................... 35

3.5.2 Socio-economic characteristics .................................................................................... 36

3.5.3 Political and cultural profile ......................................................................................... 36

3.6 Land use Analysis ............................................................................................................... 37

3.6.1 Housing ......................................................................................................................... 38

3.7 Institutional, Legal and Financial issues of the Project Area .............................................. 40

Financial: ............................................................................................................................... 40

3.8 Critical emerging issues ...................................................................................................... 41

CHAPTER FOUR ......................................................................................................................... 42

PROJECT PLANNING DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION .................................................. 42

4.1 Overview ............................................................................................................................. 42

4.2 Planning and design of the project ...................................................................................... 42

4.2.1 Expected outputs........................................................................................................... 42

4.2.2 Design Alternatives ...................................................................................................... 43

4.2.3 Evaluation of alternatives ............................................................................................. 47

4.2.4 Choice of Preferred Alternative .................................................................................... 48

Page | ix

4.3 Site planning/design process ............................................................................................... 48

4.3.1 The research and analysis stage .................................................................................... 48

4.3.2 Synthesis of the design phase ....................................................................................... 48

4.3.3 The evaluation stage ..................................................................................................... 49

4.3.4 Implementation stage .................................................................................................... 49

4.3.5 Detailed design formulation ......................................................................................... 49

4.4 Implementation strategies Matrix........................................................................................ 53

4.5 Implementation phasing ...................................................................................................... 56

4.6 Project costing and Resource requirement .......................................................................... 56

4.7 Actors, implementation agencies and role of stake-holders ................................................ 57

4.7.1 The role of stakeholders ............................................................................................... 58

CHAPTER FIVE .......................................................................................................................... 59

MONITORING AND EVALUATION ........................................................................................ 59

5.1 Overview ............................................................................................................................. 59

5.2 Technical Issues in monitoring and evaluation of a project ................................................ 59

5.3 Indicators of a successful development project................................................................... 59

5.4 Monitoring and evaluation stages .................................................................................. 60

5.4.1 Hindrances to a successful evaluation process ............................................................. 60

5.5 Guidelines for the implementation process ......................................................................... 60

5.5.1 Working together with the community ......................................................................... 61

5.5.2 Principles that will guide implementation .................................................................... 61

5.6 Site/Environmental management plan ................................................................................ 61

5.6.1 Relevance of Environmental Impact Management Plan .............................................. 62

5.7 Contribution of the Development project to planning profession in Kenya ....................... 63

BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................................................................... 64

Page | x

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1:Active Boxes .................................................................................................................. 17

Figure 2: Design proposal for the Khayelitsha Violence Prevention Programme ........................ 18

Figure 3: Conceptual framework .................................................................................................. 29

Figure 4: Climate graph for Nairobi, Kenya ................................................................................. 35

Figure 5: Description of all land activities in the project area ...................................................... 37

Figure 6: Management structure of the Nairobi City County ....................................................... 40

Figure 7:Spatial representation of alternative one ........................................................................ 44

Figure 8: Spatial representation of the second alternative ............................................................ 46

Figure 9: Site planning/design process ......................................................................................... 49

Figure 10: Spatial representation of the integration of alternative 1 and 2 ................................... 49

Figure 11: Proposed community policing ..................................................................................... 51

Figure 12: Proposed green spaces and green parks ...................................................................... 52

Figure 13: Monitoring and evaluation stages................................................................................ 60

Figure 14: Sustainable implementation process ........................................................................... 61

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Evaluation of alternatives ............................................................................................... 47

Table 2: Implementation strategies framework ............................................................................ 54

Table 3: Project costing and human resource requirement ........................................................... 57

Table 4: Impact management plan ................................................................................................ 62

LIST OF MAPS

Map 1: Crime hotspot map ............................................................................................................. 2

Map 2: Google image of land use and crime .................................................................................. 3

Map 3: Location of Nairobi within the national context............................................................... 30

Map 4:Locational context of the study area .................................................................................. 31

Map 5: Google image of the neighbourhood characteristics ........................................................ 32

Map 6: Land use map................................................................................................................... 38

Map 7: Problem map for the study area ........................................................................................ 39

Page | xi

LIST OF PLATES

Plate 1: Natural surveillance ......................................................................................................... 21

Plate 2: SARA model .................................................................................................................... 26

Plate 3: Image of case study area .................................................................................................. 28

Page | 1

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Overview

This chapter provides introduction that give the title, findings as well as recommendations

of the planning research project, a summary of the development project title, objectives

and methodology.

1.2 Statement of the planning research project title

This Development project is guided by the planning research project titled, “Implications of

urban informal settlements on insecurity: A Case Study of Dagoretti North section of

Waruku/Gatina. The research project investigated the relationships between different land

use, seasonality, type and causes of crime and their impacts on the people of the settlement

area. Different crime types were brought up and correlated with the land uses they affect

most. In the research, time and crime occurrence was also correlated and the findings

determined. Adoptive measures and strategic interventions that have been adopted by the

residents to curb and reduce crime occurrences were also identified. It finally addressed

the possible interventions to deal with the situation hence curb incidences of crime, fear of

crime and in the process foster to establish a prosperous and secure Waruku/Gatina

settlement.

1.3 Summary of the main findings of the planning research project

The planning research project found out that the most crimes committed in the

settlement include burglary, mugging, rape and house breakings.

Where by the root causes of these crimes were classified based on the three facets which

are the:

Environmental designs cause (spatial causes)

The institutional causes

And the socio- economic causes

These causes were based on the following factors which aggravated crime occurrence in

the settlement

Youth peer pressure who found it heroic to participate in crime cases. 32.5% of the

respondents said this.

10% attributed crime in the area to individuals who were unwilling to report the

perpetrators who caused crime in the area since they are related or are great

friends.

10% of the responses based on the issue of drugs that made the youth to get

involved in crime related cases.

Page | 2

20% said that youth unemployment led to the cases of crime as the youth seek ways

to survive with the hard economy.

7.5% said that the nyumba kumi initiative had failed and where it existed it was not

fully embraced.

2.5% indicated that crime commitment was due to poverty, presence of bushes and

maize farms and also inadequate police patrol.

5% attributed this to isolated footpath and dark places in the area

1.3.1 Spatial distribution of crime in the study area This finding was to establish the spatial distribution of crime in the study area which was one of

the key research question the project intended to answer. The main hotspots identified were as

indicated in the map below:

Map 1: Crime hotspot map

Source: author 2016

1.3.2 Land use and crime

The research project found out that 72.5% of the respondents agreed to the fact that crime

occurred in space and was highly related to land uses while 27.5% said crime does not

relate land use. Those who related crime to residential land use were 30%, both

commercial and residential were 32.5% while those who associated commercial land use

to crime were 15% while those who gave no response were 15%.

The type of land use that should be given priority in order to curb crime in the area was

47.5% who said that commercial land use should be given priority to curb crime, 25% said

1: Makaburini

2: Kangemi Bridge

3, 2, 4: maize farm

along Nairobi

River

5: Gatina Bridge

6: Along the

Waruku stream

Page | 3

that residential land use was most affected while those who said agricultural land use to be

given priority were 12.5% as per the household interviews

Based on enterprise interview, 30% of the respondents said that residential land uses

served as the source of their customers, 30% said that vacant lots and isolated land uses

acted as the main hotspots thus where most perpetrators hid and operated thus instilled

fear into the business operators, 15% said that agricultural land use mainly provided their

business products especially those who sold vegetables while 15% accounted agricultural

land use a hideout for criminals and 10% gave no response.

This can be attributed to the fact that commercial land use had expensive and valuable

products susceptible to crime thus they are targets while residential land use was easy to

break into since most of the building materials were iron sheets.

Map 2: Google image of land use and crime

Sources: Field survey 2016

Residential

land use

mostly

associated

with crime

Agricultural

land use as

one of the

hotspot in the

study area

Page | 4

1.3.3 Seasonality and crime

Based on the temporal aspect weekends contributed to most crime occurrence in the

settlement whereby the total who attributed to this were an average of 90% of the total

respondents sampled in the study area attributed to this. The month of January and

December was also seen as the period when most crimes tend to occur in the study area

with 85% of the total respondents stating this.

Crime also occurred most frequently during the wee dark hours of the night especially at 8

pm to early mornings when most path were isolated.

The type of weather that attracted most crime was rainy seasons especially during the

night hours. this could be argued on the fact that the settlement had poor lighting, poor

access roads, less police patrol during this period and the noise produced by rains

prevented neighbours from realizing house breakage since the settlement has most iron

made houses, the isolated paths also during rainy period led to this.

1.4 Summary of the main recommendations of the planning research project

1.4.1 Overview

Thus this project intends to employ the following recommendable prevention measures

based on the main findings to curb the insecurity cases in the urban informal settlements

based on the above facets that were mainly addressed by the residents of the settlement

1.4.2 Situational crime prevention

Situational crime prevention which will aims to change the physical and spatial

environmental conditions that generate violence, crime and fear of crime through

improved urban planning, design and infrastructure.

In practice, components of situational crime prevention focus on the recovery of public

spaces. To this end, existing crime hotspots are eradicated and programmes aim to

constructing integrated human settlements including general access to basic infrastructure

such as water supply or transportation systems. Measures also include improved access to

parks and green areas or improved solid waste management and street lightening, among

others.

Elements of situational crime and crime prevention

Coherent and integrated town planning, from larger areas down to site-specific

considerations. Planning tools include tailor-made adaptations of national urban and

architectural design standards based on the identification of crime and insecurity hotspots.

They form part of the community consultation process.

Provision of social and economic public infrastructure to (re-)establish the functionality of

the informal settlements. Programmes support local authorities in the setting up, operation

and maintenance of public infrastructure and social services. They encourage the

Page | 5

participation of the local population and local businesses so as to provide services that

meet people’s needs and create favorable conditions for local economic development.

Site-specific interventions introduce places that enhance individual safety and allow the

population to identify itself with the areas. Interventions range from safe pedestrian

walkways, urban parks, rehabilitated housing units, sports and recreational sites, to the

development of schools into community learning centres, daycare facilities, healthcare

centres, and commercial centres. Complementary interventions tackle geological or

environmental security conditions, such as stabilization of slopes or riverbeds.

With the principle of natural surveillance guiding installation of lights, lighting should be

done in such a way that it allows people to be recognized from 25 meters away. During

installation one should avoid directing the lighting so that it glares into eyes or into those of

persons passing by on the sidewalk or street. Glare may prevent residents from seeing and

identifying intruders.

Flash lights should be installed as they cover a wide area as well as street lights in all access

routes to ensure proper visibility at night. The lights should be situated in central places of

both residential, open spaces and pathways to ensure vandalism is minimized and external

security for both people and property is enhanced Lights will play the greatest role in

minimizing crime especially at night and also there will be least fear of crime. With a good

lighting system Car parking areas will be well Illuminated hence providing natural

surveillance during the hours of darkness for the parked vehicles. Generally lighting does

not prevent crime but will provide opportunity for occurrence of crime.

1.4.3 Social Crime prevention

Social violence prevention addresses factors arising from social interactions in the

neighbourhood and felt needs of community development. Experience with slum-

upgrading programmes has shown that the success and sustainability of programmes is

contingent upon community involvement in decision-making, implementation and

operation and maintenance. Activities contribute to social cohesion by empowering

vulnerable groups: they enable residents to assume responsibility for their environment,

offer ways for ordinary people to make a contribution and identify with their residential

environment, and thus enforce social control in high risk areas. Thus the development

project will ensure that the designs made empowers and gives the residents the

opportunities to conduct businesses in order to cut the cycle of poverty and unemployment

among the youth who are viewed as the main perpetrators of crime.

1.4.4 Local governance promotion

In general, governance is a cross-cutting issue and precondition for the implementation of

crime related programmes. Local governance promotion first and foremost aims at

mainstreaming principles of good governance in public administration. The weakness of

Page | 6

state institutions to actively address the multi-faceted problems in slum areas creates a

vacuum, which leaves the door open to violence. By implementing crime related

programmes, local governments go through a learning process, which empowers them to

fulfil their stipulated roles and functions such as an improved and intensified police patrol.

