DANTE’S INFERNO2

8/9/2019 DANTES INFERNO2

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DANTES INFERNO


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The Divine Comedy

Comedy

Not humorous/slapstick/laugh-out-

loud A form of writing that begins in fear

and ends happily.

Main character attains a happy

ending a healing vision of God andreceives a divine message to deliver.


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The Divine Comedy

Translations

Robert Pinsky (1994)

DorothySayers (1949-62)

Terza rima

JohnCiardi (1954-70) Rhymed 1stand3rd lines only

H.R. Huse

Literal prose translation

AllenMandlebaum

Poetic prose JohnD. Sinclair

Paragraphform


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The Divine Comedy

Parable

Political realities

Corruptionvs. honesty

Moral realities

The freedomthat comes fromaccepting just

laws vs. the self-slaveryof lawlessness

Mystical realities

The individuals self-absorptionvs. histrusting surrender tothe divine


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The Divine Comedy

Dante saidhe wantedthe poemto:

Liberate people still living inthe

worldfroma state ofmiseryandleadthemtoa state ofhappiness.

Praise Beatrice andthe saving

graces he receivedthroughher.


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The Divine Comedy

Dante: The subjectof the work, then, inits literal

sense is the state of souls after death andthis

is without qualification, since the whole

progress of the work hinges onandabout thissubject. Whereas if the work is taken

allegorically, the subjectis this:manbecoming

liable tothe justice whichrewards and

punishes, inasmuchas bythe exercise ofhisfreedomof choice he merits goodor ill.

letter toCanGrande


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On Dante:

Ruskin

He is the central man of all the world, asrepresenting in perfect balance the imaginative,

moral and intellectual qualities all at their

highest.

Carlyle Called it Dantes unfathomable love song.

Emerson

The textbook for teaching the young the art of

writing well.

Trotsky

Urged Marxist companions to study their Dante.


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Background

Guelphs Anti-imperial/democratic attitude Desired constitutional government

Represented indigenous peoples

Pro-pope (looked to him for support)

White

Wanted to minimize all outside interference Black

Wanted to enhance their papal connections

Ghibellines Pro-imperial

Represented aristocracy Opposed papal territorial power

Expelled from Florence in 1289


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The Divine Comedy

Significance of the number Three

Reflects the mysterious realityof theGodhead

Eachof the three parts contains 33cantos

Basic unitofverse is the terzine

33 syllables

3 lines

Beatrice associatedwiththe number 9


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Each section contains 33 cantos, except for the

first section, which has, in addition, a canto

serving as a general introduction.The poem is written in terza rima (third rhyme),

a three-line stanza rhyming aba, bcb, cdc, etc. (

Dante intended the poem for his

contemporaries and thus wrote it in Italianrather than Latin.

He named the poem La commedia (The

Comedy) because it ends happily, in heaven, his

journey climaxed by a vision of God and by acomplete blending of his own will with that of

the deity.

The adjective divina (divine) was first added to

the title in a 1555 edition.


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The Inferno: Canto I

Introduction to the entire Divine Comedy

Dark Woods

Good Friday, 1300

April 8, 1300

Catholic churchs firstHolyYear

Jubilee period stressing spiritual

repentance and renewal.

Dante is 35 years old


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Dante

The poet who is also the

Christian sinner

Virgil

The poet who is also humanwisdom (the best a man can

become without divine grace)


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Poet feels alienated from the world

Poet feels fear (paura)

First 60 lines:

reflect the theme of mans estrangement

from God

Emphasize mans dependence on the

Divine Last 76 lines:

Emphasize the human power to discover

his true self


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3 beasts

3 types of sin that will cast a soulinto one of the three divisions ofHell

Leopard (lonza): lust (bodilypleasure)

Lion (leone): violence Wolf (lupa): cupidity (desire for

power/wealth)


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3-part Journey

I.105-119

Hell eternal place of despair Purgatory place where souls

are in a temporary, purifying fire

Paradise (Heaven) dwellingplace of the everlastingly

blessed


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The Inferno: Canto II

Dante invokes the Muses (II.7)

Allied with the arts as well as with religion.

Questions his worthiness to go on this quest.

Two others who had visited the other worldswhile in the flesh.

Aeneas & Paul

Dante believed the Catholic church and

the Roman Empire were divinely willedpartners in the worlds salvation.


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Inferno: Canto II

Three ladies

Virgin (Mary)

Mercy

Prevenient grace (first impulse in a sinner to repent)

Lucia Grace

Operant grace (allows sinner to desire good and doit)

Beatrice

Wisdom Perficient grace (causes the penitent sinner to

persist in the doing of good)


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Inferno: Canto III Hells Gate: Entrance to Hell Proper

ABANDON ALL HOPE YE WHO ENTER HERE. Two sets of people at the entrance

Morally neutral

Continuously running around a plain just inside thegate.

