D2.2 Bosnia and Herzegovina Review-Revised version - IECEU · D 2.2 Bosni ACRONY AFBiH ARBiH CFSP...

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Contents

GENERAL

ACRONYM

ABOUT TH

1 INTRO

1.1 R

1.2 B

1.3 S

2 CONT

2.1 H

2.2 S

2.3 P

2.3.1

2.3.2

2.3.3

2.3.4

2.3.5

2.4 C

2.4.1

2.4.2

2.4.3

2.4.4

2.4.5

2.4.6

2.4.7

ia and Herze

This project haThe content of contains.

L INFORMA

MS .............

HE AUTHO

ODUCTION

Remarks on

osnia and H

tructure of t

TEXTUALIS

Historical ove

Socialist Yu

Parties and d

Backgro

Parties

Internat

Mediatio

End of t

Consequenc

Dayton

Territor

Casualt

Internal

Minoriti

War crim

Bosnian

egovina Revi

s received funding frthis document reflec

ATION ABO

.................

RS ............

.................

the method

Herzegovina

the delivera

ING THE C

erview .......

goslavia ....

dynamics o

ound ........

of the war

tional resp

on efforts

the war .....

ces of the w

Agreemen

rial change

ties ...........

lly displace

ies ............

mes ..........

n general e

ew

rom the European Uncts the authors’ view a

UT THE CO

..................

..................

..................

dology ........

a in the IEC

able ............

CONFLICT I

..................

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f the conflic

..................

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onse to the

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war ..............

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ed persons

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elections ...

PU

nion’s Horizon 2020 and the European C

OUNTRY ...

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CEU Project

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IN BOSNIA

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e conflict ..

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research and innovaommission is not res

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IECEUoject: 653371: 01/05/2015n: 33 months

v

No 653371 of the information it

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5 s

v

D 2.2 Bosni

2.5 G

2.5.1

2.5.2

2.5.3

2.5.4

2.6 R

2.6.1

2.6.2

2.6.3

2.6.4

2.6.5

2.7 C

3 THE C

3.1 G

3.2 S

3.3 E

3.4 M

3.5 S

3.5.1

3.5.2

3.6 P

3.6.1

3.6.2

3.7 Le

3.7.1

3.7.2

ia and Herze


Goals, intere

Serbs ...

Bosniak

Croats ..

Conclus

Role of intern

Office of

United N

Europea

North A

Organiz

Conclusion ..

CSDP OPER

General app

tate of the c

stablishme

Mandate of E

ecurity Sec

Althea a

Focus o

Perception o

General

Main ben

essons iden

Lessons

Lessons

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ests, contras

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ks ...............

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sion ............

national act

f the High R

Nations ....

an Union ..

Atlantic Tre

zation for S

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RATION AN

roach of the

conflict at th

nt of EUFO

EUFOR Alth

ctor Reform

and involve

on Defence

of the local p

public .....

neficiaries

ntified, best

s Learned p

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Security an

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ND THE CO

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tential for re

tive in Bosn

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nd Coopera

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ONFLICT ....

Bosnia and

he establish

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of EU .........

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on EUFOR

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egulation ...

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3.7.3

4 CONC

BIBLIOGR

INTERVIEW

FIGURES

Figure 1. P

TABLES

Table 1. Po

ANNEXES

ANNEX 1:

ANNEX 2:

ANNEX 3:

ANNEX 4:

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”Best p

CLUSIONS .

RAPHY .......

WS ............

Political divis

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S

EU Military

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vii


.... 74

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D 2.2 Bosni

GENERA

Official nam

Date of for

Capital: Sa

Population

Population

Total area:

Geography

Neighbour

Languages

Religion: M

Ethnic mix

Governme

Economy: heavily on aid. A highexcessive spending redundant unemploym

Export eacommoditie

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1 “Bosnia and Hfactbook/geos/

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AL INFORM

me: Bosnia

rmation: 1 M

arajevo

n: 3,867,055

n density: 74

: 51,197 sq

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Muslim 40%

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ent: Federal

Bosnia hathe export

hly decentrabureaucra

- including governme

ment (43.9%

arnings: $3es: metals,

convertible

Herzegovina,” C/bk.html.

egovina Revi


MATION A

and Herzeg

March 1992

5 (July 2015

4.6 people/s

km

st Europe; G

Montenegro

(official), Cr

%, Orthodox

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ABOUT TH

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ABOUT T

THE AUTH

Ms Johanhas workeCentre Findevelopmeresearcher

THE AUTH

Ms Elisa Forces IntEuropean in Political training sinOperations

Mr Kari Saof complexsupport aparticipateas a Senioalso an inoperationa

Dr BostjaLjubljana, wpolitical ec

He obtaineLjubljana) Ljubljana). Ljubljana. InternationSouth-Easprominent

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THE AUTH

HOR AND E

na Suhoneed as a resnland. Prior ent in Euror at the Finn

HORS

Norvanto ternational Union SecuScience a

nce 2011. s.

ainio, Lieutx military cnd crisis d in severa

or instructornstructor in al planning p

n Udovič where he te

conomy and

ed a BA inand a PhD He has alHis areas

nal Businessstern Europ

young univ

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HORS

EDITOR

en holds a Mearcher forto this, she

ope and Lanish Defenc

is working Centre, resurity and Dend EconomShe is cur

tenant Colocrisis manamanagemel crisis manr at FINCENSWEDINT

process.

is assistanteaches cou

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n internatioD in internaso been a s of expers, Innovatio

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M.Sc in Polr the Finnise served in atin Americace Forces In

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mics and shrrently doin

onel G.S. (reagement. Hent gained nagement (PNT. As a pa. His speci

t professor urses related.

nal relationational ecoresearcherrtise are D

ons, Internaeived an awessor at the

PU


itical Sciencsh Defence

KFOR, Koa. She is anternational

ect Specialior the resecy and traine has been

ng her Doc

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University Agency anworked withyed as an

searcher indevelopmense evaluatiowithin internertation on

rsatile expeexperience as assignm

ercises abroCooperatiomilitary ad

cial Scienceions, EU int

of Social Sculty of Ecornational R

c Security, my and Ecosis in 2010

a in 2013.