Thus it’s the role of local governance to clearly and inclusively promote the proactive

measure to curb crime by involving the community members who understands the

situation more than the police hence community policing highly recommended.

1.4.5 The coping mechanism by the business and household owners

1. The Nyumba Kumi initiative

2. Inadequate Police patrol

3. The use of informers among the community

4. Closing of the business early

5. Walking in company

6. Avoiding hotspot areas at dark hours

7. Use of motorbikes when late

1.5 Development Project for implementation

CREATING ACTIVE BOXES AND PATHS TO ENHANCE SECURITY IN GATINA/WARUKU

AREA IN DAGORETTI NORTH.

Residential areas, business premises, access paths, open spaces and green parks were

identified as crime prone areas affected by burglaries and mugging hence a better design of

their layout will have a great influence in curbing of crime within the neighbourhood. The

project will capture spatial plans which will be correctly dimensional sketch plans or the

site Development plans further detailing development of the site and incorporating

movement patterns, focus area, streetscape, the treatment of the hard and the soft spaces

and the detailed urban design proposals for the site. Pockets of development projects are

identified and detailed in such a manner as to ensure that sensible, logical and cost-

effective implementation is achieved. Critical stages for community participation must be

considered in this project as a minimum to ensure that the development of Safe Node Areas

is sustainable and accepted by the targeted residents as a product of their own endeavour.

1.6 Justification for the choice of development Project title

Crime and the fear of crime occurrence affects the way people use and enjoy the places

where they live, work and use for recreation. The design of the built environment can play

a very significant role in reducing crime as well as disorder and reducing the fear of crime

occurrence at any time of the day.it also plays a role in preventing or deterring criminal

activity and anti-social behavior by reducing the availability of opportunities to commit

crime. The form and layout design of the environmental design can either discourage or

encourage people to take part in crime. A proper design of the streets, orderliness of the

Page | 7

estate surveillance of streets as well as open spaces and create a naturally defensible space

will ensure the safety and people willing to participate. This can limit the opportunities or

decrease the perceived risk of committing a crime and as well create a safer and a more

pleasant environment.

Crime results partly from opportunities presented by the physical environment and it

should be much possible to alter the environment so that crime is less likely to occur or

committed. For residents to be able to set the norms of behavior and the nature of activity

possible within a particular place, it is necessary that it have clear, unquestionable control

over what can occur in a space hence a proper layout will bring out a clear ownership of

space.

Design can make it possible for both inhabitant and stranger to perceive that an area is

under the undisputed influence of a particular person or group, that they dictate the

activity taking place within it, and who its users are to be. This can be made so clearly

evident that residents will not only feel confident, but that it is incumbent upon them to

question the comings and goings of people to ensure the continued safety of the defined

areas. Any intruder will be made to anticipate that his presence will be under question,

observance and open to challenge so much so that a criminal can be deterred from even

contemplating entry of premises within the neighbourhood.

1.7 Objectives of the Development Project

To propose an overall active boxes concept to curb insecurity in the urban informal

settlement.

1.7.1 The specific objectives of the active boxes concept will try to address

1. Better street design that will reduce the occurrence of crime in the settlement.

2. Analyze existing situation against the required policies and guidelines of a secure

neighbourhood.

3. Design a functional layout and revitalized neighbourhood that is responsive to

insecurity and unsustainable environment.

4. Prepare a comprehensive management system for the project to ensure its

sustainability.

5. Create an implementation, evaluation and monitoring framework for the

development of the main street.

1.8 Assumptions of the development Project title

1. All the relevant stakeholders will be willing to fully play the requested roles

2. The adopted development will address crime in the area and reduce it in a

sustainable manner

3. Development will be done in collaboration with the city council, security agents,

residents and estate owners to ensure ownership and maintenance of the project

Page | 8

1.9 Scope of the development project and the organization of the project in chapters

The development project shall focus on the crime hot spot areas and other designs that

area relevant to the safety of the residents and business owners in the settlement for

effective movement and interactions in space and place through a concept of creating

active boxes in the crime prone areas.

The chosen area for development is characterized by high levels of crime within the

neighbourhood with scattered and uncontrolled developments. The site has no sense of

ownership seen by the maintenance level and use of available facilities such as open spaces

and the green spaces which are not occupied much as they are located in environmental

fragile or unfriendly areas which are dark and isolated especially at night. This has left the

place unattended to as well as unoccupied hence has become criminal hideout. Also are

dead ends due to the nature of access paths which are defined by the inadequate

developments by the county government in the informal settlements.

The project is organized into five major chapters

Chapter 1: Introduction

This chapter links the research project to the development project by analyzing findings

and recommendations of the research project. It is from the analysis of the findings and

recommendations from the research project that the topic of the development project is

chosen. Within the chapter is the justification of the development project, location and

coverage of the development project, objectives, assumptions, scope and research

methodology, data needs requirements, and data sources of the development project. It

also highlights methods of data collection, data analysis, data presentation, its limitations

and definition of key terms to be used.

Chapter 2: Review of policy guidelines

This chapter focuses on the review of relevant planning policies, design guidelines, and

standards, regulatory guidelines, case studies relevant to the development project, and statement

of a conceptual framework that will guide design and implementation process of the project.

Chapter 3: Situational analysis

The chapter presents the situational analysis of the project to be developed.it shows the

location context of the project area, states background of the study area, its site analysis,

population and demographic characteristics of the study area including its socio-economic,

cultural and political characteristics.

Chapter 4: project planning design and implementation

This chapter focuses on planning and design of the project, development of the spatial plan

including design of alternatives, evaluation of alternatives, plan proposals which are inform

Page | 9

of drawings and spatial models, the design process, development of detailed action plan

and its implementation schedule.

Chapter 5: Monitoring and Evaluation

This chapter expounds how the project will be monitored and evaluated, guidelines of the

implementation and site plan to ensure sustainability of the project.

1.10 Methodology

This project for its successful completion data was collected to aid in decision making

during its development for the stated objectives to be achieved. This part expounds on the

type of data needed, sources of data, methods of data collection and the analysis.

1.10.1 Data needs and requirements

The existing site characteristics; this helped in detailing out the challenges and factors that

enhance crime hence design of the best alternative to curb the situation being experienced.

The design guidelines

1.10.2 Data sources

Data relating to the study area were done through planning security site inventory from

both the primary and the secondary sources and they include: focus group discussion,

observation, map analysis, photography, use of questionnaires, library and the online

sources.

1.10.3 Methods of data collection

Primary and secondary methods of data collection aided in gathering information. The

Primary methods included direct observation, measurement and photography. This helped

in detailing out the existing situation hence used to determine the best alternative.

Secondary methods on the other hand involved reading of government publications, library

as well as internet research. This gave information on the best design guidelines, minimum

safety standards as well as the existing policies.

1.10.4 Methods of analysis Data was analyzed in from of reports, use of maps and, Google sketch up, Geographic

Information System (GIS), and Arch CAD.

1.10.5 Methods of data presentation

Data was presented in form of maps, photographs, sketches, written reports and detailed

conceptual designs.

1.10.6 Definition of key terms and concepts

Development-Refers to the making of the material change in the use or density of any

building or land or the subdivision of any land [COK, 2010].

Page | 10

Shopping center- refers to a buildup area comprising of a group of retail shops,

restaurants, offices for the use of the pedestrians and the residents of the neighbourhood.

Node- is a strategic focal point that an observer can enter which functions as a hub/center

of activity. It can also be defined by junctions of paths in an area where particular activities

are concentrated.

Active Boxes- The concept of active boxes is to basically design out the hotspot areas by

creating an interactive spaces that brings space ownership and to reduce target hardening

by providing surveillance. Also refers to notion of introducing places that develop an

identity for the Safe Node Areas such as:

Development of Schools into community learning and development centres; Construction of sports and recreational sites; Mixed used facilities ranging from work live units to multipurpose centres; Safe pedestrian Walkways

Crime prevention- refers to intervention designed to inhibit the development of criminal potentials in individuals, thereby reducing the number of motivated offenders. A developmental approach involves moderating risk factors (factors or determinants for which there is strong objective evidence of causal relationships to violence) and amplifying protective factors (factors that potentially decrease the likelihood of engaging in violence)

Territoriality (‘owned’ spaces): The sense of ownership which a community has over its

environment encourages residents to become involved in reducing crime.

Defined access and movement: Easy access and well-defined routes into, and through, a

public place, help develop a ‘pedestrian’ understanding of that space and perception of

safety.

Image and aesthetics (dignity): A positive image of a place can be achieved by ensuring a

‘human’ scale using appropriate materials, colors, landscaping, and lighting to encourage

high levels of public activity.

Physical barriers: This relates to strengthening building facades and spaces to improve

personal safety.

Maintenance and management (pride and ownership) Well-managed and maintained

urban environments encourage a sense of pride and ownership.

Page | 11

CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF LEGAL AND POLICY GUIDELINES

2.1 Overview

This chapter analyses relevant policies, design standards and guidelines on the informal

settlement of Nairobi towards achieving a sustainable and efficient secure path node.

Subsequently case studies have been analyzed to inform on the best practices relevant to

the development projects which will be reviewed.

A conceptual framework will be developed from the various policy reviews and case

studies that will guide the design and the implementation of the project.

2.2 Legal framework

2.2.1 The Constitution of Kenya, 2010

The constitution is the supreme law of Kenya and binds all persons and state organs at

both levels of government. The project will be bound by the constitution.

The constitution provides for the rights to every person to a clean and secure environment

which is the core role of this project to tackle the problem of insecurity.

National security is the protection against internal and external threats to Kenya’s

territorial integrity and sovereignty, its people, their rights, freedoms, property, peace,

stability and prosperity and other national interests.

It provides that the land should be used in a manner that is equitable, efficient, productive

and sustainable.

Under the constitution, the national legislation is necessary for, the maintenance of

national security; the maintenance of economic unity; the protection of the common

market in respect of the mobility of goods, services, capital and labour; the promotion of

economic activities across county boundaries and the promotion of equal opportunity or

equal access to government services.

2.3 Policy guidelines

2.3.1 Kenya Vision 2030

Vision 2030 is the development blue print prepared from 2008-2030. The vision is

involved with preparation and enforcement of an integrated spatial growth and

development strategy and actualization of the strategic programs for the provision of

social, economic and infrastructural services.

The vision is anchored in three main pillars: economic, social and the political pillars. The

three pillars are also anchored on six factors: infrastructure, human resources,

development, technology and innovation. The redevelopment of the settlement will lead to

Page | 12

economic growth and increased social interaction and the safety of the people living

around and in the settlement.

The Kenyan vision 2030 recognizes security as the foundation of good governance,

individual social welfare and economic development. Freedom from danger, which entails

protection from physical or direct violence, and freedom from fear in terms of a sense of

safety and overall well-being provide an enabling environment for individuals, investments

and businesses to thrive.

The role of security and peace building in promoting global competitiveness and

improvement in the standards of living of the population has been recognized in vision

2030. Indeed, the economic, social and political pillars of Kenya vision 2030 are grounded

on existence of security, peace and tranquility. The vision 2030 focuses on how to improve

security to facilitate investments, national competitive and provide Kenyans with a more

secure living and working environment.

2.3.2 Nairobi Metro Spatial Development plan

The plan considers insecurity as one of the major factors in Nairobi. It discusses that access

points should be clearly visible from the public realm. It mainly focuses on ensuring that he

open spaces and its facilities are safe for the public use, better lighting facilities, clear paths

without shrubs or the hideout points, creating the environment that are safe where people

feel free and safe from attacks.

Poor design of the neighbourhoods at worst encourages crime and at best fails to provide

any deterrents.

Some neighbourhoods as per the document have public spaces that are ill-define. Planting

is often overgrown. Pedestrian routes through the neighbourhood are often dark and

unwelcoming. Local facilities, shops and community centers are provided in small arcades

that are themselves visually unattractive and this consequently encourages crimes.