Lived without praise or blame (thus, never trulylived)

Fallen angels who were neither for good or evil, onlyfor themselves.

Hated by both God and His enemies

They would defile heaven

They dont fit into Hells scheme (would give thewicked some element of glory)

Souls just arrived who gather to wait to be ferriedacross a river to their proper placements in Hell.


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The Structure of Dantes Hell

Vestibule ofHell: The Uncommitted

Circle 1: Limbo

Circle 2: The Lustful

Circle 3: The Gluttons Circle 4: The Avaricious and the Prodigal

Circle 5: The Wrathful and the Sullen Circle 6:Heretics

Circle 7: The Violent Circle 8: The Fraudulent

Circle 9: The Treacherous


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indecisive,noindecisive,noreal beliefs,real beliefs,

those whodontthose whodontchoosesideschoosesides

they must chaseconstantly after a

blank banner. Flies

and wasps continually

bite them, and

writhing worms

consume the blood

and tears that flowfrom them.


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VESTIBULE

Outer Rim ofHell

GROUP I

Passionless people who

lived without place orblame

Neither for good or evil

Hateful to both God andhis enemies (wont fit

into either Heaven orHell)

GROUP II

Newly deceased who

lived without reverence

to God and who died

unrepentant.

Punishment (Group I)

Endless running

around a plain just

inside the gate

Tormented by hornets,wasps, worms

Significant people:

Fallen angels Celestine V

Pontus Pilate

Outer Circle


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LIMBO

Outskirts ofHell

Proper

Neutral, lifeless place

Souls of unbaptized

infants

Virtuous pagans or

honorable men wholived before Christ

Punishment:None Suspended (sospesi)

between the states ofcondemnation andsalvation.

Significant people: Virgil, the guide

Homer

Aristotle

Saladin Euclid

Circle 1


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Circle 2

Minos: Judge ofHell

Each sinner confesses to him

Uses his tail to indicate the position ofHell the sinner is to occupy

Warns Dante not to go any further


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The Carnal Sinners

LUSTFUL, SENSUAL

Punishment:

Exist in an eternal storm,blown about by the windsof a hurricane

Reflects sexual sin andpunishes it

Significant people:

Helen of Troy

Achilles

Cleopatra

Paris

Tristan Francesca and Paolo

Murdered lovers

Circle 2


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-Unbaptized and

virtuous pagans who

did not accept Christ.

-Limbo is a somewhat

pleasant place, with

fields and a castle.

-Denied God's presence

for eternity


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The Seven Deadly Sins(Saint Thomas Aquinas)

Lust

Gluttony

Avarice

Sloth

Anger

Envy

Pride


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7KUHH7\SHVRI6LQ7KUHH7\SHVRI6LQ(Dante Alighieri)

Incontinence (Level 1)(Level 1)

Lack of self control

Violence (Level 2)(Level 2) Conscious violation of Gods willwill

Fraudulent and Traitorous (Level 3)(Level 3)

Using reason and intellect as a weapon


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SECONDCIRCLE


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y- The Lustfulindulged

their passions beyond

reason.

y- trapped forever in a

violent storm, never to

touch anything again.

yMinos sits as judge


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The Divine Comedy

The Inferno

Hell

The Purgatorio

Purgatory

The Paradisio

Paradise


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The Carnal Sinners: The GLUTTONOUS

Sensual gratification Ate and drank

unrepentantly to

excess

Punishment: Plagued with filthy

rain, sleet, snow

Wallow in mud andfilth

Cerberus, 3-headeddog, guard andpunishment

Claws the sinners

Howls, making thesouls howl

Significant people: Ciacco

Circle 3


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The Carnal Sinners:

The AVARICIOUS

(HOARDERS)

The PRODIGAL

(SPENDERS)

Punishment:

Deadlocked in a battle of

opposites

Push heavy stones in

opposite direction why do you hold?

why do you spend?

Plutus (Greek god of

wealth) demon-guard

Significant people:

Circle 4


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The River STYX

WRATHFUL

SULLEN

Punishment: Wrathful

Float in Styx

Snarl and rendthemselves

Sullen Submerged in Styx

Plutus (Greek god ofwealth) demon-guard

Significant people: Filippo

Circle 5


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Dante and Virgil

Leave the circles of outer Hell

cross the Styx

Ferried by Phlegyas Reach gate of inner Hell

City of Dis

Fallen angels hover above gates

Within gates are punished sins VIOLENCE

FRAUD


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Dante and Virgil

Met by furies

Messenger of grace opens gates for

them

Enter gates of lower Hell


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HERETICS

Deniers of immortality

Punishment:

Flaming tombs

Significant people:

Cavalcanti Father of Dantes friend

Epicurus

Emperor Frederick II

The Cardinal

Farinata degli Uberti Ghibilline leader

Circle 6


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Dante and Virgil pause Virgil explains the classification of the upcoming sins

3 remaining circles to visit

7th (Violence)