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of Turku, Fnd Crisis Mh NGOs in

expert an

n the Finnisnt activities

ons. Her bacnational edu

Leadership

erience and in the field

ments. Heoad.Currenton (NORDEdvisory/men

es of the Utegration, in

ciences, Uonomics, URelations, U

Geoecononomics of C0 and an a


xii


inland. Sheanagementthe field ofd part-time

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Disclaimer: opinions or vthat may be m

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UTORS ON

S) Jari Saloternational and multildviser in the Centre.

onen has a pacity building quality a

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n the field oro, delivere

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N THE DAT

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A COLLEC

Deputy ComHis main rperation. Prand as a

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CTION

mmandant aresponsibilirior to joiniHead of D

PSO traininfrica, the Bathe PSO tra

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and Head oties are ining FINCEN

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ng and evaalkans and aining frame

nal Relationean Perspebia, Bosnia

ance by theand researcs on CSDP

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of Training in training NT, he hasin the Fin

luations andAsia. Curre

ework.

ns studies ective sincea and Herz

Republic och activitiesmissions a

n Internatioas develope

will be her furopean Pepractice.

hors and do noAgency is not

CSA proStart date

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n the Finnisdevelopme

s worked annish Defen

d he has beently, he is

at the Une 2008, im

zegovina, Kof Slovenia s in the fie

and Kosovo.

onal Relatioed a speciafocus in heerspective,

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xiii


sh Defenseent, qualityas a Seniornse Forces

een leadinginvolved in

niversity ofmplementingKosovo and

or in othereld of crisis.

ons and isal interest iner master’swhere she

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D 2.2 Bosni

1 INT

As historia

cultural his

Ottomans

overlapped

diversity by

November

In 1946 t

constituent

(SFRY). A

diverse co

Macedonia

Vojvodina

Islam bein

nationalism

of severe

gained gro

fuel fear, d

leave Yugo

Slovenia’s

not to be.

Yugoslav F

In March

boycotted

control to b

the Yugos

country. T

Croatia. T

2 See e.g. Noe

ia and Herze


TRODUCT

ans have p

story unlike

and the Au

d and comb

y themselve

r 1995.

he People

t republics o

At the begin

ountries in

a, Montene

formed a m

ng the ma

m in Eastern

political an

ound. Politic

distrust and

oslavia were

withdrawal

But it was

Federation.

1992, more

by Bosnian

be a Serb r

lav People’

The Bosnian

he conflict

el Malcolm, Bosn

egovina Revi


TION

ointed out,

that of any

ustro-Hunga

bined there.

es do not ex

’s Republic

of the Fede

nning of the

the Balka

egro, Serb

mix of ethnic

ain religions

n Europe d

d economic

cal leaders

hatred amo

e Slovenia

l was comp

in BiH whe

e than 60

n Serbs. A m

republic in B

s Army and

n Croats s

escalated

nia: A Short His

ew


Bosnia an

other coun

arians, and

.2 However,

xplain the o

c (from 19

eral People’

e 1990s, th

ans, compr

ia, Sloveni

c groups an

s. Coincidin

uring the la

c crisis. Ce

used nation

ong differen

and Croatia

aratively sh

ere the con

per cent o

month later,

BiH. Throug

d Serbia, th

soon follow

into a viole

story (London: M

PU


nd Herzego

ntry in Europ

the religio

, unlike wha

origins of the

963, Social

s (from 196

e SFRY wa

ising six r

ia and the

nd religions,

ng with th

ate 1980s a

entral gover

nalist rhetor

nt ethnic gro

a, both decl

hort with mo

nflict was to

of Bosnians

, the Serbs

gh overwhe

hey quickly

wed, declari

ent three-si

Macmillan, 1996


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ctions, whi

tro-Hungari

ot about th

tion of BiH w

Hapsburgs

tion to com

ife of its c

misation of

vernors, in

er, the cha

ga, 1987), 337.and Company, 1eljevanje in druš, 2014), 39. 983), 96. eljevanje in druš, 2014), 44–45.


7


and merged

there some

man feudal

nt. This had

ambitious

ent Serbia.

ment within

pected that

ntervention

minister” the

he Bosnian

d sought to

on the brink

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SHS), also

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decision-m

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, Figure 4 and F

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e-Islamised

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Figure 5, Annex


8


d and some

osition. The

) were also

n 1914 the

into WW I.

, which had

d out of its

mainly non-

post-WW I

solved into

ch merged

nes, Croats

d BiH) was

m of Serbia

rbs, Croats

th Slavs) in

bs (State of

SHS) or the

pril 1941.

a single unit

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ded into the

ecame part

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nitially also

again; BiH

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I.

