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Analysis of background information Causes of conflict Why terrorism? Impact on the world Role of UN Role of governments Lessons for Singapore Terrorism as a challenge to Global Security Measures to deal with Transnational

Terrorism Impact on world and national security

A series of coordinated suicide attacks on London's public transport system during the morning rush hour. 

Total of 4 bombs exploded. 3 on underground train. 1 on double-decker bus.

7th July 2005 08 50 : 3 bombs exploded on 3 London

underground trains. Three bombs exploded only within 50

seconds away from each other! 09 47 : 1 exploded on a

double-deck bus at Tavistock Square.

All 4 explosions occur around King’s Cross area

The first bomb exploded on an eastbound Circle Line sub-surface Underground train, number 204, travelling between Liverpool Street and Aldgate.

The second bomb exploded on the second carriage of a westbound Circle Line sub-surface Underground train, number 216, which had just left platform 4 at Edgware Road and was heading for Paddington.

The third bomb exploded on a southbound Piccadilly line deep-level Underground train, number 311, travelling between King's Cross St. Pancras and Russell Square. 

The fourth explosion occurred in Tavistock Square on the No. 30, a Dennis Trident 2 double-decker bus, fleet number 17758, registration LX03BUF, travelling its route from Marble Arch to Hackney Wick.

Hasib Hussain,  Mohammad Sidique Khan,  Germaine Lindsay,  Shehzad Tanweer 4 British Muslim man 3 Pakistani, 1 Jamaican descent Age 18, 30, 19 and 22. (respectively) Average = 22 years old!

Home-made organic peroxide-based device packed into rucksacks and detonated by the bombers themselves.

Suicide-bombing, all 4 terrorist died in the explosions.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/uk/05/london_blasts/what_happened/html/

52 people were killed. Around 770 were injured.

To sabotage the G8 meeting, which was in danger of actually producing some progress toward debt relief in Africa and dealing with global warming.

To further promote the myths of "Arab/Muslim terrorists" and the "War on Terror".

To distract attention from Blair's lies leading to British participation in the war on Iraq.

To terrorize the British people into not opposing the British government's rush toward a police state, including the introduction of identity cards (the better to control the population).

Mohammad Sidique Khan’s speech “I and thousands like me are forsaking

everything for what we believe. Our drive and motivation doesn't come from tangible commodities that this world has to offer.”

Our religion is Islam, obedience to the one true God and following the footsteps of the final prophet messenger… I am directly responsible for protecting and avenging my Muslim brothers and sisters. Until we feel security you will be our targets and until you stop the bombing, gassing, imprisonment and torture of my people we will not stop this fight. We are at war and I am a soldier. Now you too will taste the reality of this situation.

the bombs were constructed using materials which were readily available and which required "little expertise" to turn into the explosive devices.

The group, consisting of outwardly unremarkable young men, was motivated by "fierce antagonism to perceived injustices by the West against Muslims" and a desire for martyrdom.

But the report, released on 11 May 2006, said many details about how the four bombers were radicalized, how the attacks were carried out and whether others were involved were still to be discovered.

The extent of al-Qaeda involvement in the attacks, which killed 52 people, also remained unclear.

Police were checking more than 12,500 statements, 26,000 items - including 5,000 which were being forensically examined - and 6,000 hours of CCTV.

The "real difficulty" in identifying potential terrorists was that there had been little outward sign of the potential for violent extremism among the men, the report said.

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Suicide bombing, one of the most effective way to instill fear among ordinary citizens and government.

Create chaos in the society and disrupt daily normal life.

Maximize fear and publicity.

Hostility and distrust against Islams around the world.

Inflicts fear on neighboring countries and subsequently the rest of the world.

Threatens national and international security making people more resilient.

To consistently, unequivocally and strongly condemn terrorism in all its forms and manifestations, committed by whomever, wherever and for whatever purposes, as it constitutes one of the most serious threats to international peace and security.

The Strategy forms a basis for a concrete plan of action: to address the conditions conducive to the

spread of terrorism; to prevent and combat terrorism; to take measures to build state capacity to

fight terrorism; to strengthen the role of the United Nations in

combating terrorism; and to ensure the respect of human rights

while countering terrorism.

To address the conditions conducive to the spread of terrorism: Appeal to governments to improve interracial,

interreligious and international relationships. Address prolonged unresolved conflicts,

dehumanization of victims of terrorism in all its forms and manifestations, lack of rule of law and violations of human rights, ethnic, national and religious discrimination, political exclusion, socio-economic marginalization, and lack of good governance, while recognizing that none of these conditions can excuse or justify acts of terrorism.