Injury to ones neighbor or property murder

Injury to ones self or property

suicide

Injury done to Gods sovereignty

blasphemy

Injury to Gods child, nature

homosexual behavior

Injury to Gods grandchild, human industry

usury


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VIOLENT

Those who harmed

others (MURDER)

Punishment: Submerged in boiling

river of blood

Centaurs shoot arrows

at any who come upfor relief

Chiron is leader

Significant people:

Alexander the Great Attila the Hun

Ezzelino

Circle 7 (outer round)


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VIOLENT

Those who harmed

self (SUICIDE)

Self-destructive

Punishment: Gloomy wood

Damned are trees

Harpies nest in trees

Those self-destructive:

Chased by devil dogsand torn to pieces

Significant people: Pier della Vigne

Circle 7 (middle round)


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VIOLENT

Those who were guilty

of BLASPHEMY

Punishment:

Scorching desert

Flakes of flame falling

Lie down

Significant people:

Capaneus



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Description of Giant

Old Man of Crete

Head: gold Split by fissure

Endless tears flow down to frozen lake ofHell Breast & Arms: silver

Torso: brass

Waist down: iron

Right foot: terra cotta Rests most weight upon


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VIOLENT

Those who were guilty

of SODOMY

Punishment:

Scorching desert


Continuously running

Significant people:

Brunetto Latini



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VIOLENT Those who were guilty

of USURERY

Lending money atany price

Punishment: Scorching desert


Sit, bent over

Eyes fixed on moneypouches around theirnecks

Significant people: Jacopo Rusticucci

Guido Guerra

Teggahiaio Aldobrandi



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Geryon lowers Dante and Virgil to the

next circle


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FRAUD

PANDERERS

Sell people for sexual

favors

pimps

SEDUCERS

Gain sexual favors for

self

Punishment:

Whipped by horned

demons

Significant people:

Venedico

Jason

Circle 8 (Malebolge): Pouch 1


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FRAUD

FLATTERERS

Punishment:

Immersed in

excrement

Significant people:

Thais



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FRAUD

SIMONIACS

Those who corrupt

the things of God

Punishment:

Immersed headfirst in

holes

Feet are burning

Significant people:

Pope Nicholas III

Other popes



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FRAUD

SOOTHSAYERS

MAGICIANS

AUGERS

Those who tried to

make the mind of

God subject to their

will.

Punishment:

Heads on backwards

Significant people:

Manto



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FRAUD

GRAFTERS

Political corruption

Punishment:

Boiling pitch

Deceiving demons

(Malebranche) poke

anyone who tries torise with pitchforks

Significant people:

Senator of Lucca

Ciampolo of Navarre



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FRAUD

HYPOCRITES

Punishment:

Leaden cloaks

Walk around narrow

track

Significant people:

Caiaphas

Annas monks



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FRAUD

THIEVES

Punishment:

Fiery serpents

Wrapped around souls

Hands bound behindthem

Bite souls who then burstinto flames

Significant people:

Vanni Fucci

Agnello

Buoso

Puccio

Francesco de Cavalcanti



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FRAUD

EVIL ADVISERS

Steal counsel of God

for low purposes

Punishment:

Enflamed souls

Significant people:

Ulysses

Diomedes

Guido da Montefeltro



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FRAUD DIVIDERS

Tear apart what Godhas meant to beunited

SOWERSOFDISCORD

Religious discord

Political discord

Family Discord

Punishment: Mutilated

Wounds are healedafter making the fullcircult

Wounds reopened bydevil with sword

Significant people: Muhammad

Mosca

Bertran de Born



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FRAUD

FALSIFIERS

ALCHEMISTS

IMPERSONATORS

COUNTERFEITERS LIARS

Punishment:

Madness

Ills of mind and body

Significant people:

Gainni Schicchi

Capocchio

Master Adam Potiphers wife

Sinon

Circle 8 (Malebolge): Pouch

10


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Giant, Antaeus, lowers Dante and

Virgil into the pit

Cocytus

frozen


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TRAITORS

To KIN

Punishment:

Encased in ice up to

neck

Heads bent down

Significant people:

Camicion de Pazzi

Two brothers

Circle 9: Caina


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TRAITORS

To CITY

Punishment: Encased in ice up to

neck

Heads turned upward

Significant people: Bocca

Sassol

Ugolino

Archbishop Ruggieri

Circle 9: Antenora


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TRAITORS

To GUESTS

Punishment:

Frozen in ice

On backs, heads up

Tears freeze in eye

sockets

Significant people:

Friar Alberigo Branca DOria

Circle 9: Tolomea


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TRAITORS To BENEFACTORS

Punishment: Completely sealed under

ice

Satan fixed in the middle,waist deep in ice,continuously chews upthree with his mouths

Significant people: Judas

Brutus

Cassius

Circle 9: Judecca

DANTE’S INFERNO2

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