Dan Undersander-Agronomy © 2006 2006 Agronomy Update Dan Undersander Extension and Research Forage...
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Transcript of Dan Undersander-Agronomy © 2006 2006 Agronomy Update Dan Undersander Extension and Research Forage...
Dan Undersander-Agronomy © 2006
2006 Agronomy Update
Dan Undersander
Extension and
Research Forage Agronomist
Dan Undersander-Agronomy © 2006
2005 Alfalfa Yields at Arlington
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Yie
ld (
t/a)
1 2 3 4
Cutting
2005 Yield
Historic Yield•First cutting above average
•Second and third cuttings were average
•No August harvest due to drought
Dan Undersander-Agronomy © 2006
2005 Alfalfa Yields at Marshfield
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Yie
ld (
t/a)
1 2 3 4
Cutting
2005 Yield
Historic Yield•First cutting above average
• Other cuttings were average
Dan Undersander-Agronomy © 2006
2005 Alfalfa Yields at Lancaster
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Yie
ld (
t/a)
1 2 3 4
Cutting
2005 Yield
Historic Yield•First cutting above average
• Other cuttings were average to slightly above
Dan Undersander-Agronomy © 2006
2005 Alfalfa Yields at Fond Du Lac
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Yie
ld (
t/a)
1 2 3
Cutting
2005 Yield
Historic Yield• First harvest 30% below average
•Second and Third harvests were 40% below average
Dan Undersander-Agronomy © 2006
Roundup Ready Alfalfa
In 1997 Forage Genetics International and Monsanto began working to develop Roundup Ready® alfalfa.
Roundup Ready® alfalfa was developed by incorporating the CP4 gene into alfalfa. This is the same gene used to develop all other Roundup Ready® crops.
Dan Undersander-Agronomy © 2006
Product Development
Trait integrated into elite germplasm FD3 to FD10 dormancy types
First generation Roundup Ready® alfalfa varieties: Forage yield > commercial checks Competitive forage quality, multiple pest
resistance and persistence RR trait purity > 90%
Dan Undersander-Agronomy © 2006
2000 UW Herbicide Study
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
Rou
nd
up
2x
Con
ven
tion
al
Pu
rsu
it
2002
1st
cu
t yi
eld
DM
T/A
Broadleaf
Grass
Alfalfa
RoundupConventional Pursuit
Herbicide treatments applied in establishment year (2000)
May 2002
Dan Undersander-Agronomy © 2006
Product concept testing to evaluate efficacy relative to other herbicides.
Plot area infected with weed seed.
RR alfalfa seed used to establish plots
Various herbicide treatments applied
Only Roundup® gave effective weed control
Roundup UltraMaxPursuit + Select
Pursuit + Select Roundup UltraMax
Five days before first harvest
Seven days after first harvest
2001 WI test
Dan Undersander-Agronomy © 2006
Weed control in established stands
Excellent crop safety with respect to forage yield and quality. Roundup® applications in spring and/or fall result in excellent season-long control of weeds.
Fall Roundup
applicationControl
Dan Undersander-Agronomy © 2006
Performance of Roundup Ready Alfalfa VarietiesArlington, WI Rosemount, MN
2004 2005 2005
Entry tons/acre^ tons/acre^ tons/acre
WL 2.60 7.20 5.28
CropPlan Genetics 2.55 7.14 5.29
DK FD4 2.47 6.92 5.31
Garst 2.35 7.04 5.44
RR03BD-218 2.30 6.98 5.08
RR03BD-209 2.32 6.76 5.07
RR03BD-257 2.47 6.35 5.2
RR03BD-250 2.29 6.61 4.95
REBOUND 5.0 2.30 6.53 5.32
54V46 2.16 6.18 5.4
Mean 2.38 6.77 5.23
LSD(5%) 0.15 0.72 n.s
Dan Undersander-Agronomy © 2006
Performance of Roundup Ready Alfalfa Varieties
Rosemount, MNEntry RFQWL 199CropPlan Genetics 183DK FD4 188Garst 181RR03BD-218 201RR03BD-209 190RR03BD-257 177RR03BD-250 180REBOUND 5.0 18154V46 177
Mean 186LSD(5%) 16
Dan Undersander-Agronomy © 2006
The Future…
Research is ongoing with biotech traits that enhance forage quality. Reduced lignin alfalfa
Increased fiber digestibility Decreased manure solids
Tannin alfalfa Increased efficiency of alfalfa protein utilization Decreased protein supplementation Decreased N losses from dairy cows Elimination of bloat risk when grazed
Dan Undersander-Agronomy © 2006
Use considerations
The seed is guaranteed to have greater than 90% roundup ready seed.