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2.2 S

The period

that began

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military pe

seemed to

death of Ti

The Period

In Yugosla

the Soviet

system as

power. The

fair. 11 The

majority of

Federal Pe

declared.

constitution

provinces,

The consti

Socialist F

Although th

the 1965 b

Ranković,

The proce

reached its

Yugoslavia

11 Božo Repe, 12 For the text o2011), 214.

ia and Herze


Socialist Y

d between W

n in 1992. D

evelopment

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o provide a

ito in 1980 w

d of 1945–

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t grip. In th

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e Commun

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and that th

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he country w

break betwe

and his rep

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s peak in 1

a is a feder

Naša doba (Ljuof the constituti

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Yugoslavi

World War I

Due to its st

of the mil

its territory

unifying and

was a turnin

1990

r ended on

he summer

the Wester

of the Cons

ist-dominat

and 14 day

public of Y

Constitutio

ortant, since

e countries

amended t

public of Yu

was official

een Tito and

placement w

emented by

974 with th

ral state of

ubljana: Državnaon, see Služben

ew


a

I and the de

rategic loca

itary defenc

y. The Yugo

d stable fra

ng point tha

n 9 May 194

r and fall o

rn Allies. In

stitutional A

ted Popula

ys later king

ugoslavia (

on was a c

e it mention

s had an ina

twice, in 19

ugoslavia (S

ly a federat

d his close

with the Slov

y the const

he new Con

f nations th

a založba, 1995ni list FNRJ, br.

PU


eath of Tito

ation within

ce industry

oslavian co

amework for

at started a

45. From th

of 1945, Yu

practice, it

Assembly, h

ar Front (L

g Peter Kar

(Federativn

copy of th

ed that the

alienable rig

953 and in

SFRJ). Thi

tion, it was,

ally and Nu

venian Edv

titutional am

nstitution sta

hat voluntar

5), 280. 10/1946. More


shaped rem

the Yugosl

y, thus hav

ommunist d

r the multi-e

turbulent pe

he outset, th

ugoslavia, i

was obviou

eld in Nove

Ljudska fro

radjordjevic

a ljudska r

e 1936 So

FLRJ was

ght to their in

1963, whe

s name wa

in fact, initi

umber 2 of

vard Kardelj

mendments

ating that “T

rily joined it

in Jože Pirjevec


markably th

avian feder

ing large n

octrine of b

ethnic envir

eriod.

he country

n theory, p

us that the C

ember 1945

nta) receiv

II was offic

epublika Ju

oviet Const

composed

ndependenc

n the FLRJ

as retained

ally a centra

the regime

, did the SF

s of 1967,

The Socialis

t […] (art. 1

c, Tito in tovariš

CSA proStart date

Duration


he dynamics

ration, BiH w

numbers of

brotherhood

ronment. Ho

was kept f

permitted a

Communist

5, were neith

ved an ove

cially depos

ugoslavija,

titution. Ho

of six coun

ce.12

J officially b

until its en

alised state

e, the Serb

FRJ start to

1968 and

ist Federal R

1)” and “Th

ši (Ljubljana: Mla


10


s of the war

was a base

f arms and

d and unity

owever, the

irmly under

a multiparty

t Party held

her free nor

erwhelming

sed and the

FLRJ) was

owever, the

ntries and 2

became the

nd in 1991.

e. Only after

Aleksandar

o federalise.

1971, and

Republic of

he Socialist

adinska knjiga,

U

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Because o

authorities

Yugoslavia

the Yugosl

ethnicities

formation

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The proces

widely em

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that BiH w

developed

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Yugoslavia

Croatia), it

would ben

pragmatic

times when

13 All six repub

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epublic of Y

Republic of M

of the blood

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a. Furtherm

lav state wa

of Serbs, C

of an artifi

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in the feder

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Montenegro

dy inter-eth

ll issues th

ore, the ide

as to create

Croats, Slov

cial Serbo-

Macedonia

ral administ

the military

ation, which

BiH. It was

However, th

with Koso

e SFRJ. As

dy in the 1

ds being pr

ous that wit

than if the

ed the Bos

and Croatia

tonomous provi

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is compose

o […] (art. 2

nic fighting

at could re

ea – particu

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-Croatian la

an and Slo

tration, Com

and the "lin

h didn't rece

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1960s with

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thin the uni

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nian decisio

a strongly op

nces were listed

PU


ed of the So

2)”.13

on the ter

e-open the

larly strong

thnicity of Y

One importa

anguage, w

ovenian. Bu

mmunist Pa

ngua franca"

eive much s

that the inte

the only re

negro and

was include

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the more de

itarian appr

federation

on-makers

pposed the

d.


ocialist Rep

rritory of the

Pandora’s

among the

Yugoslavs,

ant step tow

which was

ut it was b

arty and the

" used throu

support from

ernal diverg

ason. At th

Macedonia

d in a deve

tion to he

eveloped re

roach and

moved to

to support

centralisat


ublic of Bos

e SFRJ dur

box of the

e Serbs – fo

which woul

wards the u

one of the

by far the

diplomatic

ughout Yug

m the Sloven

gences cou

is point it s

, part of th

elopment as

lp the less

epublics (es

centralisatio

owards a c

the centrali

ion tendenc

CSA proStart date

Duration


snia and He

ring World

ethnic com

ollowing the

d replace th

nification w

e official lan

most used

corps, and

goslavia.

nians and C

uld only be

should be e

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on of Yugo

confederatio

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cies.


