DAPSI(W)R(M), SDG14 Targets, MSFD vs. MSPD, RA&RM and BT Analysis! · 2017. 2. 24. ·...
Transcript of DAPSI(W)R(M), SDG14 Targets, MSFD vs. MSPD, RA&RM and BT Analysis! · 2017. 2. 24. ·...
DAPSI(W)R(M), SDG14
Targets, MSFD vs. MSPD,
RA&RM and BT Analysis!
Professor Mike Elliott
Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Studies (IECS), University of Hull, Hull, UK
(Ack. To all colleagues and co-waorkers!)
Challenges for science & management:
There is only one big idea in marine
management: how to maintain and
protect ecological structure and
functioning while at the same time
allowing the system to produce
ecosystem services from which we
derive societal benefits.
• Recovery/coping with historical legacy
• Endangered coastal and marine
ecosystem functions
• Legal & administrative framework
• Economic prosperity and delivery of
societal benefits
• Coping with climate change & moving
baselines
Risk Assessment & Risk Management (RA&RM):Hazard Identification:Risk Assessment:Risk Management:Risk Communication:
Management Questions:
• Where are the problems & What changes do they cause?
• What is the impact of these on ecosystem structure and functioning?
• What are the repercussions for ecosystem valuation based on economy-
ecology interactions?
• What are the future environmental changes and economic futures?
• What governance framework is there, what do stakeholders need?
• What can we do about the problems?
• Where are the risks and how to address them now and in the future?
• What are the governance successes, failures and implications?
• How ‘good’ is the decision-making?
• What are the bottlenecks, showstoppers and train-wrecks?
Hazard leading to Risk (depending on assets)
A) Surface hydrological hazards
B) Surface physiographic removal by natural processes - chronic/long-term
C) Surface physiographic removal by human actions - chronic/long-term
D) Surface physiographic removal - acute/short-term
E) Climatological hazards - acute/short term
F) Climatological hazards - chronic/long term
G) Tectonic hazards - acute/short term
H) Tectonic hazards - chronic/ long term
I) Anthropogenic microbial biohazards
J) Anthropogenic macrobial biohazards
K) Anthropogenic introduced technological hazards
L) Anthropogenic extractive technological hazards
M) Anthropogenic acute chemical hazards
N) Anthropogenic chronic chemical hazards
Hazard & Risk Typology:
= Risk Assessment & Risk Management (RA&RM):
• Hazard Identification:• Risk Assessment:• Risk Management:• Risk Communication:
Drivers (societal basic needs)
Activities (of society)
Pressures (resulting from
activities)State change (on the natural system)
Impacts (on human Welfare)
(changes affecting wealth creation, quality
of life)
Responses (economic, legal, etc)
(Measures)
DAPSI(W)R(M) framework
(for each EnMP cf. ExUP)
Drivers = Basic Human Needs:
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Relaxation & enjoyment
WELL-BEING
Employment
Health & welfare
Security & safety
Provision & delivery of
goods
Space, shelter
Results of provisioning
services (food, water, O2,
space shelter)
Activity
Aquaculture
Extraction of living
resources
Transport & Shipping
Renewable Energy
Non-renewable (fossil fuel)
Energy
Non-renewable (nuclear)
Energy
Extraction of non-living
resources
Navigational Dredging
Coastal Infrastructure
Land-based Industry
Agriculture
Tourism/Recreation
Military
Research
Carbon Sequestration
Activities contributing to Endogenic Managed Pressures (Elliott et al DEVOTES 2014)
Pressures
Smothering
Substratum loss
Changes in siltation
Abrasion
Selective extraction of
non-living resources
(habitat removal)
Underwater noise
Litter
Thermal regime change
Salinity regime change
Introduction of synthetic
compounds
Introduction of non-
synthetic compounds
Introduction of
radionuclides
Introduction of other
substances
Nitrogen and
phosphorus enrichment
Input of organic matter
Introduction of microbial
pathogens
Introduction of non-
indigenous species and
translocations
Selective extraction of
species
Death or injury by
collision
Barrier to species
movement
Emergence regime
change
Water flow rate changes
pH changes
Electromagnetic
changes
Change in wave
exposure
P
S
R(M)
P
S
DI(W)
R(M)
P
S
D
I(W)
R(M)
P
S
D
I(W) R(M)
A D
I(W)
Outside Management
Plan Area
Boundary
Management
Plan Area
Natural
Change
Natural
Change
Natural
Change
Natural
Change
ExUP
ExUP
ExUP
EnMP
A
A
A
ExUP
...N II
I
III
Vision of
Management
Plan
Pressure Description
Thermal regime change Temperature change (average, range,
variability) climate change (large scale)
Salinity regime change Temperature change (average, range,
variability) due climate change (large scale)
Emergence regime
change
Change in natural sea level (mean, variation,
range) due climate change (large scale) and
isostatic rebound
Water flow rate changes Change in currents (speed, direction, variability)
due climate change (large scale)
pH changes Change in pH (mean, variation, range) due
climate change (large scale), volcanic activity
(local)
Change in wave
exposure
Change in size, number, distribution and/or
periodicity of waves along a coast due to
climate change (large scale).