2.3.3 Nairobi Metro 2030

Security and safety is a critical factor that determines the direction and the patterns of

human settlements and investment decisions. The desired metropolitan development faces

the setback and the threat of the past, the present and the perceived insecurity. They seek

to address the issues of safety in two levels for its residents and its investors with respect

to the former plan; Nairobi metropolitan growth strategy and the political configuration in

which the new project comes about.

Sensible security measures will be incorporated during the setting up of the pedestrian

friendly access paths and safe nodes inform of active boxes and the refurbishment of the

settlements infrastructure facilities. The efforts brought about by the above will be to

Page | 13

reduce the levels of fear, crime and safety nodes along the path that will help incase crime

incidences will have to occur.

Nairobi Metro 2030 focuses on the implementation of integrated close circuit system for

the Nairobi metropolitan region so as to help reduce crime and it focuses on the CBD area,

identified crime hot spots, the major arteries and intersections as well as identified critical

areas such as industrial areas.

A major component also addressed to enhance security is the Metropolitan Street being a

critical intervention from the public safety point of view. It is also important in ensuring

efficient and effective business processes especially in the growing knowledge based

economy.

2.3.4 UN Habitat Safer Cities Programme The safer cities programme was launched in 1996 at the request of the African mayors who

wanted to develop city- level crime prevention strategies to address urban crime and

violence which have been a serious problem in cities around the world. The damage and

fear they create threatens the quality of life, human rights, social and the economic stability

and sustainable development. The safer Nairobi initiative dated back to April 2000 when

the city council of Nairobi requested the UN HABITAT to provide technical support to the

development of the city wide crime prevention strategy, technical assistance by the UN-

HABITAT to the city of Nairobi commenced in April 2001 towards developing a community

based strategy for the urban crime prevention and safety improvement initiatives in

Nairobi through a multi-sector approach coordinated by the city authorities. Nairobi has

benefited from the technical support of the international organizations key being UN-

Habitat and UNDP.

Factors seen to be associated with urban crime and violence includes the rapid pace of

urbanization, poor urban planning, design and management and growth in youthful

population. With this the programme targets the following key issues to address the

problem identified;

Situational, institutional and social crime prevention methods.

Promoting local authority leadership and responsibility for urban safety as a part of good

urban governance.

Supporting crime prevention partnership and initiatives implemented in collaboration with

local authorities, the criminal justice system, the private sector and the civil society in

order to successfully and sustainably address urban insecurity issues.

Building city networks to share knowledge, expertise and practices that can be replicated

in other cities and regions, conducting training and capacity building for local authorities

and other stakeholders.

Page | 14

2.3.5 Physical Planning Handbook, 2008

The handbook provides guidelines and minimum standards on the process and practice of

physical planning. The book outlines recommended densities for developments, percentage

of land to be left for recreation as well as residential development. It gives minimum

standards for residential street design, recommended minimum plot frontages as well as

cover and also maximum plinth area as per residential zones for the purpose of safety as

well as provision of services to the different residential areas.

2.3.6 Building Code (1968)

These refer to by laws which can be adopted by any municipality or county council to

control development in their areas of jurisdiction. It makes provisions for standards on

regulating the development of buildings and other incidental developments. According to

the building code buildings should not have frontages of less than 30ft which is equal to

9.144 meters defined in its’ by law number 26 which has been stated also in planning and

building regulations of 2009.This will help ease surveillance as people will have a wider

view of their plots.

By law 29 states that boundary walls, screen walls, fences and other means of enclosure of

residential plots shall not be erected to a greater height than 4ft or 1.22 meters. Abutting

on to a street or in front of the building line of the main building is given 6ft.By law 30 in

addition states that the boundary walls created should not cause obstruction to the view of

persons using any street used by vehicular traffic, or at near any bend, corner, junction or

intersection so as to be likely to cause danger to such persons. With such visibility will be

enhanced and obstruction minimized hence natural surveillance achieved discouraging

potential offenders in fear of being noticed.

2.3.7 Planning and Building Regulation 2009

Boundary walls, screen walls, fences or other means of enclosure of residential plots shall

not be erected to a greater height than 1.35m in where abutting on to a street or in front of

the building line of the main building, or in any other case. This is to enable those within

plots overlook the streets hence ensure streets safety and this makes users feel safer and

always occupy the streets reducing chances of crime occurrences. All other external

boundary walls, screen walls, fences, etc. shall be of such a height as The Authority may

require. Razor wire is not permitted in any residential area. Razor wire, where permitted,

may only be fixed at a minimum of 2m above ground level. Broken glass and similar is not

permitted on any building. This shows a sense of less ownership and responsibility over

the property and this encourages criminals

It states that in every residential area; the width of the carriage way of and of each footpath

in any private street shall be not less than the width specified in table 9 below. The width of

the carriageway of any cul-de-sac shall be not less than 5m and the width of each footpath

therein shall be not less than 2.0m. This is to bring balance between traffic in carriage way

Page | 15

and foot path to avoid unnecessary congestion leading to one space users infringing the

others space.

2.4 Legal and Regulatory framework

2.4.1 Physical Planning Act Cap 286 of the laws of Kenya

The act empowers local authorities to control land use activities within their areas of

jurisdiction. The act also stipulates preparation of physical development plans for the local

regional levels. The act will land uses in the site and also integrate local physical

development plans for the city. It is also concerned with development of land and buildings

in the interests of proper and orderly development of its area

Consider and approve all development applications and grant all development

permissions

Ensures the proper execution and implementation of the approved physical

development plans

The act also looks at the urban renewal and redevelopment which is the key

principle of VPUU and for this research

2.4.2 Devolved system of governance and its effect to the Physical planning Act cap 286

Physical Planning Act of 1996 and Local Government Act CAP 265 have been the main

legislative instruments governing urban areas. Articles 176 and 184 of the Constitution of

Kenya 2010 make provisions for devolved governance; and classification and management

of urban areas and cities. The government has prepared National Urban Development

Policy as part of its efforts to implement the provisions of the Constitution and Vision 2030

on urban development. As part of the implementation of the constitutional provisions on

urbanization, Urban Areas and Cities Act 2011 has been prepared to replace local

government Act hence there is need to harmonise urban areas and cities act with the

physical planning act to ensure conflicting regulations are done away with hence provide

harmonized regulations that will ensure a safe and secure environment where the society

lives in.

Each county and urban area and city shall prepare integrated development plans to guide

and inform all planning and development issues. All decisions with regard to planning,

management and development must be aligned with the national plans and strategies of

the nation. An integrated development plan shall be binding and shall guide and inform all

planning and development decisions in the Counties, including urban areas. These shall

complement the Physical Planning Act. Before devolved system of governance in Kenya,

planning was done with the guidance of local government act CAP 265 at county and

municipal council levels. However urban areas and cities act with county government act

will guide planning at county levels at which plans will be done as per the devolved system

of governance regulations with the basis of physical planning act which needs

harmonization.

Page | 16

2.4.3 Urban Areas and Cities Act, 2011

The act provides for the, classification, governance and the management of urban areas and

cities to provide for the criteria of establishing urban areas, to provide for the principle of

governance and the participation of the residents. The act provides for the establishment of

a board of city or municipality that is to among other mandates promote a safe and healthy

environment, ensure participation of the residents in decision making, its activities and

programmes. The act empowers the powers to the boards to provide such services to the

city or municipality that it is within its jurisdiction hence Nairobi city board is expected to

provide these services to residents of Waruku/Gatina neighbourhood to ensure they live in

a safe and secure environment taking over from the former local government. This kind of

services will ensure and secure neighbourhoods to live in as the boards will be accountable

for how they perform.

2.4.4 County Government Act

The act provides for county governments' powers, functions and responsibilities. Within

the act is county planning department that is mandated to among other services make

reservations for public security and other critical national infrastructure and other utilities

and services, integrate economic, physical, social, environmental and spatial planning. This

will ensure balanced system hence consequently safe neighbourhoods. Public participation

is recognized in the act hence with input of residents’ contributions while coming up with

plans will ensure a secure neighbourhood.

2.4.5 National Police Service Act (2011)

The act stipulates the mandate of police service in enhancing a safe and secure

environment. The function of the police service shall be among others to; provide

assistance to the public when in need, maintain law and order, protect life and property,

investigate crimes, collect criminal intelligence, prevent and detect crime, apprehend

offenders and enforce all laws and regulations with which it is charged. The Service shall

liaise with communities through community policing initiatives, with a view to; establish

and maintain partnership between the community and the Service, promote

communication between the Service and the community, promote co-operation between

the Service and the community in fulfilling the needs of the community regarding policing

and promote policing problem identification and policing problem solving by the Service

and the community. With the mandate given by the act, a safe and secure neighbourhood

will be much enhanced and strengthened by community policing. This will hence ensure a

safe environment cementing a well done layout to prevent crime by ensuring insecurity

issue is addressed by collaboration of both the community and the service.

2.4.6 The Traffic Act chapter 403

The act stipulates that the local authority may designate parking spaces within its area of

jurisdiction for vehicles of any particular class or description having regard to both the

interest of traffic as well as of occupiers of the adjoining property. The cat also states that

Page | 17

the local authorities may prescribe how vehicles may be driven or stand in the designated

parking. It prohibits the carrying of trade or other activities within the designated parking

or the encroachment on the road

2.4.7 Land acquisition act, cap 295

It stipulates the compulsory acquisition of land for public purpose subjected to prompt

justly payment of compensation

2.4.8 Environmental management and coordination act, 1999

Is a premier environmental legislation that embraces the dictum of sustainable

development. The act captures a wide range of environmental issues imposing a mandatory

environmental impact assessment for all projects with significant impact on the

environment. The act establishes the national environmental management authority as an

institution with legal authority to exercise general supervision and coordination of all

environmental policies and developments.

2.5 Design Guidelines and elements

2.5.1 Elements of the design objectives and guidelines

The most important requirements for VPUU crime prevention through the concept of

Active boxes.

The concept of the Active Boxes has been introduced via the Precinct Plans and is a result

of two processes – the urban design approach of VPUU based on a combination of CPTED

principles and elements of social crime prevention and the process arising out of the

Baseline Survey process that expressed the need of improved safety throughout the SNA.

Figure 1:Active Boxes

Source: http://www.vpuu.org

The concept of active boxes is to basically design out the hotspot areas by creating an

interactive space that brings space ownership and to reduce target hardening by providing

surveillance.

Page | 18

From planning to action

Having established the problem areas, VPUU planners identified six urban

upgrading initiatives to significantly reduce crime

Increased surveillance through neighbourhood watch patrols, 24-hours community

watch towers known as the Active Boxes, the use of multipurpose work-live units,

and the introduction of the safe Nodes Areas.

Clearly defined boundaries between properties to encourage greater responsibility

among residents

Safer pedestrian passageways, through use of street lighting and paved walkways

Aesthetically pleasing buildings and facilities to discourage criminal acts

Well-kept buildings that are respected b residents and which deter illegal activities

Higher physical barriers between properties in order to prevent criminal mobility.

The above infrastructural development accounts for about half of the projects

undertakings, but VPUU committee planners are placed equal emphasis on the

development of Khayelitsha people centric initiatives.

Figure 2: Design proposal for the Khayelitsha Violence Prevention Programme

Urban design principles

Situation crime prevention aims to change the physical environmental conditions that

generate crime and fear of crime through improved urban design and planning. The

situational prevention has been addressed on strategic levels by the development of the

Urban design Principles on a Safe Node which is based on the principles of CPTED. The

Source: Author 2016

Page | 19

design principles are based on the analysis of the areas. The analysis is informed by the

crime hotspots identified during the baseline survey. The eradication of the existing crime

hotspots and construction of integrated human settlements including of new integrated

facilities.

Within Safe Node Areas remains the aim of the situational crime prevention. The elements

of design of the situational crime prevention are:

1. Following the package of plans approach which allows coherent and integrated planning

on all levels of town planning, urban design from safe node areas to site specific

interventions

The urban design concept plans

Precinct plans

Site specific interventions

The notion of introducing places that develop an identity for the safe node areas

such as Active Boxes, or urban parks

Development of schools into community learning and development centres

Construction of sports and recreational sites

Mixed use facilities ranging from work live units to multipurpose centres

Safe pedestrian walkways

Infill housing

The following are the key elements on which design principles and guidelines will be based

on:

Pedestrian walkways

Safe pedestrian walkways are core elements of the VPUU urban design approach. The

urban design principles are applied to these developments to ensure safer walkways for

the residents. They should be accessible visible. The more they are used the safer they

become.