11


erzegovina,

War II, the

mposition of

creation of

he ‘archaic’

was also the

nguages in

language,

it was also

Croats, was

e overcome

emphasised

conomically

programme,

ed parts of

ovenia and

oslavia, BiH

on. Such a

he SFRY in

U

5 s

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f

f

’

e

n

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o

s

e

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y

,

f

d

H

a

n

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D 2.2 Bosni

Table 1. Popu

1948

1953

1961

1971

1981

1991

After the d

without a s

Communis

invented th

and not d

country wa

immediate

in rising t

governmen

In 1984, w

The crux o

(education

formation o

western re

formed be

The next

Milošević,

14 Adopted from(Atlanta: Schol15 According tohaving an equaalso in the offic16 These are mprovenance” (s

ia and Herze


ulation of BIH

Mu

31

na

27

40

40

44

death of Tit

strong leade

st leadershi

he catchphr

ivert to a d

as extreme

ly represse

tensions am

nt.

when the ec

of the idea

so far be

of a distinc

epublics an

tween the “

step towar

who soon a

m Francine Frielar Press, 1998

o Friedman (cf. fal status with otcial census alre

mostly people whsometimes alrea

egovina Revi


by census (i

uslims15

%

%

%

%

%

to, it becam

er Yugoslav

ip – in orde

rase “after T

different pa

ely difficult.

d. This, and

mong the

conomic rec

was to unif

eing the so

ct Yugoslav

nd was dra

“secessioni

rds the dis

after his ele

edman, “The Bos), 3. footnote 16, p. 4ther nationalitiesady in 1972. Neho are not religiady referred to a

ew


n %)14

Serbs

45 %

44 %

43 %

37 %

32 %

na

me clear th

via, as it wa

er to convin

Tito, Tito,” m

ath. But the

Already in

d the increa

republics,

cession was

fy the teach

le compete

culture an

matically re

sts” (Slove

sintegration

ction starte

snian Muslim N

4), since the lates in Yugoslavia.evzet Porić, Lecous or are devoas Bosniaks/Bo

PU


hat the fede

as known u

nce people

meaning tha

e discourse

n 1981 ther

asingly obvi

which dem

s at its pea

hing materi

ence of the

d ethnicity.

ejected by

nia and Cro

of the co

ed to stir up

National Questio

e 60s Bosnian M. As presented b

cture on the couoted to the unitaošnjaki).


Croats

24 %

23 %

22 %

21 %

18 %

na

eralisation ‘

until then, w

e that Yugo

at Yugoslav

e was unco

re were lar

ous econom

manded mo

ak, the idea

als in the e

e republics

This propo

Slovenians

oatia) and

ountry was

the nationa

on,” in Religion a

Muslims were oby Nevzet Porić

urse of National arian idea of Yug


Yu

Na

33

8 %

2 %

10

6 %

had gone t

would not be

oslavia coul

ia should fo

onvincing a

ge riots in

mic failure o

ore autono

a of a “com

elementary

) and throu

osal met w

s and Croa

“unitarians”

the drama

alistic emotio

and the war in B

fficially regardeć, Bosnian Muslminorities (Ljubgoslavia. A majo

CSA proStart date

Duration


ugoslavs16

a

3 %

%

%

0 %

%

too far,’ me

e able to s

ld survive a

ollow the leg

as the situa

Kosovo. T

of the count

omy from t

mon nuclei

and gramm

ugh this pu

with an outc

ats. Thus a

” (the other

atic rise of

ons in Serb

Bosnia, ed. Paul

ed as a Yugoslavlims were notedbljana: FSS, 200ority of them are


12


eaning that

urvive. The

after Tito –

gacy of Tito

ation in the

These were

try, resulted

the federal

” emerged.

mar schools

ush for the

ry from the

a wide split

r republics).

f Slobodan

bia, his core

l Mojzes

v nation, d as 'Muslims' 02). e of “Muslim

U

5 s

2

t

e

–

o

e

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l

.

s

e

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t

.

n

e

D 2.2 Bosni message b

"rightful" (d

reshaped i

they had a

one side a

rejection o

Croatia de

growing int

In 1990 a w

tensions, t

main partie

in the nati

Izetbegović

Croatian D

got 21 sea

Belgrade a

cohabitatio

Tensions i

the war in

just a sort

later the H

Croatian C

October th

this develo

the SFRJ (

17 Rusmir MahŽanić (London18 Dieter Nohle19 A confirmatiorepresentativeBelgrade or Zacountry shoulded. Branka Maalso partially cBiH from an or20 On 24th Feb

ia and Herze


being that

dominant) p

into a new

at the time. S

and Serbia

of a confede

eclared their

to all-out wa

wave of dem

these electi

es, based e

onal assem

ć, Muslim) a

Democratic

ats.18 Taking

and that th

on of those

n BiH incre

Croatia, wh

of déjà vu.

HDZ in BiH

Community

e Serbs in

opment, the

(For a list of

mutćehajić, “Th: Frank Cass, 2

en and Philip Stöon for this comes of the HDZ an

agreb, so that thd be destroyed. agaš and Ivo Žaovered the issurganic whole to bruary 1992 they

egovina Revi


Serbia suff

place in Yug

country, w

Such dema

(and its sa

eration left

r independe

ar.

mocratic ele

ons could n

entirely on e

mbly.17 The

and 34 sea

Union (bei

g into consi

e HDZ wa

three partie

eased in su

hen it beca

On 15 Octo

declared th

of Herceg-

BiH left the

BiH nation

f major occ

he Road to War,2001), 141. över, Elections es from Mahmutnd SDS on govehe situation in BRusmir Mahmu

anić (London: Fre of how BiH shthree separate y declared their

ew


fered the m

goslavia. Th

here Serbs

ands and ac

atellites) on

no exit. In

ence and th

ections also

not bring ab

ethno-nation

results we

ts for the S

ng an affilia

deration tha

s under the

es in BiH wo

mmer 1991

me clear th

ober 1991 B

he independ

-Bosna, su

BiH Assem

al assembly

urrences in

,” in The war in

in Europe: A Datćehajić: […] froernmental bodieosnia and Herz

utćehajić, “The Rrank Cass, 2001hould be dividedparts” (Mahmut

r own state, kno

PU


most during

his also gav

s as the big

ctivities froz

n the other

1991, the Y

he era of th

o reached th

bout classic

nal affiliatio

ere: 43 sea

Serbian Dem

ation of the

at Radovan

e strong in

ould be alm

1, after the

hat BiH wou

BiH declare

dence of th

pported by

mbly and for

y called a re

1992 –199

Croatia and Bo

ata Handbook (om the beginnines were attemptzegovina shouldRoad to War,” in1), 143. There isd among Croatiatćehajić, ibid.,13