Exogenic Unmanaged Pressures (from Elliott et al 2014 DEVOTES)
Drivers (societal basic needs)
Activities (of society)
Pressures (resulting from
activities)
State change (on the natural system)
Impacts (on human Welfare)
(changes affecting wealth creation, quality
of life)
Responses (economic, legal, etc)
(Measures)
DAPSI(W)R(M) framework
E.g. Indicators:
Ecosystem
service
Societal benefits
Human health
status
E.g. Indicators:
Number of
regulations
Economic costs
10-tenets values
E.g. Indicators:
Natural health status
Population levels
Community structure
E.g. Indicators:
Footprint of effects
Stressor intensity
E.g. Indicators:
Number of activities
Navigation routes
Size of fishing fleet
Quality Assurance in Marine Decision-making
Knowledge
Information
Data
Evidence ‘Mining’
Sources
Audit Trail / ProofCoastal Futures, SOAS, 23-24 January 2013
Importance of audit trails,
defendable actions and
policies
Challenges for management (RA&RM):Risk Assessment:
• Where are the problems and what changes do they cause? (ExUP &
EnMP)
• What is their impact on ecosystem structure and functioning?
• What are the repercussions for ecosystem valuation based on economy-
ecology interactions?
• What are the future environmental changes and economic futures?
Risk Management:
• What governance framework is there, what do stakeholders need & what
are successes & failures? (Risk Management)
• What can we do about the problems, hazards & risks and how to
address them now and in the future?
• How ‘good’ is the decision-making?(Elliott, 2014 Mar. Poll. Bull.)
Stage Detail1. Problem Formulation What needs to be assessed?2. Hazard Identification What can go wrong? (What are the hazards?)3. Cause Identification What can lead to the hazard occurring? (What causes the
hazard?)Quantitative: How often or how likely is it that these causes will occur?
4. Exposure Assessment(This is a quantitative step that is not necessary but adds value to the risk assessment)
Quantitative: How does the hazard reach the receptor? At what intensity? How long for and/or how frequently does the hazard reach or affect the receptor?Quantitative: How likely is it that the receptors will be exposed to the hazard?
5. Consequence or Effect Identification
What are the consequences of the hazard if it occurs?
6. Risk Characterisation and Estimation for Consequences
What are the risks (quantitative or qualitative measure)? Quantitative: What is the probability of the consequence happening? Estimated for both before and after preventative and mitigation measures are put in place.
Bow-Tie Analysis linked to DAPSI(W)R(M) Framework for Risk Assessment and
Risk Management (Drivers, Activities, Pressures (as mechanisms of change),
State change (on the natural system), Impact (on human Welfare), Responses
(using Measures based on 10-tenets – econ., tech, ecol., legal, admin, cult.,
polit., moral, comm., social aspects)
D, A, P S, I(W)R(M)S, I(W)R(M)
Stakeholder consultation – to determine causes and consequences
and to agree the responses throughout the sequence
A small Bow-tie diagram - they can get
very large – e.g. for the effects of
climate change on offshore wind power
www.marine-vectors.eu/deliverables/D6_5.pdf
To be successful, management
measures or responses to
changes resulting from human
activities should be:
• Ecologically sustainable
• Technologically feasible
• Economically viable
• Socially desirable/tolerable
• Legally permissible
• Administratively achievable
• Politically expedient
• Ethically defensible (morally
correct)
• Culturally inclusive
• Effectively communicable
The 10 tenets:
(cf. PESTLE)
Socio-Ecological System - Integrating Concepts:
Physico-chemical structure / stock
Physico-chemical processes / functioning
Ecological structure / stocks
Ecological processes / functioning
Individual (use & non-use) values
Total Economic
Value
Stock of natural capital -Natural carrying capacity
Shared (monetary & non-monetary)
Natural environmental system & Total Ecological Value
Ecological capital
Total Social Value
[ME/JPA/DB (UoH) & RKT (UEA) Coastal zone ecosystem services HG v9]
Physico-chemical capital
Socio-Econo-Techno System measured as TSSV (Total Societal & System Value) & Socio-economic carrying capacity
Intermediate ecosystem services
Final ecosystem services
Complementary assets (human capital – population expending
energy, time, money, skills)
Ecosystem goodsSocietal benefits
Ecosystem Services – Frameworks
(UK NEA, 2011)
Tenet: Legally permissible - Governance
as a tool in management
Policies, politics, laws and administrations for the
adoption of internationally recognised principles:
• ecologically sustainable development;
• intergenerational equity;
• the precautionary principle;
• conservation of biological diversity and ecological
integrity;
• economic valuation of environmental factors
• the polluter pays principle;
• waste minimisation, and
• public participation.