Lighting

Facilitates the public space to look safer and visible. Care needs to be taken with regard to

lighting to ensure that both the vehicular carriageway and pedestrian paths are sufficiently

illuminated, without the creation of unnecessary light overspill or hot spots. The level of

lighting provided should reflect the street hierarchy where the importance of the route is

reflected by the type of lighting provided. Light installations should be placed on standard

12m columns, with a minimum clearance of 5m to the nearest tree canopy. Lighting should

be high pressure white light so as to highlight areas as major vehicular/pedestrian routes

at night and to maximize visibility and safety. Areas that are not used should not be lit but

designated so as to avoid activities happening around it. Dimmer lights allow people to see

more clearly and more effectively. The open areas and spaces that have access paths should

be well lit to create safe nodes and also in the construction of the active boxes concept

Page | 20

Hard surfaces

This includes paved walkways and streets, the recreational play grounds such as the

basketball courts which facilitates easy movement at all time.

Active boxes alongside the walkways and in crime hotspot areas

It should entail the passive and the active use of the public spaces for varieties of activities

as the more they are fully used the safer they become

Live work units for instance recreational and entertainment points

This includes playgrounds shopping stalls, community facility centers to act as the location

for community policing center, police patrol points, bars among others.

2.5.2 Design and regulatory guidelines

Safer Design Guidelines

Safety is one of the most important requirements for any healthy community and

environment. There is a strong relationship between safety and wellbeing of a community,

the physical environment and the public safety.

Drawn Oscar Newman’s’ principles on the defensible spaces the following design measures

when taken into account in the design of Waruku/Gatina informal settlement, will assist in

curbing issues identified to cause crime and insecurity within the estate.

Lighting

Areas that are not used should not be lit but designated so as to avoid activities happening

around it. Dimmer lights allow people to see more clearly and more effectively. The open

areas and spaces that have access paths should be well lit to create safe nodes and also in

the construction of the active boxes concept.

Site layout

The design of the streets, parks or any other movement corridors should be connected to

the existing streets and the circulation routes. Along the routes there should be safety

nodes and the active box concept highly employed to avoid victimization incase a crime

offence arises.

This can be achieved by avoiding the creation of the isolated neighbourhood. The streets

and the movement routs within the settlement should be attractive, well lit, maintained

and accessible to everyone. Cross generational activities in public spaces and the provision

of plenty of public seating should be encouraged to provide for the natural surveillance at

various times of the day.

Fencing

Fences should be 50% transparent to allow visibility and should be limited to heights less

than 1.20 m unless located on the major road.

Page | 21

Violence prevention through urban upgrading (VPUU) design tools

VPUU concept uses specific design tools to implement the safety principles and these

include the:

Introduction of a clear signage and way finding system,

Creating visual connections along walking routes,

Ensuring movement routes are clear and short as possible,

The clustering and the integration of public activities and ensuring that site layout

has active edges to increase passive surveillance.

These principles and design tools are used in all areas of the upgrading process to ensure

that the main challenge- crime prevention-is addressed in the new interventions. Thus the

project will be based on a three pillars of development namely the

1. Situational crime prevention

2. Social crime prevention

3. Institutional crime prevention

Natural surveillance through VPUU; which entails

Access, Visual connections and clear signage

Plate 1: Natural surveillance

Source: www.vpuu.org

Transparent fencing by ensuring movement routes are clear

Use of CCTV cameras on high rise buildings

2.6 Case studies

2.6.1 Case study 1: Khayelitsha Township in Cape Town –South Africa

The Violence Prevention through Urban Upgrading project (VPUU) is an urban planning

design strategy employed in Cape Town Khayelitsha Township, which uses social

engagement and town planning as tools in fighting crime. The project is based on the belief

Creation of open spaces

that are lively thus people

feel safer

Page | 22

that “proper design and effective use of the built environment will lead to a reduction in

crime and the fear of crime.

Its main concept of “active boxes” is to improve living condition for residents through

community ‘sub-centres,’ which create employment opportunities, public spaces, and

schools. A Social Development Fund upgrades street lighting and sidewalks. Regular

organized cultural and social events will contribute to a sense of community and

togetherness. Thus the main objective why this project tends to borrow the concept of

active boxes is to create a vibrant street life, community patrol bases, open spaces,

recreational grounds and an economically empowered neighbourhood that has a sense of

social interactions. The application of VPUU concept in the design of Cape Town

Khayelitsha Township has led to a decrease in crime whereby high quality design has

improved quality of life and income-generating opportunities.

One element in overall urban renewal programme is Violence prevention through Urban

Upgrading. VPUU in Khayelitsha, Cape Town, has a pronounced focus on integrated urban

design and planning which impact on safety and living conditions in township settlements.

Khayelitsha is a dormitory town of about 600,000-800,000 inhabitants located about 28

km from Cape Town city Centre. It was characterized by increasing crime rates, poverty,

high unemployment and high HIV rates. Surveys amongst residents reveal that robbery,

murder, rape, and breaking ins are the top four crime categories in the area. In some areas

of Khayelitsha, it is perilous, particularly for women, to walk along the dark paths and unlit

streets at night. ‘Safe nodes’ or ‘Spazas’ are vitally important. Numerous unemployed

persons in Khayelitsha have in effect no way to become self-employed as tradesmen. For

women: the risk of being assaulted and robbed is too great. Through the safe nodes, safe

commercial premises are made available.

The City of Cape Town implemented in 2006, in partnership with the German government

the Violence Prevention through Urban Upgrading programme. The programme aims not

only to reduce crime and increase safety levels but also upgrade neighbourhoods, improve

social standards, and introduce sustainable community projects to empower local residents

on security matters concerning them. The project has focused on improvement in areas in

the Khayelitsha areas of Harare, Kuyasa, Site C/TR section and Site B to create safe areas

for thousands of people. The aim is to improve safety by improving the socio-economic

situation of about 200,000 – 300,000 residents in defined, ‘safe node’ areas, as they are

known, via an area-based approach. This means that dark, neglected and dangerous

hotspots are filled with active life through crime-sensitive urban design.

Concept design principle of VPUU employed in Khayelitsha

VPUU has a set of safety principles which are used as guidelines in the

upgrading/development process, and are in line with principles of crime prevention

through environmental design. These include the following principles.

Page | 23

Surveillance and visibility - (‘eyes on the street’): Design in public spaces to have good

lighting to ensure maximum public visibility.

Territoriality (‘owned’ spaces): The sense of ownership which a community has over its

environment encourages residents to become involved in reducing crime.

Defined access and movement: Easy access and well-defined routes into, and through, a

public place, help develop a ‘pedestrian’ understanding of that space and perception of

safety.

Image and aesthetics (dignity): A positive image of a place can be achieved by ensuring a

‘human’ scale using appropriate materials, colours, landscaping, and lighting to encourage

high levels of public activity.

Physical barriers: This relates to strengthening building facades and spaces to improve

personal safety.

Maintenance and management (pride and ownership) Well-managed and maintained

urban environments encourage a sense of pride and ownership.

The design of the township used specific design tools to implement the safety principles;

these included introduction of a clear signage a way finding system, creation of visual

connections along routes, and ensuring movement routes are as clear and short as possible

short. Based on the above principle designs tools, their main aim was to ensure the

challenge of crime prevention is addressed in the new intervention measure where VPUU is

based on three pillars which are

Situational crime prevention- Good environmental design ensures that public space is

surrounded by many activities meeting the needs of the surrounding community, as well as

ensuring that spaces provide a safe environment due to passive surveillance.

Urban Park Precinct 3 in Harare is an excellent example of this, as it was previously an

unsafe open space attracting criminals who robbed people on their way home. The area

was identified by community members in 2006 as one of the worst crime hotspots.

Through collaboration with local leadership, City of Cape Town professional engineers, and

creative design solutions from local professionals, this crime hotspot has now been

transformed into a beautiful urban park used by hundreds of residents daily. It has an

“Active Box” (The aim of these “Active Boxes” is to positively occupy previously perceived

dangerous spaces. The Active Boxes are placed approximately every 500 metres along

major pedestrian routes. Volunteer civic patrols guard these buildings. Lights are

strategically placed to illuminate the pedestrian route and stay illuminated at night so

children can play.

Page | 24

Social crime prevention

It links social programmes to support victims, prevent violence, and ensures safer spaces

are created through the situational crime prevention programme. The main aim of these

projects was to prevent and reduce the impact of crime and violence by strengthening

relationships between people; drawing vulnerable people into safer conditions and

improving the collective capacity of safe node areas for residents to prevent those

becoming victims or perpetrators of crime or violence. The programme included schemes

such as Early Childhood Development (ECD), the Social Development Fund (SDF), gender-

based violence programmes, the Patrolling Project, legal aid and school-based intervention.

Institutional crime prevention

VPUU LED is an area-based approach which aims to build a shared vision, reduce skills

gaps, facilitate grass roots / community involvement, improve access to opportunities, and

mobilize partners. It also enhances the sustainability of business associations and

community organizations’ initiatives. It builds confidence with ‘quick-win’ projects,

exploring practical ways to link businesses from the formal and informal economies

together, making it harder for crime to be committed.

Key highlights of Khayelitsha (results and Impacts)

Numerous aspects contributed to the positive impacts of the project: the most obvious

impact is the upgrading of supported areas, resulting in a more beautiful environment

which increased the sense of well-being among residents. Residents thus have better access

to social, recreational and commercial facilities. From an environmental point of view,

personal damage and economic loss is prevented through infrastructure investment in

erosion control and flood protection in many settlements. Local governments learned to

adapt their services better to local needs, and to open up to community participation in

urban development decision making. Ultimately, improved governance within local (and

national) authorities thus expands the sphere of influence into formerly illegal and

marginalized areas. Programmes led to declined murder and crime rates and the frequency

of young offenders.

Improved safety of residents in Khayelitsha

Provided victim support and crime prevention services

Improved residents’ access to social, recreational, and commercial facilities

Increased capacity and competence in civil society organizations, promoting civil

society initiative measures to prevent violence Empowering inhabitants through

employment and income

Conflict resolution

Sustainability via communal service delivery in the safe node areas

Thus through the concept of Active boxes in the township of Khayelitsha the murder rate in

the area has declined by one-third since the since the start of the VPUU programme and is

Page | 25

now clearly below the national average. The city is thus assessing possibilities of expanding

the approach and methodology to other Cape Town areas. Further developments have

commenced in other municipal communities. This can be applied to Kenya’s urban

settlement areas.

Barriers and challenges

The following barriers occurred in Khayelitsha; they can be seen in most informal,

suburban settlements and should be considered when transferring the project to similar

regions.

Institutional capacity: service delivery is hampered by shortage in human capacity. This

has been the case particularly with regard to the health sector in Khayelitsha. Challenges

are experienced around lack of coordination between sector plans and a degree of resulting

ad-hoc, non-strategic investment.

Urban renewal is not always a priority within sector planning initiatives.

Coordination between and within spheres of government. Challenges are experienced

around lack of coordination between sector plans and a degree of resulting ad-hoc, non-

strategic investment. Urban renewal is not always a priority within sector planning

initiatives.

Levels of partnership with external stakeholders; there have been challenges with regard

to problematic interfaces between certain community organizations and government

2.6.2 Case study 2: Community policing

In the City of Naperville, IL, police had been dealing with an emerging gang and burglary

problem that was centered on a set of high density, multi-family housing complexes. The

Naperville Police Department in 2002 opened a neighborhood service center in the area

with extended evening hours and a mix of sworn and civilian personnel. The center

provided a number of basic civic and public safety services such as obtaining crime

prevention information, filing police reports, paying utility bills, and obtaining parking permits. The center proved extremely popular, with hundreds of local residents utilizing a

variety of services within the first three months of its opening.