own as the Repu


the rule o

ve rise to n

ggest ethnic

e relations

r. Yugoslav

Yugoslav fe

e SFRY en

he SFRY. G

cal democra

n, were est

ts for the P

mocratic Pa

e Croatian H

n Karadžić w

nfluence of

ost impossi

war in Slov

uld be next

d its sovere

e Croatian

y its own p

rmed their o

eferendum

95 in BiH, se

snia-Herzegovin

Nomos, 2011).g of 1991 we [B

ting to block thod develop in accn The war in Cros evidence that a and Serbia or39). ublika Srpska.


f Tito and

otions that

city would h

between Sl

ia was at a

deration co

ded amidst

Given the he

atic, pluralis

tablished an

Party of De

rty (Radova

HDZ heade

was under t

Zagreb, it

ible.19

venia and w

in line. The

eignty from

community

aramilitary

own nationa

on the inde

ee Table 2,

na 1991 – 1995

BiH] were confrose bodies and tordance with thoatia and Bosniathe meeting in K, in the ‘worst-c

CSA proStart date

Duration


should cla

Yugoslavia

have more

lovenia and

a breaking

ollapsed, Sl

t widesprea

eightened n

stic parliame

nd compete

emocratic A

an Karadžić

ed by Franj

the strong i

was obvio

with the first

e autumn o

the SFRJ.

y in BiH, kn

forces (HV

al assembly

ependence

Annex I).

5, ed. Branka M

onted with the fato subordinate t

he original agreeia-Herzegovina Karadjordjevo in

case scenario,’ h


13


im back its

a should be

power than

Croatia on

point. The

ovenia and

ad violence,

nationalistic

ents. Three

ed for seats

Action (Alija

ć), while the

o Tuđman)

nfluence of

us that the

t clashes of

f 1991 was

One month

own as the

VO). On 24

y.20 Ignoring

of BiH from

agaš and Ivo

act that hem to

ement that the 1991 – 1995, n April 1991 how “to reduce

U

5 s

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)

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m

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2.3 Pa

Bosnia an

war22 that

environme

having star

2.3.1

After the fi

the Bosnia

Democratic

(Hrvatska

motivation

their comm

The partie

BiH was h

minister a

After Slov

referendum

BiH on hol

had left in

whole Bos

March 199

favour of in

SFRJ.27 Th

the referen

21 The Europeamember state 22 Also referred23 Central IntelRussian and E24 Central IntelRussian and E25 “Bosnian Wa26 For more, se27 BiH was offic

ia and Herze


arties and

nd Herzego

lasted over

ent. Followin

rted on 6 A

Backgrou

rst multi-pa

ak Party o

c Party (S

Demokrats

behind this

mon goal to

s shared p

held by a B

Croat.24

enia and C

m on indepe

ding the ref

n protest an

snian Serb p

92. 1.997 m

ndependen

he referend

ndum were

an Community (of the United Nd to as Bosnian ligence Agency

European Analysligence Agency

European Analysar,” New World ee the OSCE recially recognise

egovina Revi


d dynamic

ovina’s decl

r three year

ng a numbe

pril 1992. T

und

arty election

of Democra

rpska Dem

ska Zajedic

s union was

rule as a d

ower along

osniak, the

Croatia dec

endence as

ferendum w

nd formed

population

million out o

ce.26 Three

um and the

e utilised by

(EC) recognizedations on 22 MaConflict, Aggre

y, Balkan Battlegsis, 2002).

y, Balkan Battlegsis, 2002). Encyclopedia, a

eport “The Referd as an indepen

ew


cs of the c

aration of

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sniak-Croat

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of a Nation (Newdence,” Spirit ofosnia-and-herzeber 1995, the fus Chirac, U.S. phernomyrdin. Tccords, Paris Prbalance in and

ary history of thlan Little, Yugosepartment of Sta


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een specifie

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yed. System

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the Presi

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nflict 1990–1995ndom House, 19n Books, 1996/1(2008), accessethe-challenge-ofreement was sinton, UK prime

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nflict 1990–1995a Nation (New February 2016

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6,


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nstitution as

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31


he Bosnian

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32


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egovina Revi


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erzegovina 199

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the war it f

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ably reinforc

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referendum

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e.org/odihr/elect


33


of the most

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34


tutions and

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cal disputes

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51


icated the

and stick”

authorities

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ecentralized

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sis that the

ith the EU

etermine a

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186 Conflict in Bpreliminary staeconomic sanc187 Katarina En188 Eva Gross aRoutledge, 201189 EUFOR Alth190 The EU wascurrent EUFOR191 Austrian Na3.

ia and Herze


to the Conf

the intensit

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flict Barome

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played do

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EU MILREP Fewilling to let a thHelsinki and SarAcademy, “EU

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nflict in BiH

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PU


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ontinued un

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er.190 Neve

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nflict which ”…verbal pressureonflict Research

mparative analynd Crisis Manag

oo influential a y and March 201ernal Challenges


Heidelberg

as low (“Ma

e Balkan w

for the deplo

he 1990s t

peans.187 C

and the EU.

was relucta

volved defen

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the Americ

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nclusion of

avour of this

theless, in

uded and th

en.188

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Turkey had

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seeing the p

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ons in the re

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includes the use, threatening exh, Conflict Baro