Treatment of urban waste water
Quality of bathing waters
Nitrates & fertiliser control
Marine spatial planning (MSP) & coastal zone management (CZM)
Renewable energytargets
U.N. CONVENTION on
BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
UNCLOS
MARPOL
Regulations to control shipping & pollution from ships to give safer shipping,
navigation and pollution control and operation
Integrated maritime policy
RAMSAR CONVENTION
BERN CONVENTION
BONNCONVENTION
Integrated pollution control
Control of waste
LONDON CONVENTION
& PROTOCOLOSPAR,
HELCOM,
UNEP-MAP, BUCHAREST
(Regional Seas
Conventions)
BALLAST WATER
CONVENTION
Management of fisheries from 6nm to 200nm for sustainable fisheries
ICES
Strategy and regulations on invasive alien species control
Safe consumption of shellfish and fish
Transitional and coastal waters status
Environmental liability to prevent and remedy environmental damage
Flood and coastal erosion protection
Coastal and marine waters status
CITES fauna & flora for endangered species protection
CITES
Protection of habitats & species in transitional, coastal and marine waters
U.N. FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE
CHANGE (UNFCCC)
KYOTO PROTOCOL
ESPOO CONVENTION
Strategic assessment of public plans or projects in a transboundary effect
IMO
INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON
SALVAGE
Impact assessment of a plan or project
Protection of wild birds in transitional, coastal and marine waters
Biodiversity strategy
Inshore fisheries management 0-6nm
Protection of marine archaeology
UNESCO PROTECTION OF
UNDERWATER CULTURAL HERITAGE
Marine environmental protection
KEY
International Law /
Commitments
International Bodies &
Conventions
(Boyes &
Elliott MPB
2014)
Site designations (e.g. SSSI)
UWWTD
Bathing Waters
Nitrates
MSP Dir
Urban Waste Water
Treatment Regs
Sensitive area
Bathing beaches
Bathing Water Regs
Nitrate Vulnerable
Zones
Nitrate Pollution Prevention Regs
Good Chemical Status & Good
Ecological Status
Marine spatial planning &
coastal zone management
Pollution Prevention & Control Regs
Water Environmental (WFD) Regs
Licences, Consents &
Authorisations
Flood Risk & Hazard
Maps
Multimetric Indices
Programme of measures, qualitative descriptors,
ecosystem-based management approach, MPAs
(2)
Sea Fish Regulation
Act Sea Fisheries (Shellfish) Act
Salmon & Freshwater
Fisheries Act
Implementation method / Protection afforded
Enabling / Primary Legislation
Target / Status to be met
EC Directiv e or Strategy
(1) In 2013 the WFD replaced the Dangerous Sub. Dir.; Freshwater Fish Dir.; Shellfish Waters Dir. & Groundwater Dir.
Marine Strategy
Regs
Energy Act
?
International Law or Commitments
International Bodies &
Conv entions
Byelaws, Orders, gear and catch
restrictions
Sea Fish (Conservation) Act as amended
by the Sea
Fisheries (Wildlife Conserv ation) Act
Sustainable fisheries & safeguarding the marine environment
Renewable Energy
Renewables targets for
2020
Policy & Targets
UN CONV. on BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
UNCLOS
MARPOLSafer shipping
navigation, pollution control and operation
Various EU Regs to control
shipping & pollution from
ships
BERN CONV.
BONNCONV.
Endangered species
protection
Control of Trade in Endangered
Species (COTES) Regs
Enforcement
IPPC
Strategic Environmental Assessments to include transboundary effects
Environmental Assessment Regs
Licences, Consents &
Authorisations
Marine projects are subject to Environmental Impact
Assessment
Town & Country Planning (EIA)
Regs
Marine Works (EIA) Regs
Harbour Works (EIA) Regs
Waste Hierarchy &
Good Practice
Waste Regs
Environmental Standards
Waste FD
LONDON CONV. &
PROTOCOL
KEY
OSPAR, HELCOM,
UNEP-MAP, BUCHAREST
Reg. Seas Conv
Marine Notices -shipping, guidance
& information
BALLAST WATER CONV.
Prevention, management &
control of harmful aquatic organisms
& alien species
Basic Fish Regs
CFP
ICES
Favourable Conservation
Status
EU Strategy on
Invasive Alien Sp.