Example from the Field: SARA Application; A trial program conducted by the Jacksonville

Sherriff’s Office (JSO) in 2010 assigned problem-oriented policing officers working under a

SARA-style problem-solving framework to 22 of the city’s most violent criminal “hot spots”

for a 90 day period, and compared crime rates with those of the other 61 hot spots not

subject to the program. Officers in the study group were directed to find creative,

preventative ways to address crimes in their areas based on the unique needs and

characteristics of their neighborhoods. Examples of the specific POP actions taken by

members of the JSO included repairing damaged fences, installing or improving street

lighting, meeting with business and home owners to improve security measures, graffiti

Page | 26

removal, and park cleaning. At the end of the study period, problem-oriented policing was

associated with a 33% drop in the rate of street violence compared to traditional policing.

Plate 2: SARA model

Source: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles/commp.pdf.

Barriers to effective community policing

Common challenges and barriers to the successful adoption of community policing can be

summed up by the following:

The institutionalization of community policing through organizational

transformation necessitates sufficient resources and sustained commitment from

department executive staff and city leaders.

Changing the culture of a department can be as difficult, if not more difficult, than

changing policies, procedures, and training. Establishing and maintaining

meaningful community partnerships require an education of all stakeholders, the inclusion of missing voices, and a shared responsibility for the outcomes.

Engaging in effective problem solving requires input from several information

sources, high-quality and reliable data, officer autonomy to craft and implement

targeted and creative solutions, and on-going communication.

Lessons learnt for successful community policing

Form community partnerships with a wide-range of partners, above and beyond active resident groups

Increase the department’s accessibility to the residents it serves

Page | 27

Train personnel at every level of the department in best practices in community policing

Work towards increasing officer buy-in about the benefits of the community policing philosophy

Prioritize sustained and meaningful commitment by the department’s leadership to the community policing philosophy

Integrate community policing activities into performance evaluation systems

Continue to support systematic and standardized problem solving approaches

Form community partnerships with a wide-range of partners, above and beyond active resident groups.

Increase the department’s accessibility to the residents it serves

Train personnel at every level of the department in best practices in community

policing

Work towards increasing officer buy-in about the benefits of the community

policing philosophy

Prioritize sustained and meaningful commitment by the department’s leadership to

the Community policing philosophy

Integrate community policing activities into performance evaluation systems

Continue to support systematic and standardized problem solving approaches

Page | 28

Plate 3: Image of case study area

Source: www.vpuu.org

Page | 29

2.7 Conceptual framework

Figure 3: Conceptual framework

Planning issues on site

Increased number of hotspots

Inaccessible routes

Narrow pathways

Inadequate Street and flash lights

Inadequate police patrol services

Lack of open spaces

Lessons learned from case study

Improved safety of residents in Khayelitsha

Provision of victim support and crime prevention

services

Improved residents’ access to social, recreational, and

commercial facilities

Increased capacity and competence in civil society

organizations, promoting civil society initiative

measures to prevent violence Empowering inhabitants

through employment and income

Conflict resolution

Sustainability via communal service delivery in the

safe node areas

Concept of Active Boxes

Safer pedestrian passageways, through use of

street lighting and paved walkways

Provision of recreational spaces and open

spaces

The design of crime hotspot areas to be of

social interaction and surveillance

Policy, design

guidelines and

standards

Expected outcome

Reduced crime rates Feel of sense and ownership of spaces Economically empowered

settlement

Improved aesthetic Improved accessibility Availability of recreational ground

Improved community policing

Source: Author 2016

Page | 30

CHAPTER THREE

SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS

3.1 Overview

The chapter provides location context of the project site, site characteristics and the land

use structure, institutions, legal and the financial aspects of the projects.

Situational analysis is the cornerstone of the project planning. The planning of a

development project, or any other type of development intervention starts with an analysis

of the situation. The purpose is to identify the needs, interests, priorities and resources of

the stakeholders to the final beneficiaries and to assess the different possibilities for

improving the situation.

3.2 Location context of the project area

3.2.1 Regional context

Nairobi city where the area of study is located is situated at the southern end of Kenya’s

agricultural heart land.1.190 south of equator and 36.590 east of the meridian. Its altitude

varies between 1,600 and 1850 meters above sea level. The city has an area of

approximately 694 km2.

Map 3: Location of Nairobi within the national context

Source: Internet

Page | 31

3.2.2 Local context

Deep understanding of the site has been given by an illustration from regional context to

sub-regional and finally to the local context of the site.

The project site is found within Nairobi City County formerly known as Nairobi province.

Gatina/Waruku is in Dagoretti north constituency within Nairobi City County and about

15km southwest of Nairobi CBD. Deliverance road which is within Kawangware connects

Gitanga road on Congo junction to the northwest and Naivasha road to the southeast. It is a

road of total length of approximately 480M.

Map 4:Locational context of the study area

Photo of one

of the

hotspot

Source: Author 2016

Page | 32

3.2.3 Neighborhood context

The project area borders Kangemi ward to the North West which is also classified as an

informal settlement on the periphery of Nairobi city to the North East is the leafy Suburbs

of Westland while to the south east and east of the project area is the Lavington area. The

two project area are separated by Nairobi River as the main locational boundary. The

Nairobi River flows near the southern part of the project area. The riparian reserve will provide a good green park area and the good breeze for the residents once the project is

completed.

Several residential units are located in the area. They are low lying non-permanent

structures of single rooms characterized by iron sheet roofs and walls, and concrete floors.

Most of the iron sheet units are 10ft by 10ft arranged into communal living of 6-12 units.

According to the structure owners, communal living maximizes on use of space and

improves security.

Lavington is characterized by high security rates same to Westland’s with well-established

street and lighting designs. These neighborhoods are characterized by concept of target

hardening, artificial surveillance and use of security guards at every household’s gates thus

less crime incidences reported even though they are bordering neighbourhoods.

Map 5: Google image of the neighbourhood characteristics

Source: Author 2016

KANGEMI

LAVINGTON

AREA

WESTLAN

DS

WARUKU

GATINA Nairobi River

Page | 33

3.3 Background of the project area, the project and its historical context

The project area is part Dagoretti North. It is located about 10km from the city center and

can be easily accessed through Waiyaki way. The village began in 1966.The first people to

stay here were workers in the homes of colonial officers who had left Kenya for Britain just

before or a little while after independence. They were either domestic workers or security

personnel who had just left service and were in transit or were searching for other jobs. To

get to Waruku/Gatina, there is an access road to the settlement that is all-weather, from

Waiyaki way. However, once inside the settlement, access is by an earth road and paths to

residential areas. Currently, 60% of the residents of Waruku are involved in small-scale

businesses within the village and in the nearby Kangemi market. The other 40% are either

in the domestic industry or in casual employment or unemployed/housewives.

Majority of residents in informal settlements do not own land. They pay rent just like other

people who don’t own the land, but the difference is that the persons to whom they pay the

rent to do not also legally own the land. The settlement mushroom on unutilized land such

as undeveloped private land, road and riparian reserves, way leaves and unutilized public

land.

3.4 Site analysis

3.4.1 Physical/landscape/topography

The project area has a gentle topography with an altitude that varies between 1619m to

1618m above sea level. Hence the ground slopes towards the Nairobi River as would be

expected. Topography characteristics will influence the design layout and construction of

drainage facilities to avoid accumulation of stagnant water and facilitate easy flow of storm

water. These measures will avert the presence of mosquitoes and other disease-causing

organisms into the project area, especially with the fact that the site handles solid waste.

Construction of drainage facilities in regard to the slope pattern will enhance infiltration of

surface water run-off into the ground, and also allow channeling of water to drain into

Nairobi River.

3.4.2 Geological soil characteristics

The geology and soil characteristics of Nairobi are majorly influenced by volcanic activity.

According to the ministry of Natural Resources, the city of Nairobi has three basic

geological structures. These are: Trachyte, Phonolitic and Mbagathi which contain

numerous closely spaced felsar phenocrysts about an inch long in grey, rather coarse

groundmass containing a little nepheline. The rocks in the project area are phonolites. The

sites soil is mainly loam with clay soils near the river banks. Geology and soil

characteristics will influence and give guidance the construction stage rather than the

planning and design phase.

Page | 34

3.4.3 Vegetation

Nairobi County having black cotton soil with moderate rainfall makes it favourable for high

growth of vegetation. The area of study has a lot of shrubs, a few trees and natural

vegetation. Also it has planted flowers and hedges (http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp, 2013).

Shrubs and vegetation has been a hide out for criminals and potential offenders in the

estate as they have not been well maintained or trimmed forming bushy grounds which

naturally attract offenders giving them psychological mind of committing crime.

3.4.4 Climate.

The climate of the project area is similar to that of Nairobi city. It has a temperate-tropical

climate.

3.4.4.1 Rainfall

There are usually long rainy periods between April and June, while short rains come in

November and early December. Nairobi has a bimodal rainfall pattern in which the

maximum peak rainfall season occurs in March-April constituting long rains, November –

December constituting short rains. The average annual rainfall is 875mm, varying from

500mm to 800mm. the rainfall pattern will generally influence the design of buildings,

materials to be used, and the drainage system designs among other design elements.

3.4.4.2 Temperature

Nairobi lies close to the equator thus is a relatively warm area. The mean daily temperature

ranges between 12 degrees Celsius to 26 degrees Celsius. It is usually dry and cold between

July and August, but hot and dry in January and February. The period between December

and March are the sunniest and warmest with temperatures in the mid-twenties. The mean

annual temperature is 17.7 degrees Celsius. Nairobi city lies close to the equator but being

1680m above the sea level, it enjoys moderate climate with altitude modified temperature.

These temperature factors will inform the design of buildings on site to ensure that they

are comfortable to users in respect to prevailing temperature and associated effects of

temperature.

Page | 35

Figure 4: Climate graph for Nairobi, Kenya

Source: htpp://www.climatetemp.info/kenya/Nairobi.html, May 21st, 2016.

3.4.5 Hydrology

The Nairobi River passes near the project area from a neighboring area called Kangemi.

The river is highly polluted as residents use its banks as a dump site, some even dump

inside the river and this causes blockage of the river especially during heavy rains and this

may easily result to flooding. The photo below shows a section of the river polluted.

3.5 Population and demographic characteristics

3.5.1 Population

The development project primarily aims to serve the entire population of Waruku/Gatina

residents which stands at about 23,450 as at the 2009 census. The general adult to children ratio is 1:2, the household size is approximately 4. The ratio of men to women is 3:2 (Taylor

& Maithya, December 2007). Neighboring communities shall also be beneficiaries of this

project in order to maximize the economic dynamics of the project and the environmental

value of the surrounding communities.

The settlement has a number of crime hotspot area concentrated within the settlement that

poses the residents of the two settlement on great risk given that their daily interaction to

access several services within and out of the settlement depend on the number of routes

that they must pass through and the number of unsafe sites that they have no alternative

than passing through them thus end up being victims of crime. Thus this project is to

Page | 36

ensure that this number of sites have been clearly developed to enhance safety and to

reduce the fear of crime among the residents.

3.5.2 Socio-economic characteristics

Waruku/Gatina area has diverse and vibrant economic activities. Majority of the

population are self -employed where-by they undertake small scale businesses which

include groceries, hotels and shops/kiosks. Most of these businesses take place along the

roads and paths of the settlement for accessibility of customers. A major issue with these

businesses is the informality aspect, which does not guarantee security, and in many cases

little economic gain due to fear of proper investments. The development project is

inevitably going to displace some of these businesses, although in return it will offer

suitable economic opportunities for some of the residents. The recovery of the settlement

from the fear of crime will provide an urge for the residents to actively interact and do

business. These opportunities are going to be secure and reliable. They will contribute in

alleviating the poverty levels and will consequently reduce the vices of unemployment

especially among the youth hence reducing on the levels of crime happenings in the

neighbourhood.