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position in any a16. s: Implications f


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wars and ne

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negotiations

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December

he transition

dation of st

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participation

o “win hear

urkey has

egion.191

gree on the

se of measures xplicitly with viometer 2004 (HeRoutledge, 201Institutions, and

area of operatio

for Stability in th

CSA proStart date

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n Internatio

lict”).186

egotiating t

a UN-mand

arted to pre

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2003, afte

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FOR Althea

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that are locatedolence, or the imeidelberg: HIIK, 4), 53–54.

d Policies (New

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52


nal Conflict

the Dayton

ated peace

epare for a

stability in

concerned

mpts by the

ment in the

r. However,

waver. The

ate Summit

Berlin Plus”

ed the EU’s

r extensive

led mission

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OR, and at

a.189 In fact,

portunity to

nds” in the

n important

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2004), 2–9.

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th former and

kans,” (2012),

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5 s

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The interna

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3.3 Es

EUFOR A

operation f

UNSC of

mandated

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compliance

secure env

assets and

192 Tobias Fles(Paris: EU Inst193 Eva Gross, 194 Florian Trau195 Tobias Fles(Paris: EU Inst196 Council of t6896/07 (Pressthe EU’s Form

ia and Herze


incentives

tual membe

ction of a m

nt to becom

tinent. Thus

perception a

ational com

fforts in the

from viable

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ulture and

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endence of

negative im

ng EU mem

stablishm

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followed the

resolution

EUFOR to

ps, under C

e with Anne

vironment. S

d capabiliti

ssenkemper andtitute for Securit“Unfinished Bu

uner, “Bosnia 19ssenkemper andtitute for Securithe European Use 43), Brusselser Flagship Ope

egovina Revi


were used

ership – to

multicultural

ming a politi

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e state. The

context of la

entities with

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ntinuation of

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mpact on the

mber states a

ment of EU

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1575 auth

exclusively

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ex 1-A and

Since its inc

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d Damien Helly,ty Studies, 2013siness in the Ba914–2014: whatd Damien Helly,ty Studies, 2013nion, Operations, 28 February 2eration in Bosni

ew


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substantial

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I of the UN

Annex 2 of

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eds., Ten Year3), 8–9. alkans,” EU Instt lessons?” EU eds., Ten Year

3), 8. n ALTHEA in Bo2007, pp. 2 et sa and Herzegov

PU


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security ac

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EUFOR Alth

l political au

Political l

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e 2008 dec

ituation in B

cal level.195

hea

December

o conclude

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role of SFO

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e operation

Plus” arran

rs After: Lesson

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osnia and Herzeseqq.; Jannik Knvina,” EU Diplom


oniki Decla

region. Fo

munity in B

projecting p

to the citize

ctor.192

o continue w

ional structu

ong-term p

hea.193 Dysf

utonomy. B

leaders fro

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claration of

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to ensure c

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ns from the EUP

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egovina: EU connauer, “EUFOR macy Paper 7 (2


ration prom

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BiH became

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ugoslavian

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arried out w96 However

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53


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55


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56


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hbourhood.2

towards BiH

erm and lon

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military task

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assistance authorities

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evacuationials.214

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58


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59


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60


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61


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239 Andrew SheSecurity Secto

ia and Herze


from the EU

SR funding.

NATO and

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U and the 239

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been progre

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teristic of t

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echnical as

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62


sistance or

nce Reform,

t began the

itary, which

arms in the

rocess has

with a non-

). Although

orm, it also

mandated to

efficiency to

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thening the

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ampers the

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country.

Until today

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contributes

240 Interview w

ia and Herze


rather limit

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uilding and

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n EUFOR d

orces’ skill

NATO still

Ministry of

on technic

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ATO standa

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EU Council

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tegration pr

orm efforts c

barrier to c

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defence se

efence stra

vities. The

to provide

both NATO

process.240

back the re

r, March 2016;

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gradually in

decision o

upport for t

he overall r

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trategic dim

However, E

cal aspects

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ective is to

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can help bo

consistent

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ector. As a

ategy, which

lack of coh

capabilities

O and EUF0 It was men

eform proce

Interview with E

PU


ncreased its

on 25 Janu

the AFBiH.

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mension of t

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support de

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the EU an

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ethnicities

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EUFOR officer F


s role in th

uary 2010

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directs the

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tegy has al

that are no

many of th

several inter

February 2016.


e defence

to start pro

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contribute

city building

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process, wo

ant role in

ns try to com

o coordinate

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ure NATO

or to ensure

equirements

eve their lon

been conne

al framewo

BiH Ministr

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oday, the g

the effective

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rviews that

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reform. A

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U military e

to strength

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63


remarkable

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context that

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mentation of

one another

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ence sector

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capabilities

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3.6.1

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made and

the military

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point out, t

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perspective

OHR/EUS

enable loc

241 Interview w

ia and Herze


n, the gover

s. This is al

of common

jointly con

s. They per

e defence c

his would h

elements, th

nd capabilit

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rs.

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capabilities,

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better und

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this section

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ems to have

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local pop

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lthea and i

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,000,000. T

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64


strength of

To establish

EUFOR and

ces’ current

orts to build

support. In

ng efforts in

eloping the

considering

ompared to

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be included

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presence of

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onsibility of

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badges an

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According

a good r

integration

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political an

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242 However, Edetails see cha243 Council of t8805/05, Bruss244 Council of t8805/05, Bruss245 Ibid., 7. 246 Interviews w247 Interviews w248 Interviews w

ia and Herze


crime and

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the opposit

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67


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s feel more

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nic groups.