It is anticipated that the first spraying in the seedling stage will take out the non roundup ready seedlings and their loss will not be noticed as stands thin naturally in the seeding year.
This could be an issue if the alfalfa is not sprayed in the seedling stage.
Roundup controls a broader array of both grassy and, especially, broadleaf weeds than currently available herbicides.
Concern about development of Roundup resistant weeds if all three crops in rotation are Roundup resistant.
Problem may be minimized by frequent cutting of alfalfa
Roundup does not cause damage to the seedling alfalfa as observed with most other herbicides.
Dan Undersander-Agronomy © 2006
Use considerations
Harvest restrictions for herbicides registered for use in forages
Buctril 30 days
Butyrac 200 60 days for new seedings30 days for established stands
Glyphosate
(Weathermax and Ultramax II)
14 days 36 hours for fields being rotated to another crop5 trifoliate leaves to 5 days before harvest for Roundup
Ready alfalfa
Poast Plus 7 days for undried forage14 days for dried hay
Pursuit 30 days
Raptor 20 days
The harvest restriction is much shorter for Roundup applied to alfalfa in the seedling stage than for most other herbicides.
Dan Undersander-Agronomy © 2006
Use considerations
The contracts will vary slightly among companies in terms of record keeping. Cropplan Genetics is requiring a GPS reading in each corner of each
field. Others requiring no GPS reading in Wisconsin (one GPS reading per
field is required for those states in the West where seed is produced). The one time technology fee per 50-lb bag of Roundup Ready
alfalfa seed East of the Rocky Mountains is $125 a bag. West of the Rockies, it is $150 a bag. If a grower plants 12 lb/acre in Wisconsin, the technology fee is
approximately $30/A. Add to this the cost of the seed itself to get the total seed cost.
Dan Undersander-Agronomy © 2006
Seeding grass-alfalfa mixtures
Why? Less use of oats as cover crop
Less need for bedding Value of grain less than hay Damage to alfalfa
Short rotations of alfalfa Need high yield in seeding year
Faster drying Multiple species less susceptible to stand damage
Dan Undersander-Agronomy © 2006
Changes in Alfalfa Establishment Practices
Prior to 1990, greater than 90% of alfalfa seed with oat cover crop
Now less than 40% of alfalfa is seeded with oat cover crop
Planted Oat Acreage in Wisconsin
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Acrea
ge (th
ousa
nds)
Dan Undersander-Agronomy © 2006
Acreage of oats harvested for oatlage
050
100150200250300350400450500A
cres
(tho
usan
ds)
1929 1936 1943 1950 1957 1964 1971 1978 1985 1992 1999 2006
Dan Undersander-Agronomy © 2006
First production year yield of alfalfa-grass mixtures, Spooner
0
1
2
3
4
5to
tal S
easo
n Y
ield
(%
D
M)
Alf
alfa
A+e
arly
OG
A+l
ate
OG
A+P
er R
yeg
A+T
imot
hy
Ave
rage
earlymediumlate
Dan Undersander-Agronomy © 2006
First production year yield of alfalfa-grass mixtures, Marshfield
0
1
2
3
4
5T
otal
Sea
son
Yie
ld (
% D
M)
Alf
alfa
A+e
arly
OG
A+l
ate
OG
A+P
er R
yeg
A+T
imot
hy
Ave
rage
earlymediumlate
Dan Undersander-Agronomy © 2006
Dan Undersander-Agronomy © 2006
Quality changes in Alfalfa-Grass mixtures with Maturity - Spooner NDF
020
4060
ND
F (
% o
f D
M)
Ear
ly+
1 w
k+
2 w
ksE
arly
+ 1
wk
+ 2
wks
Ear
ly+
1 w
k+
2 w
ks
AlfalfaAlf/OG earlyAlf/OG lateAlf/Per RyeAlf/Timothy
First cutting Second cutting Third cutting
Dan Undersander-Agronomy © 2006