3.5.3 Political and cultural profile

The most dominant ethnic group is the Luhya community, although other tribes also exist

in the area. There are divisions based on ethnic differences although from an economic and

service provision perspective, certain tries dominate certain activities. The Abagusii mostly

dominate in selling vegetables, the Luhya own most hotels, the Kambas and Agikuyu

engage in selling clothes and other small businesses. Ethnicity also influences settlement

because many individuals prefer living close to their own people. The residents have also

formed several community based organizations where the youth and women are dominant.

an example is the Watiti Youth Self Help group, earlier highlighted in the research of this

development project.

In the new constitution several changes have occurred. According to the political system,

the project area is located in Dagoretti North. The elected ward representatives become a

member of the County Assembly, where as the elected constituency official becomes a

member of the National Assembly. In regards to the administrative system, provincial

administrators coordinate national government activities at the grassroots. County

commissioners are appointed to coordinate the county and the sub-county activities.

Commissioners are the constituencies’ administrators. Officers in charge of wards are the

ward coordinators and the chiefs together with their assistants retain their roles.

The project area is also, at a lower level, overseen by two chiefs and assistant chiefs. It has a

village chairman assisted by a chairladies and youth leaders all elected by the public. There

exists a committee comprise of the chairladies, the youth leaders and other members

appointed by the chairperson. The committee doesn’t have salary; hence most of the work

Page | 37

and responsibility is voluntary. Funds to run the office are contributed by the committee

itself. The chairperson has the following roles:

i. Unofficial land authority- the chairperson supervises transfer of structures’

ownership and control land use by either setting land aside for a specific purpose

that is meant to benefit the community.

ii. Conflict resolution- They resolve land or domestic disputes among community

members.

iii. Maintenance of plans- They ensure standards, especially for roads and drainage, are

maintained.

iv. Management of security through community policing.

v. Mobilizing and sensitizing the community on outreach programs, community

conversations and other awareness campaigns that enhance the capacity and

welfare of the people.

3.6 Land use Analysis

The land use analysis describes those activities within the project area that are likely going

to be affected by implementation of the project. The project area being within an informal

settlement which is comprised of several informal land use activities. Nevertheless, the

activities affect the livelihood of the people and will impact on the development of the

project in one way or another. The plan and design of this project will incorporate those

activities it can, and/or compensate for those it can’t.

Figure 5: Description of all land activities in the project area

LAND USE EFFECT RESIDENTIAL These housing typologies are similar to those described in the

neighborhood context described above. Structure owners and the residents living within the project

area may resist moving and this may cause a negative attitude towards the convenience center.

The project is however a utility that will provide for solid waste management through recycling and compost recovery, and hence safeguard the environment and create environment.

TRANSPORT A pedestrian street, that residents use to access their places of work in the industrial area, cuts through the project area. Implementation of the project will likely affect it negatively: the street maybe closed. Positively, the street may be well constructed to serve the development and the people.

COMMERCIAL Businesses within the project area are also going to be displaced, just like the residential units. Majority of these business typologies are small scale informal ventures that still provide a form of income despite the many risks. Therefore, the project will interfere with these sources of livelihood but

Page | 38

will compensate by creating employment opportunities that are sustainable and secure.

PUBLIC UTILITY Residents of Waruku/Gatina settlement have their toilets and bathrooms either inside or outside the plots. Those that are outside the plots are located at some central place where a number of people use it. The project may accommodate these facilities into the plan for public use.

Source: Author, 2016

Map 6: Land use map

Source: Author, 2016

3.6.1 Housing

Most of the housing typology in the study area are iron made while few are permanent flat

houses thus the temporary houses make the project easy to relocate the residents for

further development.

Several residential units are located in the area. They are low lying non-permanent

structures of single rooms characterized by iron sheet roofs and walls, and concrete floors.

Most of the iron sheet units are 10ft by 10ft arranged into communal living of 6-12 units.

According to the structure owners, communal living maximizes on use of space and

improves security.

Page | 39

Map 7: Problem map for the study area

Page | 40

3.7 Institutional, Legal and Financial issues of the Project Area

The development project site falls under the jurisdiction of the Nairobi City County

Government. The City Council of Nairobi administers the area through zoning and planning

development ordinances.

The Kenya Urban Roads Authority (KURA) manages urban roads of which Deliverance road

falls under this category. The Kenya Alliance of Informal Businesses is charged with the

mandate of articulating the demands of street venders and other informal commerce

operators. In addition, National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA) oversees

all environmental management activities. Other government ministries such as the

Ministry of Devolved Government, Ministry of Transport and the Ministry of Urban

Development play a role in the administration of the project area.

Figure 6: Management structure of the Nairobi City County

Financial: Finances forms the basis of the project in that for it to be implemented it has to

be financially supported even up to its maintenance stage or level. Finances will be lobbied

from city council through revenues collected from commercial activities to ensure proper

lighting and management of access routes as well as open spaces. Donors more so the Non-

Governmental Organizations dealing with human settlements will also be approached to

aid in funding.

Page | 41

3.8 Critical emerging issues

There is within the site grown vegetation making the part of the estate bushy. This

part has been neglected making it unsafe and dangerous for residents as offenders

get an ample environment to commit their intended acts of crime.

The settlement has a grown plantation of maize hence denoting availability of space

that if well developed and planned residents will gain having a secure environment

free from potential criminal hideouts.

The access route is poor and un-tarmacked. This slows movement bringing

unnecessary inaccessibility which can be done away

Little landscaping has been done along access routes hence lack of appeal

consequently deserted hence insecure especially at night with little surveillance

along the access routes.

Less security lights within the neighbourhood hence a dark access routes at night

making them insecure increasing crime as well as the aspect of fear of crime.

Page | 42

CHAPTER FOUR

PROJECT PLANNING DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

4.1 Overview

This chapter focuses on formulating the designs and plans. It will also identify the

alternative plans and designs, their outputs, implications and the implementation

strategies, programmes and the phasing of the projects. It proposes other design

alternatives, their evaluation, plan proposals, drawings and spatial models at various

scales. It also outlines design process stages, development of detailed action plans,

implementation strategies with reference to project objectives as well as its

implementation schedule. Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design principles will

be used in redesigning of residential, streets and open spaces to ensure a secure

neighbourhood layout is attained to help reduce crime as well as fear of crime.

4.2 Planning and design of the project

4.2.1 Expected outputs

Have a sense of identity, to ensure that the neighbourhood is under the influence

and control of the community residing.

A neighbourhood with maximized natural surveillance, as a fundamental means of

discouraging any form of intrusion, with houses orientated towards access points

and route ways to optimize observation.

A green neighbourhood with lighter foliage planting that provides visual

permeability as well as offering amenity screening.

Clear footpaths that avoid constriction and that are clear of hiding places. The

footpaths should be well used, overlooked by nearby dwellings and following a

direct route hence avoiding unnecessary linking footpaths.

A layout that seek to create defensible residential environments, through the

creation of private and semi-private spaces, by seeking to optimize the natural

surveillance available and by restricting ease of access to vulnerable areas.

A neighbourhood with adequate lighting to the access paths, parking areas and with

lighting system situated at a point avoids light spillage onto adjacent dwellings and

light pollution of the night sky.

Communal Space and Play Areas that are Well-defined and with a clear purpose,

avoiding anonymous and uncared for spaces.

Page | 43

4.2.2 Design Alternatives

These alternatives outline different ideas that can be put in place to ensure a secure

neighborhood.

Issues to be considered coming up with the different ideas;

How effective is the given option?

How best can the options be used to curb the case of insecurity within the

settlement?

How to create access and circulation throughout the neighbourhood?

How to best keep out outsiders to reduce crime and fear of crime?

How to ease pedestrian traffic within the neighbourhood?

How to create active boxes within the hot spot marked areas to reduce crime?

4.2.2.1 Null alternative: Living the situation as it is

The current state of the settlement indicated a high crime with various parts earmarked as

the crime hotspots. The factors which led to crime in this areas called hotspots were

physical factors, social and the institutional factors. Living the settlement untouched

through the principles of CPTED and planning, the crime hot spots will continue to be so

and even others coming up thus the end result will be a damaged socio-economic welfare of

the people of Gatina/Waruku.

4.2.2.2 Alternative one: Creating Active Boxes at the crime hotspot area

The designing out of the crime hotspots based on planning regulations and VPUU concept

will enhance the ease of surveillance as well as the visibility of the site. Well-designed live

units, streets, lighting, pedestrian walkways, recreational grounds and green spaces will

not only create a sense of ownership but also create the aesthetic beauty, safety and

remove target hardening in the settlement by enabling the residents to man their spaces

and places thus reducing on the occurrences of crimes. A clear route ensures ease of

surveillance as well as visibility and ensures paths width that allows for an adequate level

of on-street parking hence free circulation and accessibility into the settlement. The live

units such as the bars and shopping center will create a sense of social interaction thus

creating a social crime prevention platform which highly involves community partnership

which is the core aim of creating Active Boxes.

Page | 44

Development of proper active boxes will enhance a greater knowledge of architectural

landscaping to complement the built environment and enhance security. The inclusion of

tree planting on the street and ensuring that it does not obscure natural surveillance will

encourage the pedestrian use of the streets at all times thus keep the street and the areas

within he active boxes feel safe always with the reduction in fear of crime through the

CPTED principle of natural surveillance.

Figure 7:Spatial representation of alternative one

Source: Author, 2016

Surveillance and visibility

(‘eyes on the street’): Design

in public spaces to have good

lighting to ensure maximum

public visibility. This can be

seen in picture A that is

Makaburini area.

Image and aesthetics

(dignity): A positive image of a

place can be achieved by

ensuring a ‘human’ scale using

appropriate materials, colours,

landscaping, and lighting to

encourage high levels of public activity.

Defined access,

interaction and

movement: Easy access

and well-defined routes

into, and through, a public

place, help develop a

‘pedestrian’

understanding of that

space and perception of

safety.

Page | 45

Objectives of the active boxes

To improve safety of the residents

To provide victims support and crime prevention services

To improve the residents access to social, recreational and commercial facilities

To provide sustainability through communal service delivery in the Safe Node area

Advantages

Reduced chances of crime due to proper surveillance as well as visibility along the

walking paths as well as vehicular routes

Clear paths encourage pedestrian use and other activities like off street relaxation

hence an always occupied path discouraging any form of crime

A secure and aesthetically designed and maintained route encourages people to use

them, leave their cars and walk on foot hence contribute to a vibrant neighbourhood

environment.

Disadvantages

The alternative is too expensive to implement due to relocations, landscaping

operation and the high maintenance costs

4.2.2.3 Alternative two: community policing and street design

Safe and attractive routes to popular destinations promote an active lifestyle (Active

Boxes) where people feel comfortable and confident to walk, bike and use public transit. To

improve safety and access throughout the settlement, new developments should provide

direct connections to nearby destinations and consider site features that enhance the

pedestrian environment.

Community-based policing is an organizational strategy to allow the police and the

community to work together to solve problems related to crime in order to improve the

quality of life in the community. The residents’ relationship with the police determines

whether or not residents will report cases of crime or not thus for a proper coordination

between the police and the public, the public should be involved in the planning,

implementing and monitoring the locally defined solutions to their problems, community

safety and the security will improve considerably. The deployment of the community

policing methods can increase trust and the effectiveness of the police in preventing and

Page | 46

responding to violence and crime. It ensures that no one organization can solve local

security problems but rather it requires partnership, collaboration and joint problem

solving between the police, the community they serve and others.

Figure 8: Spatial representation of the second alternative

Source: Author, 2016

Objectives

To give specific training to police to improve their capacity to implement

community policing

To develop a police patrol point and a community policing facility

To promote linkages between community police and the community groups

especially the youth

To hold regular meetings between the police and community groups in convenient

and safe locations

To establish local civilian oversight and coordination methods

Friendly police

agents work well

with the local which creates a good

relationship and

synergy ideal for

crime prevention

Page | 47

To establish systems within the police that encourage and reward innovative

practices

To involve the youth in security related matters.