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n RS had a

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security t

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3.6.2

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e two and a

eration. Mo

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merged, the

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ears of the

EUFOR Althea

s than 20,000 soState (Cambridg217; Interview w

egovina Revi


a half times

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critical and

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BiH are c

e different e

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local popu

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process in

years but p

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of the entity

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PSOs). In o

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al Comman

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d internatio

CSDP ope

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with former EUFO

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ethnic group

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the strength of Nettelfield, Cour

University PressOR Althea office

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y to see the

osniaks are

deteriorati

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poverty, co

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out during

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EUFOR Alt

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momentum

reforms. On

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oint when B

e-level Mini

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ence minist

personnel256

uded prepa

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ntre (PSOC

as EUFOR

and since it

pants. Accor

cooperation

BiH’s armed forrting Democrac

s, 2010), 217. er, January 201


e political sit

worried abo

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2005. Milit

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6.


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AFBiH, were

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68


the citizens

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veral papers

lessons fro

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egovina Revi


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ropean Union, Eessible to the puated Report on h 2013. Gross, Evaluat

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MC Finland Civilnion. “Op Althea181/07, Brusse

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fy lessons f

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at SHAPE

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military) sho

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support BiH

European Externublic 26 May 201‘Historical Less

ting the EU’s Cr

bruary and MarcLeakey”, NATO english/interviewr European Policof the Union, Diressenkemper a2013). at SHAPE – MaKeohane, Europ

ed, especially bye Heads of Miss on leading thei

n Tactical and Olian Crisis Manaa – Consolidatels, 11 March 20

PU


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w.html; Michaelcy Studies, 200rectorate B, Poland Damien Hel

nning Options Spean Security ay the political eleions (HoMs) onir own organisat

Operational Leveagement Studiesed Report on ‘Hi013.


within the o

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Study”. Council and Defence Poements of the m the operationations, instead ofels, Studying EUs 1 (2008). istorical Lesson


peration sin

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uous proble

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ea, EUPM a

sed more

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orce.274 In M

report on th

ap in the ma

on as possib

crime crea

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March 2015, Anon still limited) ation of Operation

russels: Centre

Eva Gross, Eva

, CSDP Missionears After: Less

document 8429licy: the first ten

missions, that thel level. Having cf having to creaU-ESDP Crisis M

s Identified’ from

CSA proStart date

Duration


nce 2004.26

rs, old prob

re the need

el and mo

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ferent actor

sharing a

re are NAT

arities with t

phase of the

and the EUS

training for

eferred to

May 2005,

he planning

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ated tensio

everal mea

nnual 2014 CSDand Council of thn Althea”. Coun

e for European P

aluating the EU’s

ns and Operatiosons from the EU

9/05, Brussels, 2n years (1999-2e mandates shoclear mandates

ate their own misManagement In

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71


68 On some

blems have

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Council.269

rs in BiH.270

greements,

TO and EU

the process

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SR.272From

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ns with the

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DP Lessons he European ncil document

Policy Studies,

s Crisis

ons: Lessons UPM in Bosnia

25 April 2005. 2009) (Paris: ould be broad would in this

ssion. See Jari nstruments in

n of Operation

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5 s

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regional an

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Another fa

sufficiently

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delineation

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inadequate

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common g

personnel,

In October

from the e

276 Council of tCouncil docum277 Council’s Seand coherenceand Heads of Eto each actor. See Jari MustoInstruments in 278 Ibid. 279 Daniel KeohPeacekeeping 280 Council of tAlthea”. Counc

ia and Herze


esolve these

Operationa

on structure

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uthorities. C

ng role of th

s. Because

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nd field (tac

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gional and

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ground for c

one of the

r 2007, the E

execution o

he European U

ment 10769/06, ecretariat docume in BiH: 1) The EU missions). 23) The EUSR sonen, “CoordinaBosnia and He

hane, “Lessons g 15 (2011). he European Ucil document 14

egovina Revi


e coordinati

al Guideline

es regulating

year, maki

Consequent

he EUSR w

of these

EUPM and

ctical) level

ce receives

ed in the be

account the

directions

either clear

etween the

to liaise and

y dependen

field levels

r knowledge

andate and

cooperation

aims of wh

EUMC issu

of EUFOR

nion, Common Brussels, 21 Jument 15376/06,Secretariat sho

2) Precise guidahould have a st

ation and Coopeerzegovina”, CM

from EU Peace

nion. “Op Althea181/07, Brusse

ew


on and coh

es 276 , the

g their inter

ng EUPM

tly, EUFOR

was upgrade

new proce

EUFOR on

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e need for s

concernin

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e missions.

d coordinate

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mission o

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ed a lesson

Althea.280 T

Operational Gune 2006. 2006. The pap

ould set up highance (using Cristrong coordinatineration on Tactic

MC Finland Civili

e Operations, E

a – Consolidatels, 11 March 20

PU


herence pro

missions

ractions. PS

the lead o

R Althea sca

ed, giving h

edures and

n the operat

ation and co

e.277

the EUFOR

structures a

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nor guideli

It very soon

e their activ

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more drawba

her actors a

of the coun

ons have g

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ns identified

This docum

uidelines for EUP

per identified fou-level training fo

sis Managementng role. 4) Thercal and Operatiian Crisis Mana

uropean Union

ed Report on ‘Hi013.


oblems. In 2

agreed on

SC also adj

operation fo

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him more sa

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tional level

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and modalit

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and their mi

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radually inc

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PM-EUFOR sup

ur key recommeor key staff priort Concepts) andre should be cononal Levels, Stugement Studies