ProposedIAS Reg
Sets maximum acceptable
levels
Contaminants in Food Regs
Safe consumption
of fish & shellfish
Contaminants in Food Reg
WFD (1)
Env Liability
Prevention & remedy of
env. damage
Env. Damage (P&R) Regs
Polluter pays principle & remedial measures
FRMD
Flood Risk Assessment
Flood Risk Regs
Flood & Water Management Act
Flood & Coastal Erosion Risk Management
River Basin Management Plans,
Heavily Modified Water Bodies & Artificial
Water Bodies
MSFD
Various Regs to control
CITES fauna & flora
CITESHabitats &
Species
Natura 2000 sites
(SAC/SPA)Habitat & Species
Protection
Biodiversity & Species
Action Plans
Conservation of Habitats
and Species Regs
Offshore Marine
Conservation Regs
Reg 35 advice, Article 17 condition monitoring, Appropriate
Assessments (AA), Habitat Regulations Assessment (HRA) &
Likely Significant Effect (LSE)
Licences, Consents &
Authorisations
Marine planning (4)
Conservation / Biodiversity
protection (MCZ)
Coastal Recreation
Licences
Licences, Consents &
Authorisations
Licences, Consents &
Authorisations
H1 Method
UN FRAMEWORK CONV. ON CLIMATE CHANGE (UNFCCC)
KYOTO PROTOCOL
Harbours Act
Revision and Empowerment
Orders. Conservation duties on ports
Local Harbour Acts
Harbour & Works Licences
Merchant Shipping Regs
ESPOO CONV.
SEA
Applications for Nationally Significant Infrastructure Projects
(NSIPs) / Marine Licences
Planning Act (as amended)
Infrastructure Planning (EIA)
Regs
IMO
Protection of marine archaeology
National Heritage Act
Protection of Wrecks Act
Merchant Shipping Regs
Electricity Act
Climate Change Act
Conserv ing wider biodiversity
Ancient Monuments & Archaeological Areas
EIA
Licences, Consents &
Authorisations
Wild Birds
EU Biodiversity
Strategy
Wildlife & Countryside Act
(as amended)
NERC Act
EU Integrated Maritime Policy
Good Environmental
Status
Site designations - European Marine Sites (EMS) include SAC & SPA.
(RAMSAR sites designated under the RAMSAR Conv. should also be given same
management considerations as EMS)
RAMSAR CONV.
Management Plans &
Schemes(2) The network of MPAs in England will consist of EMS/Natura 2000 (SACs & SPAs), SSSIs, Ramsar sites and MCZs
UNESCO Protection of Underwater
Cultural
Heritage (3)
INT. CONV. ON SALVAGE
Protection of Military Remains
Act
Marine archaeology
Council of Europe
Conventions on archaeology &
landscape
(3) The UK is not a signatory to this Convention however a number of public statements have been produced that confirm its endorsement of the rules in its Annex
All regulated activities in the English marine environment consider UK marine policy drivers such as the UK High Level Marine Objectives 2009, the UK Marine Policy Statement (4) and various National Policy Statements
Licences, Consents &
Authorisations
(5) In England, the newly adopted MSP Directive will most likely be implemented through the existing Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009
? (5)
Marine & Coastal
Access Act
(Boyes &
Elliott, Mar
Poll Bull
2014)
Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)
(ACRE reports through Defra)
KEY
Ministerial Depts
Inte
rnational
Oblig
ations
Euro
pean
Unio
n
Planning Inspectorate
- Health & safety w ith respect to working at sea- Ships surveys & inspections
- Emergency response including search & rescue, counter pollution & response, receiver of w reck, maritime incident response group (MIRG) & resilience.
NI
Executive
Department of Energy & Climate Change (DECC)
Department for Transport (DfT)
Cabinet Office
Home Office
Maritime and Coastguard Agency
Trinity House Lighthouse Service
Inte
rnatio
nal
Maritim
e
Org
anis
atio
n
(IM
O)
Department for Communities and Local Government (DCLG)
Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA)
Wels
h
Gove
rnm
ent
Scott
ish
Gove
rnm
ent
UK
Ship
pin
g
Crown Estate
- Ow ns 55% of the foreshore (between mean high and mean low water) and approximately
half of the beds of estuarial areas and tidal rivers in the United Kingdom. - Ow ns the seabed out to the 12 mile territorial limit, including the rights to explore and exploit
the natural resources of the UK continental shelf, excluding oil, gas and coal.- Leases of easement for pipelines and cables, offshore renewable energy developments.
- Royalties from the extraction of minerals, principally marine aggregates.
Parliament
House of Commons
House of Lords
National Maritime Museum
Harbour Authorities
Local Authorities
Executive Agencies
National Infrastructure Directorate
Executive Non-Departmental Public Bodies
- Independent body examining applications for nationally signif icant infrastructure projects
(NSIPs) e.g. large w ind farms >100MW, pow er stations etc. Issue development consents under the Planning Act 2008 (Localism Act 2011)
- National Planning Policy Framew ork- Planning Policy Guidance (PPGs)
- Marine Minerals Guidance Notes (MMGs)- Strategic Environmental Assessments (SEAs)
Local Government Bodies
Ministry of Defence (MOD)
UK Hydrographic Office
- Waterborne security of HM dockyards and HM naval bases
- Jurisdiction w ithin territorial w aters- Enforce legislation e.g. Port Orders and Merchant Shipping Act
Defence Science & Technology Lab
Oil and Pipelines Agency
MOD Police Marine Unit
- Provide hydrographic services for UK w aters as required under (SOLAS)
Trading Fund Agency
- Maritime technology e.g. ships & submarines
- Operation of the Government Pipeline and Storage System (GPSS)
Committee on Climate Change - Advises government on emissions targets and reports greenhouse gases
- Oil & gas licensing under Petroleum Act 1998- Renew able energy – w ave, tidal and w ind &
Safety Zones for >100MW w indfarms- Energy Act 2008 & 2010; and Climate Change Act 2008- National Policy Statements (NPS) on energy Secretary of States
Representative for Maritime
Salvage & Intervention(SOREP)
- Represent the DECC (in relation to offshore installations) & the DfT(in relation to ships) by
removing or reducing the risk to safety, property and the UK environment arising from accidents involving ships, f ixed or f loating platforms or sub-sea infrastructure.