To provide efficient accessibility through provision of designed streets

Advantages

1. It’s cheap to implement

2. It helps build up and strengthen the community through linkage of the police and

the community

3. It reduces fear of crime

4. It enhances accessibility

Disadvantages

Narrow path and alleys makes it difficult to design good streets

It must involve the community or else it will fail

4.2.3 Evaluation of alternatives

Table 1: Evaluation of alternatives

Alternative plan proposal

Advantage Disadvantage

Nil intervention There are no financial implications Increased inaccessibility in the area

Increased crime rates Alternative one: Creating Active Boxes at the crime hotspot area

Crime rates will be reduced Creates a sense of space

ownership Increased community

surveillance Creation of aesthetic beauty and

well-designed streetscape

High cost of infrastructure provision

Needs much land thus it calls for relocation of the residents

Alternative two: Community

policing and street design

Create a synergy between the police and the community for easy flow of information related to crime

Cheap method of crime prevention

Improve the pedestrian experience. Enhanced design shall support pedestrian oriented developments that will facilitate linkage to surrounding.

Streetscape activities will improve visual appearance of the study area

Lack of current police reforms that makes police feared.

Source: Author 2016

Page | 48

Impacts of the alternatives

The prepared alternative especially alternative one will lead to economic

empowerment. The impacts of the prepared an improved commercial activity. The

shopping center will become an economic hub that will create avenue for

employment opportunities.

The frequent use of the nodes and the interaction or a synergy created between the

people and the police will enhance and increase information flow of crime, help in

planning and implementing of the plans

It will lead to formation of a regulatory framework and enhanced institutional

interaction

The alternatives will improve the environmental quality since the street scape is for

non-motorized

4.2.4 Choice of Preferred Alternative

4.2.4.1 Alternative one: Creating Active Boxes at the crime hotspot area

Well-designed live units, streets, lighting, pedestrian walkways, recreational grounds and

green spaces will not only create a sense of ownership but also create the aesthetic beauty,

safety and remove target hardening in the settlement by enabling the residents to man

their spaces and places thus reducing on the occurrences of crimes. A clear route ensures

ease of surveillance as well as visibility and ensures paths width that allows for an

adequate level of on-street parking hence free circulation and accessibility into the

settlement. The live units such as the bars and shopping center will create a sense of social

interaction thus creating a social crime prevention platform which highly involves

community partnership which is the core aim of creating Active Boxes.

Development of proper active boxes will enhance a greater knowledge of architectural

landscaping to complement the built environment and enhance security. The inclusion of

tree planting on the street and ensuring that it does not obscure natural surveillance will

encourage the pedestrian use.

4.3 Site planning/design process

4.3.1 The research and analysis stage It encompasses the identification the identification of the problem and the objective setting.

This is though the analysis of both the primary and the secondary data which is analyzed.

4.3.2 Synthesis of the design phase

Design concepts established will reflect an understanding of the problem and the

constraints and the proposal of the optimum solutions. The design will entail the design of

roads, provision of friendly pedestrian streetscape, lighting and signage, recreational

facilities and green spaces.

Page | 49

4.3.3 The evaluation stage

The best alternative for the settlement is chosen which the alternative one is. It will be on

its ability to gain public acceptance, meet the objectives and the financial and the technical

demands.

4.3.4 Implementation stage

It entails devising actual strategies for financing and construction.

Figure 9: Site planning/design process

Source: Author 2016

Figure 10: Spatial representation of the integration of alternative 1 and 2

Source: Author, 2016

4.3.5 Detailed design formulation

The preferred alternative incorporates components such as pedestrian walk ways, well

designed street scape and lighting. Community policing, police patrol station, open and

green spaces, shopping center and street trees.

Page | 50

4.3.5.1 Proposed streetscape design

Streetscape design for this case has taken into account the streetscape elements which are;

Legibility

The design of each hard urban space must ensure and enhance the legibility of the city.

Legibility is a characteristic whereby a city is easily understood by residents and visitors

and allows them to move about in the city with ease. In legible cities, places that are

important look important and are therefore easily found and differentiated from those less important. Important streets and squares must therefore look important – they must be

surrounded by stately buildings and lined by tall trees, must have wide roadways and

sidewalks, special street furniture and ample light at night

Attractiveness

Hard urban spaces and all streetscape elements within them must be aesthetically pleasing

and this will go handy with the concept of Active boxes which establishes that hard

surfaces should be created.

Liveliness

Hard urban spaces must not function as mere movement and infrastructure corridors.

Depending on their role in a broader urban context, they must be designed as lively spaces

where people can see other people and be seen, where they can meet and interact thus

creating a sense of space ownership and natural surveillance.

Comfort and safety

Each hard urban space must be functional. This means that it must be responsive to the

needs and expectations of all its users, motorized and non-motorized alike. In other words,

it has to be designed and equipped (furnished) for comfort and safety of all: pedestrians,

drivers, strollers, street café patrons

Street lighting

This will be aligned along the access roads into the study area, hotspot areas, entry point

and within the shopping centre for the safety of the area at night which will be in such a

way that the lights will not be blocked and all the aspects of light property taken into

consideration.

Tree planting

Planting of the trees along the streets will enhance the aesthetic o the settlement, soften the

urban street scene, create canopy. Thus well maintained street trees/vegetation will deter

crime as supported by many studies which have found out that well established and tidy

vegetation is associated with decreased crime. This has been proposed by potential

argument of Jacobs (1961) that places with more “eyes on the street have more checks on

dangerous behaviour.

Page | 51

4.3.5.2 Proposed police patrol and community policing point

This project proposes an integration of the community and the police sector in the

establishment of a policing forum where the general public will share crime related cases

or suspicion to the police without fear for an effective service delivery. According to the

Physical planning handbook 2007 a police station requires a minimum of 3ha, police office

requires 1200m2 while a police post requires 1000m2 thus this project recommends for the

establishment of a police post which will act as a patrol point where at least one police

officer will be stationed to operate at that point permanently and who will be able to liaise

with the residents on matters related to crime.

Figure 11: Proposed community policing

Source: Author 2016

Opportunities for designing

Availability of land for the police post since the land is unoccupied and is part of the

river reserve.

Availability of public land in the area which can serve the purpose of setting up the

community facility.

Challenges

It calls for landscaping which might be costly

Relocation and eviction of people which there might be no alternative land to offer

them

Page | 52

4.3.5.3 Proposed open and green spaces for recreation

It’s the role of planners to provide for open spaces and green parks within the

neighbourhood according to Physical Planning handbook 2007. For this development

project open space will be established along the river reserve of Nairobi River which is in

the sub-county budget proposal according to the area chief. The green field will be

established along Nairobi river while an open space at Makaburini area to act as active

boxes in deterring crime in those places and providing natural surveillance which is one of

the principles of VPUU.

Parks serve as amenities when they act to decrease crime in their surrounding area. Jacobs

(1961) suggested that parks attract more conventional users and provide better informal

control networks by attracting families and other specific users and activities, including

organized sports, etc. Jacobs (1961) also suggested that well-used parks have enough users

to monitor what is happening. ‘Eyes on street’ help to keep the park and its surrounding

area safe because of the additional guardianship and surveillance (Jacobs, 1961)

Thus the area will be integrated with recreational facilities and amenities such as

playfields, Green Park and open spaces. The open spaces and Green Park will have definite

place in the lives of lots of Waruku/Gatina residents and visitors. It is the place where

people will go to enjoy.

Figure 12: Proposed green spaces and green parks

Page | 53

4.3.5.4 Proposed shopping center with stalls, bar and Hotel

According to the NCCG, the shopping center building in this type of settlement should have

a setback of 3m where by the canopy should be within the plot and not in the road reserve.

The physical planning (Building and Development Control) Rules, 1998 provides for a

building line of 9m for roads above 18m wide and 6m for the roads between 6m and 18m.

However, if the road is less than 6m, the building line should be the width of that road plus

the difference between 6m and the road

The shopping center stalls and the stall near the police patrol point and to the Bar and

Hotel located in the study area will be constructed with the principle of “Eye on the Street”

to ensure that the concept of natural surveillance in order to increase the threats of

apprehension by taking steps to increase the perception that people can be seen. Natural

surveillance occurs by designing the placement of physical features activities and people in

such a way to maximize visibility and foster positive social interaction among legitimate

users of private and public space. This will be ensured by pacing windows facing sidewalks

and parking lots. The stall will not be whatsoever be used for residential purpose but rater

for commercial purpose in order to act as a live unit of social interaction. The dimensions

will be 2m by 2.4m in accordance to NCCG. The planning and implementation of a shopping

center with affordable stalls will attract more development within the settlement thus

increasing the investment as well as the social interactions of the customers.

According to Physical Planning Handbook (2007), the minimum size for a commercial plot

should be 0.045ha while the plot length versus the width should not be more than 1:3 the

concept of the corner shops at each corner plot is highly discouraged

4.4 Implementation strategies Matrix

An effective spatial development plan to achieve the set goals will require a well-planned

approach which will ensure a successful output to will help in solving out the problem in the area.

Page | 54

Table 2: Implementation strategies framework

Problem

identified

Objectives Strategy Project Actors

Insecurity on

specific land use

locations

To create active boxes for

a secure settlement

which will mainly focus

on the hotspot areas

Redevelop and

develop the crime hot

spot areas to become

active areas where

community

interactions takes

place and where

people feel safer to be

Prepare an active play

field, stalls, installation

of flashlights, open and

green spaces,

community policing

structure, police patrol

point structure

Local government

National government

NGOs

NCC

Inadequate

accessibility

To design a functional

revitalized

neighbourhood

responsive to insecurity

Provision of

tarmacked access

routes, drainage

systems, commercial

stalls, paved walkways

and open spaces,

signage by the use of CPTED principles

Preparation of street

plans and there

approvals and develop

bulk and support

infrastructure

Development partners

Local government

National government

Ministry of lands,

housing and urban

development

Private sector players

NCC

Inadequate

lighting system

To create street lights

which are pedestrian

friendly and give clear

visual and eye on the street

Provide well lit streets

which will create

liveliness at all times

given that the research also tried to establish

the seasonality of

Preparation of street

light system plans and

the approvals

Development partners

NCC

Private sector players

Page | 55

crime

Lack of a

management

and

maintenance

team

To prepare a

comprehensive

management system of

the project

Involvement of the of

the key stakeholders

and the community

Appointment of key

members of the

community to take care

of the designed projects

Development partners

NGOs

NCC

Lack of an

implementation,

evaluation and

monitoring

framework

To create an

implementation,

evaluation and

monitoring framework

for the development of

the project

Prepare a

management and

monitoring plan for

the project

Public involvement in

managing and the

maintenance of the

projects

NCC

LOCAL COMMUNITY

Private partners

Development partners

County government

Source: Author 2016

Page | 56

4.5 Implementation phasing

Phase 1

Various stakeholders are taken into account and mobilized to ensure that implementation

is in order. It will entail community sensitization on the need to re-design a safe and a

secure settlement that will deem it secure and people living free from fear of crime and

violence. The community will be enlightened by professional experts from government

agencies including planners, architects, NGOS, in collaboration with the local security

agents covering the project area and officials from CCN. Consultations with stakeholders

will also be witnessed in this phase.

Phase 2: Issue prioritization

This will entail demolition of current structures for clearance purposes and spatial

planning of the site to ensure a secure and safe neighbourhood determined by the layout.

Landscaping will also be done in this stage to ensure a well layout design that discourages

occurrence of crime as well as possible opportunities for the same. The landscaping

process will be done concurrently with construction of circulation routes and installation of

support services such as drainage systems as well as power lines and waste sites.

Phase 3: The formulation of strategy and implementation

It is the main part of the project and it will involve the construction of active boxes in the

main crime prone areas and a proper street design well paved and well-lit that will

facilitate an ease move in and out of the settlement, the project will also try at making the

site economically active by establishing an active shopping center that operates 24 hours

that will act as an interaction point between the members of the settlement which will act

as a social, situational crime prevention mechanism, proper drainage, signage, pedestrian

friendly streets. The design and the implementation is also articulated at this stage.

Phase 4: Follow up

This is the last phase in which management committee is assembled comprising

stakeholders, experts and residents of the neighbourhood. It also entails monitoring and

evaluation of plans, the programmes and the projects its replication and

institutionalization of the plans.

4.6 Project costing and Resource requirement

The implementation of this will require both resources as well as monetary costs. The table

below provides the estimated costs as human resource for the implementation.

