DATA AND KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT

Chapter 3

2

MANAGING DATA AND INFORMATION Usually too much data rather than too little in

organizations How does an organization ____________ all this data

and information? ____________ – a collection of integrated and related files

____________ Proquest MBNA

MBNA

3-3

DATABASE TECHNOLOGY

A ____________ of related data organized in a way that makes it valuable and useful

Allows organizations to retrieve, store, and analyze information easily

Is vital to an organization’s success in running ____________ and making decisions

3-4

RELATIONSHIP OF DBMS CONCEPTS TO OTHERS?

Fig 3.1

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THE HIERARCHY OF DATA

3-6

VIEW OF A DATABASE TABLE OR FILE

Entity Attribute

Fig 3.2

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THE TRADITIONAL APPROACH

Figure 3.3: The Traditional Approach to Data Management

U of L example

8

THE DATABASE APPROACH

Figure 3.4: The Database Approach to Data Management

Washington hospitalhttp://www.microsoft.com/casestudies/casestudy.aspx?casestudyid=52519

3-9

FILE PROCESSING VS. DATABASE APPROACH

File ____________ Approach (Old School)• Storage Media: sequential tapes or files • Data: stored in long sequential files• Organization: redundant data in multiple files• Efficiency: data embedded to support processing• Updates: requires multiple updates in many files• Processing: slower query/faster processing

____________ Approach (New School-TODAY)• Storage Media: Direct Access Storage Device (DASD) • Data: stored in related tables• Organization: redundant data minimized/eliminated• Efficiency: data stored only in tables• Updates: requires few or one update for a data field• Processing: faster query/slower processing

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ADVANTAGES OF THE DATABASE APPROACH

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COSTS OR RISKS OF THE DATABASE APPROACH

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ROLES IN DATABASE DEVELOPMENT AND USE

__________________________• Designs, develops and monitors

performance of databases• Enforces policy and standards for

data use and security

__________________________• Designs, develops and monitors

performance of databases• Enforces policy and standards for

data use and security

__________________________• Creates business applications

that connect to databases• Tests the new systems and

databases before use

__________________________• Creates business applications

that connect to databases• Tests the new systems and

databases before use

______________________• Defines data requirements

working with a DBA • Incorporates the database

design into new program designs

______________________• Defines data requirements

working with a DBA • Incorporates the database

design into new program designs

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DATABASE SYSTEMS ACTIVITIES – DATA ENTRY

EnterForms

Employment Applications

(Form Entry Screen) (Form Entry Program) (Employment DB)

Example• _______ is entered from paper employment

applications into a form entry screen• The entry _______ are designed to match

the paper forms for ease of entry • The form _______ is processed by the entry

program and then stored in the employment _______

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DATABASE SYSTEMS ACTIVITIES – QUERY

(Query Request) (Query Program) (Employment Query)

_______ (Structured Query Language)

_______(Query by Example)

Query – A database function that extracts and displays information from a database given selection parameters.

Example – Display applicants entered in the last 30 days

Query parameters are selected in the query request screen

The database program uses SQL to query and present the result

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DATABASE SYSTEMS ACTIVITIES – REPORT

(Query Request) (Query Program) (Employment Report)

_______ Generator

Report – A database function that extracts and formats information from a database for printing and presentation

Example – Report on applicants entered in the last 30 days• _______ parameters are selected in the report request screen• The database program uses _______ to query and present the result

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DESIGNING DATABASES – DATA MODEL

Example: ERD (Entity Relationship Diagram)

Data Model• A map or _______ that represents entities and their

relationships• Used by Database Administrators to design tables with

their corresponding associations

3-17

DESIGNING DATABASES – KEYS

Primary Key- Student ID

ENTITIES

Compound Primary Key- Student ID - Course ID - Sec No.- Term

SecondaryKey- Major

Entities are translated into Tables

(Students and Grades)

Entities arejoined by commonattributes

3-18

DESIGNING DATABASES - ASSOCIATIONS

Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD) • Diagramming _______ used to express entity relationships• Very useful in developing _______ databases

3-19

DESIGNING DATABASES – ASSOCIATIONS (EXAMPLE)

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THE RELATIONAL MODEL

• Most _______ type of database model used today in organizations

• Is a three-dimensional model compared to the traditional two-dimensional database models - Rows (first-dimension)

- _______(second-dimension)

- Relationships (third-dimension)

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THE RELATIONAL MODEL - EXAMPLE

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THE RELATIONAL MODEL - _______________

____________ A technique to make complex databases more efficient by

eliminating as much redundant data as possible• Example: Database with redundant data (below)

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THE RELATIONAL MODEL - NORMALIZATIONNormalized Database

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THE RELATIONAL MODEL – DATA DICTIONARY

Data Dictionary• Is a _______ that database designers prepare to help individuals

enter data• Provides several pieces of information about each attribute in

the database including: - _______- Key (is it a key or part of a key?)- Data _______ (date, alphanumeric, numeric, etc.)- Valid _______(the format or numbers allowed)

• Can be used to enforce Business Rules which are captured by the database designer to prevent illegal or illogical values from entering the database. (e.g. who has authority to enter certain kinds of data)

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ONLINE TRANSACTIONAL PROCESSING (_______)

Online _______ Processing• The mechanism by which customers, suppliers, and employees

process business transactions for an organization • These users conduct transactions online through internal systems

and external websites for processing and storage

Example

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OPERATIONAL VS. INFORMATIONAL SYSTEMS

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ORGANIZATIONAL USE OF DATABASES

DepartmentDatabases

Data Warehouse

Data Mart

_______ _______ _______

ExtractData

ExtractData

ExtractData

ExtractData

•Day-to-day department transactions

•Used primarily by departments

• Extracted department transactions

• Used for business analysis

• Extracted subset of a data warehouse

• Used for highly specific business analysis

Hong Kong Airport

HONG KONG AIRPORT

1. Identify three operational database applications that Hong Kong airport would utilize.

2. Identify three informational uses of database applications that Hong Kong airport would utilize.

Hong Kong Airport

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DATA WAREHOUSES, DATA MARTS, AND DATA MINING

Data _______ : collects business information from many sources in the enterprise

Data _______ : a subset of a data warehouse

Data _______ : an information-analysis tool for automated discovery of patterns and relationships in a data warehouse or a data mart

Online ______________ Processing -Graphical software tools that provide complex analysis of data stored in a database

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• Data _______ are not transaction-oriented.

• Data _______ support online analytical processing (OLAP).

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DATA WAREHOUSES, DATA MARTS, AND DATA MINING (CONTINUED)

Figure 3.17: Elements of a Data Warehouse

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KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT DEFINITIONS

Knowledge _______ All underlying skills routines, practices, principles, formulae, methods, heuristics, and intuitions whether explicit or tacit

_______ Knowledge

_______ Knowledge

_______ _______ The process an organization uses to gain the greatest value from its knowledge assets

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KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (KMS)

Primary ObjectiveHow to recognize, generate, store, share, manage this tacit knowledge (Best Practices) for deployment and use

_______ Generally not a single technology but rather a collection of tools that include __________ technologies (e.g. e-mail, groupware, instant messaging), and information storage and retrieval systems (e.g. database management system) to meet the Primary Objective

_______ _______ Procedures and processes that are widely accepted as being among the most effective and/or efficient

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BENEFITS AND CHALLENGES OF KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT

A NOT SO PERFECT MATCH

With the increasing power of Data mining techniques, comes ever increasing and reaching uses of this powerful technology.

Is this DNA application an application that has gone too far?

Do you agree with this statement"There should be a familial searching

policy that is constitutional and legal in the Canada”

A not so perfect match