HM Coastguard
- Shipping, marine safety & security, inland w aterways, navigation, ships registers,
transport national planning guidance (NPG)
Advisory Committees
Marine Energy Programme Board
Please refer to Defra diagram
UK
GO
VE
RN
ME
NT
- Partnership of the main Government Departments, the Devolved Administrations of
Scotland, Northern Ireland & Wales, the Environment Agencies & research bodies involved in funding and carrying out marine science in the UK. Co-ordination of marine
research & delivering the UK Marine Monitoring & Assessment Strategy (UKMMSS).
Marine Science Co-ordination Committee (MSCC)
Advisory Committee on Releases to the Environment (ACRE)
- Advice to UK Governments on the release & marketing of genetically modif ied organisms.
Department for Business Innovation & Skills (BIS)
UK Met Off ice
Food Standards Agency - Food safety and hygiene (e.g. chemical levels in shellf ish and fish)
Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS)
English Heritage
- Protected w recks, protection of marine historic environment, map historic seascapes,
fund coastal & marine heritage research. (Although the UK has not ratif ied the UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underw ater Heritage, English Heritage follow
the Rules annexed to the Convention as representing best practice in marine underw ater archaeology projects).
Tenet:
Administratively
achievable
Springs or M ean High
Water
Regulatory Authorities (England)
Local Authority - Planning, Coast protection work
English Heritage (EH) - Protected wrecks; protection of marine historic environment out to 12nm
Natural England - Notifying SSSIs & Ramsar to LW; Advising on Marine Protected Areas (MPA) (including SACs & SPAs) out to 12nm and their conservation objectives
JNCC - Licenses & MPAs (MCZs & EMS) from 12nm to 200nm
Environment Agency (EA) - Flood risk; WFD to 1nm; Bathing waters; pollution; Licensing & water discharges to 3nm; salmon & trout fisheries to 6nm; Environmental permits to 12nm
Inshore Fisheries & Conservation Authority (IFCA) - Inshore fisheries & provision of byelaws out to 6nm
Marine Management Organisation (MMO) - Marine Conservation Zones; Marine planning; Marine licensing out to 12nm in England & offshore for UK (except Scotland) to 200nm; Fisheries to 200nm
Crown Estate - owns 55% of the foreshore and all seabed out to 12nm (and has sovereign rights of the UK seabed and its resources of the Continental Shelf)
Ministry of Defence (MoD) - Enforcement and hydrographic services
Department for Communities & Local Government (DCLG) (includes the Planning Inspectorate & Major Infrastructure Planning Unit) - EIA; SEA; nationally significant infrastructure projects (NSIPs) e.g. large wind farms >100MW etc
Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) - Oil & gas licensing; renewable energy
Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) - Policy for coast and erosion risk; Fisheries; implementation of the MSFD
Department for Transport (DfT) - Shipping; navigation; Safety at sea; Maritime and Coastguard Agency
Legislation (English Law)
Town and Country Planning Act 1990
Localism Act 2011
National Heritage Act 2002
Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended)
Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2010 (subsequently amended) - SACs & SPAs
Offshore Marine Conservation (Natural Habitats,, &c.) Regs 2010
Water Environment (WFD) (England & Wales) Regs 2003
Bathing Water Regulations 2008
Urban Waste Water Treatment (Eng & Wales) (Amendment) Regs 2003 (coastal waters)
Land Drainage Act 1991 (Environment Agency and Local Authorities)
Water Resources Act 1991
The Environmental Permitting (England and Wales) Regulations 2010
Sea Fish (Conservation) Act 1967
Sea Fisheries (Shellfish) Act 1967
Sea Fisheries Act 1968 & Sea Fisheries Regulation Act 1966
Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009 - MCZs, Marine licensing, IFCA byelaws, offshore fisheries (replaces existing controls under Part II of the Coast Protection Act 1949 and Part II of the Food and Environment Protection Act 1985)
Merchant Shipping Act 1995
Planning Act 2008 - transport, water, waste & waste water projects out to 12nm; energy (within Renewable Energy Zone) out to 200nm (except Scotland); NSIPs
Electricity Act 1989 or Energy Act 2008 & 2010 & Climate Change Act 2008 - renewable energy
Petroleum Act 1998 - oil and gas licensing
Offshore Petroleum Activities (Conservation of Habitats) Regs 2001
Offshore Petroleum Production & Pipelines (Ass. of Env. Effects) Regs 1999
The Marine Strategy Regulations 2010 - Defra to ensure Good Environmental Status
Transport and Works Act 1992 - large scale projects & navigation
Coast Protection Act 1949 (as amended by Flood & Water Management Act 2010) - Coast Protection Authorities & Environment Agency to carry out works to protect land from erosion or encroachment by the sea
1 n
auti
cal
mile
3 n
auti
cal
mile
s
6 n
auti
cal
mile
s
12
nau
tica
l m
iles
(Ter
rito
rial
w
ater
s)
Mea
n L
ow
Wat
er (
inte
rnal
w
ater
s)
20
0 n
auti
cal
mile
sU