Page | 57

Table 3: Project costing and human resource requirement

Project activity Cost (KSH) Human resource

Preparation of the site plans

and construction work

guidelines

Physical planners

Architects

Land acquisition and

compensation

Lawyer

Physical planner

Land surveyor

Land clearing, levelling and

construction works

Service persons

Contractors

Construction manager

Physical planner

Layout and provision of

infrastructure work

Civil engineer

Electric engineer

Physical planner

Construction of the

community facility center,

police post, recreational

grounds, shopping center

Physical planner and architect

Project management and

evaluation

Team of consortium

*Costing will be finalized after consultation with the relevant human resource

Source: Author 2016

4.7 Actors, implementation agencies and role of stake-holders

The implementation of the projects in Kenya has faced a major problem since time

memorial up to the decentralized system of governance where a bottom-up approach has been employed. With the devolved system of governance, the general public has been really

taken into consideration given that the decision making process begins from the grassroots

level before major decisions are made by the various stakeholders at different levels. The

merits of effective and proper stakeholders’ involvement and participation speaks volumes

for themselves. The involvement of stakeholders in this project, from its conceptualization

stage through to the implementation, the monitoring and the evaluation are key for a

successful completion of this project. Thus this project will highly involve high stakeholder

participation framework to ensure project ownership, funding, implementation and

monitoring of the project to ensure a transparent, accountable way of ensuring its

sustainability.

Page | 58

4.7.1 The role of stakeholders

THE NAIROBI CITY COUNTY

The county government is mandated to build and maintain roads below class B as a

devolved function under the Kenyan Constitution

The street lighting is also a key function that is played by the county government. Where by

the plan making has been devolved to the county government where each county is mandated to prepare a CIDP

The county is also mandated to ensure the open spaces and the green parks are utilized in a

manner that is sustainable and does not pose threat to the general public.

It’s also mandated to offer space use [development control] permits to ensure that

development goes handy with the planning regulations

NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION

The NGOs plays a crucial role in the capacity building resources and mobilization of

persons. They also offer checks and balances through monitoring and evaluating the

projects.

THE LOCAL COMMUNITY

The local community involvement in this project is mandatory given that they know and understand the problem more than the policy and plan makers. The community is entitled

to play the following the roles;

To promote an effective capacity building

To ensure that project sustainability through monitoring and evaluation is carried out

Enhance the ownership of the project by ensuring full participation from the

conception phase to the implementation, management and the maintenance stages

To ensure resource mobilization for a successful implementation of the project

The ministry of Lands, Housing and Urban Development

It will ensure that the proper implementation of the LPDP

Ensure the zonation and planning guidelines and standards are observed in the area

To facilitate the compulsory acquisition of the needed way-leave by work with the National Land commission

Facilitate the formulation of the LPDP TEAM OF PROFESSIONALS

The professional expertise input in this project will be important to translate the local

knowledge and the understanding of the skills most likely to be applied which will involve

the following

They will contribute to the resource mobilization, capacity building and ensure that there is

viability and sustainability of the project.

Page | 59

CHAPTER FIVE

MONITORING AND EVALUATION

5.1 Overview

Monitoring and evaluation is the process of collecting and analyzing data that is used to

inform one whether you are not on the right track towards achieving set objectives and

whether the project achieved the desired impact. Monitoring and evaluation will enable to

assess the quality and impact of the project, against the action plans. The project will be

monitored once implemented to ensure the project meets the set goals. The process of

monitoring is a continuous process after implementation.

5.2 Technical Issues in monitoring and evaluation of a project

Monitoring and evaluation provides a vital role to planning and decision making. It reviews

the progress of the entire project life thus it minimizes on the negative impacts through the

implementation of the mitigation measures

Impact evaluation is mainly done to determine whether the project had the desired effect

on the individuals, households and the institutions and whether those effects are attributed

to the project. EIA is the major done evaluation process.

The process of evaluation aides in analyzing how projects operates

Cost effective evaluation is important in assessing projects costs in particular their relation

to the alternative uses of the same resources and to the benefits being produced by the

project

Monitoring helps to assess whether the project is being implemented as was planned. It

enables continuous feedback on the status of the project implementation, identifying

specific problems as they arise.

5.3 Indicators of a successful development project

After completion of the project to its implementation certain factors have to be evaluated to

determine whether the objectives of the project have been attained. These critical factors

include: accessibility of the various activity spaces, enhanced level of natural surveillance

to ensure a secure safe neighbourhood.

The following indicators may be used to assess the success of the project:

Strong social fabric brought about by high level user integration

Reduced crime incidences

Improved accessibility

Improved walk ability and clear circulation routes

Adequate infrastructure

Increased aesthetic values

Page | 60

Increased pedestrian safety

Increased recreational and live units

5.4 Monitoring and evaluation stages

Figure 13: Monitoring and evaluation stages

Source: Author 2016

5.4.1 Hindrances to a successful evaluation process

In-house evaluation conducted by some experts do not convey actual

development results

Inadequate commitment by the stakeholders and the agencies to monitoring

process which leads to delayed implementation process

Limited availability of monitoring and evaluation information, by

coordinators of the project

When the information from the monitoring and evaluation system is not

shared so learning about which reconstruction interventions are effective

does not take place

Data assessment not shared among involved agencies and stakeholders,

causing inconsistencies and excess data collection costs

Poor coordination among the involved agencies and stakeholders hence

prevent data aggregation across the involved sector

5.5 Guidelines for the implementation process

The implementation process will require active involvement/ participation and

partnership between all stakeholders. Participation of the community in the

implementation process will see cost reduced and they will have a sense of ownership. The

project should be for the benefit of the entire community and should not be taken as one

belonging to the national government or county.

Agreement on the outcomes

to monitor and evaluate

Do analysis on the percentage

of achievement of the desired

objectives

Monitor and evaluate the

results

Plan for how to do

improvements of the

outcome

Select the key indicators to

monitor the outcome

Table and report the

findings

Page | 61

The implementation will be carried out with the guidance of the regulations and laws

provided in chapter 2.

Figure 14: Sustainable implementation process

Source: Author 2016

5.5.1 Working together with the community

This is a key learning from this project and the many such projects referenced as part of

the research conducted as part of this study. By involving a range of interest groups from as

early as the problem definition stage any action has a greater chance of success. Involving

many groups proves to the wider community that dealing with issues of crime prevention

and community safety is not an issue for any single agency. In developing any project for

improvement to streetscapes, lighting, or dealing with crime prevention in a particular area

(like a car park) a multi-agency team will be established in the early days of the project.

5.5.2 Principles that will guide implementation

I. Community awareness to ensure maintenance of the project after they

understand its relevance

II. Involvement of all stakeholders and other relevant partners on what to be

monitored and evaluated early in project management

III. Defining and agreeing with the stakeholders and other relevant partners on

what to be monitored and evaluated early in project management

IV. Expert’s involvement to provide guidance through implementation and even

monitoring and evaluation process

V. Observance of violence prevention through urban upgrading to ensure safe

neighbourhood.

5.6 Site/Environmental management plan

The site upon completion may impact on the environment negatively due to the new

introduced systems and this section addresses how to deal with the situation by use of a

site environmental management plan. Tit shall ensure that environmental parameters are

addressed, their impacts identified and taken into account in the project design process. It

Community

organization

Public sector

Private

sector

Page | 62

shall provide substantive information on the proposed measures so as to enable a proper

assessment

Table 4: Impact management plan

Environmental impact Activity Mitigation measures

Generation of the

construction waste

Site clearance and

construction

Making available suitable

facilities for the collection,

segregation and safe

disposal of wastes

Fill any depression to bring

about leveling to promote

landscaping

Loss of Flora Site clearance through

removal of vegetation

Appropriate planting of

trees and flowers

incorporated in design

stage to protect buildings

and boos boundary safety

Noise Site clearance and

construction

Buffering of the site using

iron sheets by the process

known as screening

Using equipment with noise

suppressing technologies

Proving ear plugs

Dust nuisance Site clearance and

construction

Ground watering and

screening

Emission of Air pollutants Use of fossil fuel engines,

vehicle, generators and

water pumps

Using clean fuels such as de-

sulphurized diesel and

unleaded fuels.

Use of filtering masks

Source: Author 2016

5.6.1 Relevance of Environmental Impact Management Plan

It ensures environmental conservation enabling a balance between the proposed

development project and the ecosystem

It provides monitoring indicators for the project’s environmental performance

Page | 63

It ensures safety within the project, within the construction and operational phases

It ensures the laborers are free from health risks

It ensures aesthetics of the environment is preserved

Main activities that will be associated with the neighbourhood construction includes the

following;

Establishment of a construction camp

Earthworks

Recruitment of labour force

Construction of the access routes

Transportation of construction materials and equipment

Construction of a temporal accommodation

Material extraction

Crushing and screening of the materials

Construction of the drainage structure e.g. culverts

Pavement construction

Construction of the erosion protection works

Landscaping

Upon the completion of the project other works will come up during post construction and

during the life span of the project and this will involve routine maintenance and periodic

inspection of the progress of the project in relation to the set objectives and identified

evaluation issues.

5.7 Contribution of the Development project to planning profession in Kenya

Insecurity has been on the rise in Kenya and the nature of the built environment is the

main contributor to this among others. Recently developments before their approvals have

its effects on security levels assessed alongside environmental impact assessment. This is

done to ensure a safe and secure environment to the residents and users as well. Current

trends of insecurity within Kenya’s urban informal settlements calls for planning

interventions in the design stage of any development project to ensure that the

environment limits opportunities for committing crimes as well as reducing fear of crime.

Security levels has a direct effect on the economy as it may encourage or discourage

potential investors on fear of vandalism as well as falling victims of insecurity hence there

is need to ensure a safe and secure neighbourhood through planning designs as its

contributes to improvement of the Kenyan economy.

Page | 64

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Atterbury Property. (2000) Woodlands Lifestyle Estate: A Better Place to Live, Pretoria

Brantingham, P. and. Brantingham P. J. (1993a) Nodes, paths, and edges; Considerations

on the complexity of crime and physical environment, In Journal of Environmental

Psychology

E.L Mendes (1996), Land Use Standards. Technical Paper LU NO. 12

Government of Kenya (GoK). (2007). The Kenya Vision 2030: A Globally Competitive and

Prosperous Kenya. .Government printers: Nairobi

Government of Kenya (GoK). (2008). The Ministry of Nairobi Metropolitan Development.

Kenya, Nairobi Metro 2030: A World- class African metropolis

Government of Kenya (GoK). (2010).The constitution of Kenya. Government printers:

Nairobi

Government of Kenya (GoK). (2011) Spatial Planning Concept for Nairobi Metropolitan

Region Draft Plan. Government printers: Nairobi

Government of Kenya (GoK). Physical planning Act cap 286.Government printers:

Nairobi

Government of Kenya (GoK). Physical planning Handbook, 2008.Government printers:

Nairobi

Government of Kenya (GoK). Urban areas and cities Act 2011. Government printers:

Nairobi

Government of Kenya (GoK).Building code 1968.Government printers: Nairobi

Government of Kenya (GoK).county government Act 2012.Government printers: Nairobi

Government of Kenya (GoK).National Police Service Act 2011.Government printers:

Nairobi

Government of Kenya. Urban Areas and cities act 2011; Government printers. Nairobi

Masese G (2007); Crime and violence Trends in Nairobi Kenya. Case study prepared for

enhancing urban safety and security. Global Report on Human Settlement

Masese G (2007); Crime and Violence Trends in Nairobi, Kenya. Case study prepared for

Enhancing Urban Safety and Security. Global Report on Human Settlements

Planning and building regulations (2009), National planning and building Authority,

Government printers: Nairobi

Page | 65

Planning and Building Regulations (2009), National Planning and Building Authority,

Government printers: Nairobi

Poyner, B. (1983) Design against crime. Butterworth, London.

Ten Steps to a Results-Monitoring and Evaluation System: Jody Z and Ray C. Rist 2004

Tshwete V. (2001) Crime Information Analysis Centre. Media Statement by the Minister

for Safety & Security, Cape Town