Institute for Sec

istorical Lesson


2006, in line

n the delin

usted the m

or anti-crim

its involvem

ay over the

s, coordina

in Sarajevo

also improv

eration was

ties for coo

the EU-ES

ordination a

evident that

ooperation a

contacts. Th

as identified

ssion, espe

ere unclear

creased the

of other act

addressing

marises the

pport to the figh

endations to furtr to deploymentd coordinating innsultation betweudying EU-ESDs 1 (2008).

curity Studies,” J

s Identified’ from

CSA proStart date

Duration


e with the E

neation of

mandates o

me measure

ment. Furthe

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ation and c

o has impro

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SDP activit

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and coordin

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g the lesson

key militar

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ther improve EUt (including desinstructions shoueen military and

DP Crisis Manag

Journal of Inter

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72


U Council’s

tasks and

of these two

es with the

ermore, the

e of the two

cooperation

oved. At the

to the guid-

andates in-

There were

ties, but in

nor a clear

solely up to

nation were

main issue

g hindered

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eld.279

ns identified

ry strategic

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U coordination gnated EUSRs

uld be provided d civilian actors. gement

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oordinationribe the coo

f factors cand EUFORes, skills another relev

modules shoyed to BiH?gies betweeivil and mili

nal engageently the moen the mosen the mainen the main

-making anvities sufficome exampof its capabi

ded value th take locaapabilities? t was the m

ership andt political

d the curreobjectives ooups? If yesen the mair Reform in


ions that are

d main respin BiH?

and coopeoperation be

omplicate(dR Althea / EU

d knowledgant actors (

ould be incl? What abouen the EU tary-military

ment in Seost important effective w

n barriers ton lessons id

nd engagemient in BiH?

ples where ailities in rela

hat EU can l capabilitie

andate suff

d local percstructure

nt governmof the couns, in what wn achievemBiH?


re relevant f

ponsibilities

eration etween EUF

d) and/or fU? (e.g. natge are need(i.e. your org

uded into thut for the naand your o

y dimension

ecurity Secnt aspects oways/ instruo implementdentified reg

ment in BiH? What couland how in ation to con

bring to staes into con

ficient in ord

ception perceived

mental strucntry? Do th

way? ments supp


for the interv

in BiH?

FOR Althea

facilitate(d) tional intereed to enhanganization,

he training oational stafforganizationns?

ctor Reformof SSR in Bments to imt SSR procegarding the

H d be done dyour opinioflict prevent

abilization ensideration

der to make

sufficient

cture is perche percepti

ported by in


viewee!)

a and your o

the coopeests, caveatnce interopeUN, NATO

of internatio?

n fully utilize

m (SSR) in BBiH? mplement thess? internationa

differently? n the EU cotion and sta

fforts in BiHand does

e a positive/

to the lon

ceived suffions differ

nternational

CSA proStart date

Duration


organization

eration betts) erability bet

O, local force

onal staff me

ed if you th

BiH

he SSR proc

al engagem

ould improvabilization e

H? the missio

e/meaningfu

ng-term de

icient to thebetween th

actors in


g


n in BiH? Is

tween your

tween the es,

embers

hink of civil-

cess?

ment in SSR

ve the efforts in

n/operation

ul impact on

evelopment

e long-termhe different

the field of

U

5 s

g

s

r

-

R

n

n

t

m t

f

ANNEX 4:

4) Howplaninclu

5) Hasthe

6) Was7) Doe

capa8) Do s9) Was10) Hav11) Wha

suppa) b)

12) Whasocistruduri

13) Whastab

14) HowAlth

15) Caneffestab

Interview g


w much hanning? Whiuded and exs the stabilizmeasures ts the intervees planning abilities? some ethnics the intentive local expat kind of bport operatiFrom the loFrom the in

at impact/coiety, econoctures etc.)ng the life cat are the bilization effw do you seea?

n you give sctiveness a

bilization eff

guide


ave or are ch local paxcluded? Wzation procetaken / activention (EUFtake local c

c groups haon of the Eectations bebackgroundion effectiveocal staff nternationaonsequencomy, gend)? How hascycle of the lessons ide

forts. ee the devel

some exampand sustainaforts in BiH?


local actorartners take

What is the imess receivevities have lFOR Altheacapabilities

ave more owU responseeen approp/ skills/ kno

ely in BiH?

l staff es has theer, local g

s the impacmission? entified and

opment of l

ples where ability of its ?


rs been coe part in thmpact of th

ed support focal suppo) a preferreinto consid

wnership the clear for thpriately manowledge is

e mission/opgovernmentct of the mi

d learned r

local owner

and how inactivities in


onsulted in he operatiois? How arefrom the kert? Whose s

ed and popueration and

an others? he country?naged by the

needed to

peration hatal structurssion on th

regarding t

rship among

your opinion relation to


the operatns of EUFe partners cy local actosupport?

ular policy od does the o

If yes, why?? e EU? conduct th

ad on/for thres and nhe local/reg

he engage

g the counte

on the EU cconflict pre

CSA proStart date

Duration


tion and EOR Althea

chosen? ors and, in g

option? operation su

?

he tasks of

he conflict national goional socie

ement of lo

erparts of E

could improvevention and


h


U strategic? Who are

general, do

upport local

f the peace

area? (civilovernmentalty changed

cals in the

EUFOR

ve the d

U

5 s

h

c e

o

l

e

l l

d

e

D2.2 Bosnia and Herzegovina Review-Revised version - IECEU · D 2.2 Bosni ACRONY AFBiH ARBiH CFSP...

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Transcript of D2.2 Bosnia and Herzegovina Review-Revised version - IECEU · D 2.2 Bosni ACRONY AFBiH ARBiH CFSP...