K W
ater
s
(Co
nti
nen
tal
Shel
f lim
it)
Abbreviations:BWD= Bathing Water Directive; BWM= Ballast Water Management Convention; CAP= Common Agricultural Policy; CFP= Common Fisheries Policy; EIA= Environmental Impact Assessment Directive; FRMD= Flood Risk Management Directive; FRMD (FRMP)= Flood Risk Management Directive (Flood Risk Management Plan); HD= Habitats Directive; MPS= Maritime Spatial Planning Directive; MSFD= Marine Strategy Framework Directive; Natura 2000= Habitats and Wild Birds directives; Nitrates Dir= Nitrates Directive;SAC= Special Area of Conservation; SEA Dir= Strategic Environmental Assessment Directive; SPA= Special Protection Area; UWWTD= Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive; WBD= Birds Directive; WFD= Water Framework Directive (with extension out to 12nm for chemical status); WFD (RBMP)= Water Framework Directive (River Basin Management Plan)
Geographical scope and
competencies of EU legislation
1. Biodiversity 3. Fishing
4. Foodwebs6. Seafloor integrity
7. Hydrography
9. Seafoodcontaminants
10. Litter
The Marine Strategy Framework Directive
5. Eutrophication
11. Energy8. Contaminants
2. NIS
11 QualitativeDescriptors
15. Prevent deterioration (R(M))
1. Vision/aim (to
achieve GEnS) (D)
16. Re-vision/revision
14. Perform
management (R(M))
4. Activities (A)
6. Pressures (Annex III)
(P)
12. Determine the
effect on society (I(W))
13. Programme of cost-
effective measures (R(M))
3. 11 Descriptors
(Annex I)
10. Monitoring programme
(to detect change against a
target) (R(M))
11. Assess current
status cf. GEnS (S)
5. 29 Criteria
7. Decide pressure &
state indicators (as an
aspiration)
8. Define index/metric
/method (SMART) to assess
status/impact
9. Identify appropriate target/
baseline/reference (to be reached)
for indicators and methods
Step in MSFD
implementation
including
DAPSI(W)R(M)
2. Characteristics &
Initial Assessment
(Art. 8; Annex I)
A conceptual
model of the
implementation
of the MSFD
Marine Strategy:
• Initial assessment• GES definition• Targets• Indicators• Monitoring• Measures
(Elliott et al, 2015 Mar Poll Bull)
Indicator Abbreviated name
D1
Mammals
Distribution of cetaceans
Population growth rates, abundance and distribution of marine
mammals
Abundance of seals
Nutritional status of seals
Abundance of cetaceans
Seal pup production
Pregnancy rates of other (non-seal) marine mammals
Mammals bycatch (number of drowned mammals in fishing gears)
D1 Birds Abundance marine birds
Abundance of overwintering waterbirds
Abundance of breeding waterbirds
Distribution of marine birds
Number of waterbirds being oiled annually
Breeding success of a dominant piscivorous seabird
Breeding success of seabirds
Seabird bycatch (number of drowned waterbirds in fishing gears)
Generic core indicators for Marine Biodiversity descriptors (based on
OSPAR and HELCOM core-indicators and MEDPOL indications) (1)
Indicator Abbreviated name
D1 Fish
Ceph
Abundance of all fish
Abundance of key fish species
Proportion of large fish in the community
Abundance of fish key functional groups
Distribution of fish
Abundance of dominant spawning diadromous species
Mean maximum length of teleosts and elasmobranchs
D1/6
BenHab
State of soft-bottom macrofauna communities, based on multi-
metric index
Population structure of long-lived macrozoobenthic species
Red-listed benthic biotopes
Lower depth distribution limit of macrophyte species
Patterns in macroalgae cover
Cumulative impact on benthic habitats
Extent and distribution of benthic biotopes
Typical benthic species composition
Physical damage to habitats
Area of habitat loss
Generic core indicators for Marine Biodiversity descriptors (based on
OSPAR and HELCOM core-indicators and MEDPOL indications) (2)
Indicator Abbreviated name
D1 PelHab Plankton functional types
Plankton biomass/ abundance
Zooplankton mean size and total abundance
Changes in plankton biodiversity
D4 FoodWeb Size composition of fish
Change of plankton functional types
Trophic level of marine predators
Functional groups biomass and abundance
Biomass Trophic Spectrum
Ecological Network Analysis
D2 NIS Rate and trends of new introductions of NIS
Management pathways for NIS
Generic core indicators for Marine Biodiversity descriptors (based on
OSPAR and HELCOM core-indicators and MEDPOL indications) (3)
Strategic Goal A: Address the underlying
causes of biodiversity loss by
mainstreaming biodiversity across
government and society (Targets 1-4)
Strategic Goal B: Reduce the direct
pressures on biodiversity and promote
sustainable use (Targets 5-10)
Strategic Goal C: To improve the status of
biodiversity by safeguarding ecosystems,
species and genetic diversity (Targets 11-
13)
Strategic Goal D: Enhance the benefits to
all from biodiversity and ecosystem
services (Targets 14-16)
Strategic Goal E: Enhance implementation
through participatory planning, knowledge
management and capacity building
(Targets 17-20)
Challenge – to map core-indicators on to CBD Aichi
Targets and then determine data and compliance
https://www.cbd.int/sp/targets/
SDG14 Targets (1) (SMART?)