Quality changes in Alfalfa-Grass mixtures with Maturity - Spooner RFQ
0
50
100
150
200
250R
elat
ive
For
age
Qua
lity
Ear
ly+
1 w
k+
2 w
ksE
arly
+ 1
wk
+ 2
wks
Ear
ly+
1 w
k+
2 w
ks
AlfalfaAlf/OG earlyAlf/OG lateAlf/Per RyeAlf/Timothy
First cutting Second cutting Third cutting
Dan Undersander-Agronomy © 2006
Quality changes in Alfalfa-Grass mixtures with Maturity - Marshfield NDF
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70N
DF
(%
of
DM
)
Ear
ly+
1 w
k+
2 w
ksE
arly
+ 1
wk
+ 2
wks
Ear
ly+
1 w
k+
2 w
ks
AlfalfaAlf/OG earlyAlf/OG lateAlf/Per RyeAlf/Timothy
Third cuttingSecond cuttingFirst cutting
Dan Undersander-Agronomy © 2006
Quality changes in Alfalfa-Grass mixtures with Maturity - Marshfield RFQ
0
50
100
150
200
250R
elat
ive
For
age
Qua
lity
Ear
ly+
1 w
k+
2 w
ksE
arly
+ 1
wk
+ 2
wks
Ear
ly+
1 w
k+
2 w
ks
AlfalfaAlf/OG earlyAlf/OG lateAlf/Per RyeAlf/Timothy
First cutting Second cutting Third cutting
Dan Undersander-Agronomy © 2006
Quality changes if Alfalfa Grass mixtures with Maturity
Including grasses with alfalfa increases NDF Grasses have higher digestible fiber than alfalfa Grass-legume mixtures have higher digestible fiber Some grass-legume mixtures have similar RFQ to
pure alfalfa
Dan Undersander-Agronomy © 2006
Maximizing Alfalfa Yield in Seeding Year
Seed early Select variety carefully Consider mixing with Italian ryegrass
Dan Undersander-Agronomy © 2006
Yield range of seeding year alfalfaArlington and Marshfield, WI
Arlington
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
tons
/acr
e
Marshfield
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 205to
ns/a
cre
Dan Undersander-Agronomy © 2006
Yield range of seeding year alfalfa
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
1998 2004 1999 2002 2005 1997 2000 2003
ton
s/a
cre
Chippewa Fond du Lac Lancaster
Dan Undersander-Agronomy © 2006
Dan Undersander-Agronomy © 2006
Dan Undersander-Agronomy © 2006
Choose high seeding year yielding variety of alfalfa Seed at 15lb/a. Two Italian ryegrass types over-seeded at the
following rates: 0 (pure alfalfa plot), 2 lb/a 4 lb/a 8 lb/a 16 lb/acre.
Effect of Italian Ryegrass Seeding Rate on Forage Yield
Dan Undersander-Agronomy © 2006
Effect of Italian Ryegrass Seeding Rate on Forage Yield
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Arlington Marshfield Spooner
Yie
ld (
t/a
DM
)
Alfalfa + 2 lbs Ryegrass
Alfalfa + 4 lbs Ryegrass
Alfalfa + 8 lbs Ryegrass
Alfalfa + 16 lbs Ryegrass
Alfalfa
Ryegrass seeded at 2, 4, 8, and 16 lbs.
Note that rates above 4 lbs/a reduced alfalfa stand
Dan Undersander-Agronomy © 2006
Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizer on Forage Yield
Treatments pure alfalfa at 15lb/a one variety of the Italian ryegrass seeded with alfalfa
at 15 lb/a oats at 2 bu/a with alfalfa at 15 lb/a
Apply nitrogen according to following treatments: 0 lb/a 30 lb/a at seeding 30 lb/a at seeding + 30lb/a after first cutting.
Dan Undersander-Agronomy © 2006
Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizer on Forage Yield
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
alfalfa Alfalfa + Italian Ryegrass Alfalfa + Oats
Yie
ld (
t/a
DM
)
+ 0 N
+ 30 lb N
+ 30 & 30 lb N
Arl
Arl Arl
Mar
Mar
Mar
Spo
Spo
Spo
Dan Undersander-Agronomy © 2006
Maximizing Alfalfa Yield in Seeding Year
Seed early Select variety carefully Consider mixing with Italian ryegrass Cut at 60 days after seeding Following cuttings at appropriate stage Take late fall cutting if planted variety with winter
survival of 2 or less.