To prevent and combat terrorism: Deny terrorists access to the means to carry

out their attacks, to their targets and to the desired impact of their attacks.

Make clear the condemnation that terrorists will receive in all nations.

To take measures to build state capacity to fight terrorism and to strengthen the role of the United Nations in combating terrorism : Enhance coordination and coherence within

the United Nations system in promoting international cooperation in countering terrorism.

Recognize that capacity-building in all States is a core element of the global counter-terrorism effort.

To ensure the respect of human rights while countering terrorism: Reaffirm that the promotion and protection of

human rights for all and the rule of law is essential to all components of the Strategy.

Recognizing that effective counter-terrorism measures and the protection of human rights are not conflicting goals, but complementary and mutually reinforcing , and stressing the need to promote and protect the rights of victims of terrorism.

Economic sanctions and trade restrictions placed against nations and other entities harboring or supporting transnational terrorist organizations.

“At times, governmental responses and retaliatory actions have even included overt or covert military action against such nations or transnational terrorist groups.”

Source: 'A history of 20th century warfare' by R.L. Gould and A.C. Westin

Confront Islamic leaders for discussion to find a compromise and rectify the problem of terrorism used by Islamic members.

Improve policies and measures to strengthen security within their countries.

Tighten immigration procedures to ensure that immigrants are not possible terrorists.

Need to create a safer environment for the citizens by improving the security standard.

Increase in security of school. Each school employs a guard and have introduced stringent rules especially towards public visitors to the school.

Increase in security especially in places like the Immigration authorities, and the CBD region where the crowd density is high.

We can learn from the adaptation of the UK government:

Legislative adaptation – They were still able to stay calm and announce a fast tracked anti-terror bill. à Dealing will the security of transport infrastructure by reforming the police and immigration.

Technology adaptation – Working on the ‘millimetre wave’ scanner to detect any concealed weapons.(testing out at Paddington station)

Also working on an “intellegent CCTV” which matches faces of suspect with passengers(testing out at Liverpool Street Station)

National security to maintain survival of nation-state which would cover 3 areas, political, social and economic.

Basically, the london bombing strikes terror into many citizens, which would affect their morale towards the situation.

It would affect the country’s tourism, due to the fear to travel to the country. It also highly affects the transport infrastructure of London.

Home Secretary announced a fast-tracked anti-terror bill. This legislation criminalizes most act directly and indirectly connected to terrorism. (July, 2005)

The bill is constantly being reviewed and a new Counter-terrorism Bill 2008 is formed.

The laws of the bills have became harsher and more precise.

for e.g. 1. the clarification of the power to "stop and search", to

check for any suspicious objects or potential weapons 2.also increment of pre-charge detention from 28 days to

42 days to ensure precision of investigation

Underground revealed in November its plans to increase the number of CCTV cameras, currently at 6,000, to double the present number by 2010.

trials of random airport-format security checks, and subways will carry out check on random passengers through body scanners and passing their bags through x rays

Increasing policing has also formed an intuitive part of the response to the current bombing campaign: manpower in the police forces stood at 139,728, a record level in Britain and an increase of 12,5000 from 1997 .

Increased £90 million, to fund upgrades in Birmingham and Manchester as well as increased surveillance and gathering of intelligence.

Example: Singapore Security measures were enforced

immediately on the public transport system.

Armed police officers from the Special Operations Command began patrols in MRT stations, plans for CCTVs to be installed in all trains and buses were mooted

The public was also updated on the progress of the planned MRT Security Unit of the Singapore Police Force.

Example: US United States Department of Homeland

Security raised the threat level for mass transit systems only (not nationwide, as incorrectly assumed by some) from yellow (elevated) to orange (high).

Armed police and explosive-detecting dogs were also deployed in New York on the subway system, and at major rail stations.

http://www.transnationalterrorism.eu/tekst/publications/WP4%20Del%208.pdf

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coordinated_lon.html http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/london_bombing/

timeline050707.html http://mypetjawa.mu.nu/archives/198083.php http://www.un.org/terrorism/strategy-counter-

terrorism.shtml www.philau.edu/schools/gs/news/documents/Lietz.pdf http://www.negotiation.biz/terrorism.htm http://www.serendipity.li/london/bombings.htm