TARGET S M A R T
By 2025, prevent and significantly reduce marine pollution of all kinds, in particular from land-based activities, including marine debris and nutrient pollution
By 2020, sustainably manage and protect marine and coastal ecosystems to avoid significant adverse impacts, including by strengthening their resilience, and take action for their restoration in order to achieve healthy and productive oceans
Minimize and address the impacts of ocean acidification, including through enhanced scientific cooperation at all levels
By 2020, effectively regulate harvesting and end overfishing, illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing and destructive fishing practices and implement science-based management plans, in order to restore fish stocks in the shortest time feasible, at least to levels that can produce maximum sustainable yield as determined by their biological characteristics
By 2020, conserve at least 10 per cent of coastal and marine areas, consistent with national and international law and based on the best available scientific information
SDG14 Targets (2) (reworded)
TARGET S M A R T
By 2020, prohibit some fisheries subsidies leading to overcapacity and overfishing, eliminate subsidies that contribute to illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing, and no new such subsidies, allow differential treatment for developing and least developed countries as an integral part of the WTO fisheries subsidies negotiation
By 2030, increase economic benefits to Small Island developing States and least developed countries from sustainable use of marine resources, fisheries, aquaculture and tourism
Increase scientific and technological knowledge, research and transfer, ensure IOC Criteria and Guidelines on the Transfer of Marine Technology, improve ocean health and enhance the contribution of marine biodiversity for state development
Provide access for small-scale artisanal fishers to marine resources and markets
Enhance conservation and sustainable ocean use by implementing international law as reflected in UNCLOS
Challenge – to merge environmental quality management (e.g. MSFD)
with maritime spatial planning and Blue Growth initiatives (e.g. MSPD)
But (and there is always a ‘but’):
Does MSP mean an activity is
allowed:
• Where the developer wants it to
be?
• Where the regulator wants it to be?
• Where all the stakeholders want it
to be?
• Where it can be?
• Where it should be?
• Where there is any space left for it?
Or
• Where the assimilative capacity of
the system can accommodate it?(*)
(* and if not then will the environmental regulator say it cannot
be allowed but the finance minister say it has to be allowed!!!)?
Assimilative Capacity/Carrying Capacity
Previously Proposed
Assimilative capacity
the ability of a body of
water to assimilate a
contaminant without
showing adverse
changes
the amount of an activity
or activities allowed in a
body of water before it
adversely affects the
quality
Carrying capacity
the amount of biota
(e.g. number of birds
or fishes) that a given
habitat can support
the ability of a body of
water to support a given
amount of activity or
activities or ecological
component
[* Assumption: that the assimilative capacity used in an area depends on the
precise activity, its spatial and temporal footprint, the cumulative and in-
combination effects, any mitigation and/or compensation measures performed
on any components/ habitat, and on the particular descriptor in question]
*
*
*
*
*
*
GES (behaves differently with each Descriptor)
Ass
imila
tive
Cap
acit
y
* The amount of assimilativethe activity, its spatial and temporal footprint, its cumulative and in combination effects, the mitigation and compensation measures applied by managers, on the particular MSFD Descriptor in question, and the habitats and components of the marine environment.
Pristine marine environment with no activities
Fish
ing
Dee
p s
ea m
inin
g
Off
shor
e W
ind
Aq
uac
ult
ure
Bio
tech
no
logy
Tour
ism
Basis –
(1) that an area has a finite
assimilative capacity which
is intact in the pristine state
and then decreases with
each activity permitted,
(2) that the assimilative
capacity is regained with
mitigation or
compensation,
(3) that GES can still be
achieved with the
permitted activities in place
MSPD and MSFD – theoretical compatibility
Art. 14 of MSFD and Art. 2 of WFD – not meeting GEnS or GEcS?
38
a) action or inaction for which the Member State
concerned is not responsible,
b) natural causes,
c) force majeure,
d) modifications or alterations to the physical
characteristics of marine waters brought about by
actions taken for reasons of overriding public interest
which outweigh the negative impact on the
environment, including any transboundary impact,
e) natural conditions which do not allow timely
improvement in the status of the marine waters
concerned.
Force majeure:
“Force majeure is literally translated as ‘superior forces’.
In contractual terms, it is recognised as the occurrence
of an unexpected event / events beyond the control of
either contracting party which disrupts the operation of
the contract such that the contracting parties are
excused from their liabilities and/or obligations under the
contract.
It is however not intended to excuse any negligence or
malfeasance. It can also suspend the performance of an
obligation or extend the time to perform the same.
This would include an "Act of God" / "forces of nature"
event but can also extend to extraneous human
intervention events.”
(Legal Dictionary)
Bottlenecks Showstoppers Trainwrecks
Lack of clear objectivesNo stakeholder forumPoor scientific understandingPoor adviceConfusing planning systemManageable hazardsPoor communication
Complex regulationPoor knowledgePoor trainingOverlapping designationConflicting designationSectoral managementPoor administrationEconomic prerogativeLack of technologiesLack of toolsIncreasing governanceSlow planning systemNon-integrated planning systemManageable hazards
IntransigenceLack of fundingLegal challengesPolitical willUnwillingness to adopt joint aims/visionInflexible planning systemUnmanageable hazardsLack of permissionsCultural conflictsIconic ecologyEthically immoral
(but does climate
change become the
biggest ‘get-out’
clause?!)
Recipe Leading to Integrated Marine Management
• Need to understand how our activities lead to which
pressures
• Need to understand which pressures are within and
outside our control
• Need to understand ecological structure and functioning
• Need to understand what state changes on the natural
system occur from those pressures
• Lead to describing the impact on human welfare as
effects on Ecosystem services and Societal benefits
• Lead to defining the appropriate responses as
management measures
• Require implementation of governance (policies, politics,
administration and legislation)
• Within a multiuser system requiring resolution of conflicts
amongst users
• Communicate by working with stakeholders
Holistic & adaptive marine environmental management
(red arrows denote linkages between topics; black arrows denote direction of influence)
Extractors (D, P) (econ., technol.)
Inputters (D, P) (econ., technol.)
Regulators (R) (leg., admin.)
Affectees (I) (soc., ethic., cult.)
Influencers (I) (polit.)
Beneficiaries (I) (soc., ethic, cult.)
Horizontal Integration across stakeholders (refer to DAPSI(W)R(M) and 10 tenets)
.... Ecosystem Services & deliver .....(I(W))
who raise awareness of ...... (comm.)
....Societal Benefits for the ...
uses/users providing .../affecting ........ who control the ...
…. fundamental processes (S) (ecol.) to create… (D+A+P) + R(M) ≠ S + I(W)
e.g. Conflict Res., 10 tenets, PPP, PP, EIA, CBA, MCA, LPI
Indicators + monitoring, e.g. EII
Maintaining, protecting and enhancing nature & .... (S) (ecol.)
The Ecosystem Approach
(b) localised human demands (endogenic managed pressures)
(a) wider pressures, e.g. climate change (exogenic unmanaged pressures)
Vertical Integration of governance across geopolitical levels
global
ecoregion
regional
national
local
Source of problems (activity-pressure-impact chain) which require ....
..... Risk assessment methods & response
to ensure no impact on .....
Main Messages:• Clear objectives in fulfilling The Ecosystem Approach, ‘triple wins’ for
ecology, society and economy;
• Determine problems (footprint) and then address/solve/ mitigate/compensate;
• Detect pressures, state change and impacts on welfare but manage activities, but
• Don’t assume activities automatically lead to pressures to impacts (negates mitigation and compensation);
• Good business relies on good ecology/biology/husbandry;
• Essence is connectivity (good water conditions, ecological well-being, conditions fit-for-purpose);
• Vertical and horizontal integration, across sectors and states with harmonised governance and feedback mechanisms;
• Ability to agree future scenarios & manage to moving baselines;
• Monitoring/modelling/management - adaptive systems.
A premise –
“We have all the visions, tools, frameworks,
philosophies and conceptual models needed for
integrated marine management; we have all the
elements of governance and sectoral
administrations both within and between
countries; we have 4 decades of Regional Sea
Commission experience and a century of detailed
science; we understand where our problems are
coming from and what we need to do to solve
them; we know which things are in our control and
which not – we now just have to put all of this
together in the right order!” Discuss!