DAILY LIFE IN THE GILDED AGE

1877-1900CHAPTER 16

What political, social, and economic issues did the nation face during the late 1800s?

SEGREGATION AND SOCIAL TENSIONS SECTION 1

How were the civil rights of certain groups in America undermined during the years after Reconstruction?

Vocabulary: Jim Crow laws poll tax Booker T. Washington literacy test W.E.B. Du Bois Ida B. Wells grandfather clause Las Gorras Blancas

Segregation and Social Tensions

African Americans Lose Freedoms Main Idea: After the election of 1876, southern governments enacted various measures aimed at disenfranchising, or taking away the voting rights of, African Americans. These governments enacted Jim Crow laws that kept blacks and whites segregated, or apart.

African Americans Oppose Injustices

Main Idea: African Americans refused to accept their status as second-class citizens. Although they did not always agree on strategies, they were united in their determination to “never turn back” until they had equality.

Chinese Immigrants Face Discrimination

Main Idea: During the same time that Jim Crow arose in the South, Chinese immigrants faced racial prejudice on the West Coast. Yet the Court upheld the Chinese Exclusion Act and several other discriminatory measures.

Mexican Americans Struggle in the West

Main Idea: Like African Americans and Asian Americans, Mexican Americans struggled against discrimination in the latter decades of the nineteenth century.

STANDARDS c. Describe the rise of Jim Crow, Plessy v.

Ferguson, and the emergence of the NAACP.

Tuskegee InstituteTRANSPARENCY

THE WORLD OF JIM CROWTHE WORLD OF JIM CROWPOST-RECONSTRUCTION DISCRIMINATION

Voting restrictions:

-poll tax (24th Amendment)

-grandfather clauses Segregation – system

of legal segregation (Jim Crow Laws)

Plessy v. Ferguson: ruled that segregation was legal as long s the separate facilities provided for blacks were equal to those for whites

Violence

-lynching-mob’s illegal seizure and execution of a person

Conditions in the North decline

-de facto discrimination

-riots in the North

BOOKER T. WASHINGTONBOOKER T. WASHINGTON Born into slavery Founded Tuskegee

Institute in Alabama in 1881

Taught to put aside equality and concentrate on economic security (vocational skills)

Hoped to win white acceptance later

Wrote Up From Slavery

W.E.B. DU BOISW.E.B. DU BOIS First African

American to earn a Ph.D. fro Harvard

Helped found the Niagara Movement

Rejected Washington’s message

Wanted political and social equality and civil rights now

Associated with the NAACP

Wrote The Souls of Black Folk

IDA B. WELLSIDA B. WELLS School teacher in

TN who spoke out against lynching

Whites ran her out of town

She wrote describing the “southern horrors” of legalized murder

AFRICAN AMERICANS AFRICAN AMERICANS RESIST DISCRIMINATIONRESIST DISCRIMINATION

NAACP– National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

African American achievement: -National Urban League, 1911 -National Negro Business League -Madam C.J. Walker

AFRICAN AMERICAN AFRICAN AMERICAN INFLUENCEINFLUENCEThe Negro SpiritualMinstrel ShowsRagtime Jazz

Voter Turnout in South Carolina, 1876-1896 CHART

DISCRIMINATION AGAINST DISCRIMINATION AGAINST CHINESECHINESE

Racial prejudice in on the West Coast San Francisco established Asian school Chinese Exclusion Act 1882 Yick Wo v. Hopkins 1886: ruling sided

with Chinese immigrant, allowing him to operate a laundry

DISCRIMINATION AGAINST DISCRIMINATION AGAINST MEXICANSMEXICANS

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo guarantee Mexican-American property rights

Many lost their land “Santa Fe Ring” Las Gorras Blancas: group that targeted

property of large ranch owners

WOMEN IN THE LATE 1800SWOMEN IN THE LATE 1800S Debate over women’s equality Women wanted to vote, control their

property and income, and have access to higher education and professional jobs

Some believed that public roles would destroy women’s femininity

NEW WOMEN, NEW IDEANEW WOMEN, NEW IDEAS

How should women dress and behave? Shorter hair; raised hemlines

Courting and marriage customs changed – dating

Right to vote National Women Suffrage Association Susan B. Anthony arrested for trying to vote in NY

WOMEN’S WORK IN THE WOMEN’S WORK IN THE HOMEHOME

Technology freed many women to pursue work

Department stores Rural free delivery (RFD) Mail-order catalogs

WOMEN’S WORK OUTSIDE THE WOMEN’S WORK OUTSIDE THE HOMEHOME

Few women had supervisory jobs Most were single Domestic work – servants Volunteering – gave women experience

in speaking, writing, and financial skills

Political Cartoons: Women Seek EqualityTRANSPARENCY

HIGHER EDUCATION HIGHER EDUCATION EXPANDSEXPANDS

Many new colleges opened

Leland Stanford-Stanford University

Women and higher education-coeducation increased

African Americans- most attended black colleges

NEW FORMS OF NEW FORMS OF ENTERTAINMENTENTERTAINMENT

Popular Amusements in the Late 1800s -Vaudeville -Sports -Newspapers -Magazines and popular fiction

Reading Skill: SummarizeNOTE TAKING

PM TRANSPARENCY

Progress Monitoring Transparency

POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC CHALLENGES CHALLENGES

SECTION 2

Why did the political structure change during the Gilded Age?

Vocabulary: spoils system civil service Pendleton Civil Service Act gold standard

Political and Economic Challenges

Balance of Power Creates Stalemate

Main Idea: Between 1877 and 1897, party loyalties were so evenly divided that no faction or group gained control for any period of time. This made it very difficult to pass new laws.

Corruption Plagues National Politics

Main Idea: Grover Cleveland’s reputation for honesty was an exception. Many government officials routinely accepted bribes and offered jobs to loyal party workers with little regard for their qualifications.

Economic Issues Challenge the Nation

Main Idea: The tariff and monetary policy were critical economic issues during the Gilded Age that sharply divided the Democrats and Republicans

OPPOSING POLITICAL PARTIESOPPOSING POLITICAL PARTIESRepublicans1. Tight money supply

backed by Gold (Gold Standard)

2. High tariffs3. Pensions for US Soldiers4. Government aid to

Railroads5. Strict limits on

immigration6. Enforcement of Blue

Laws

Republicans appealed to Bankers, Industrialists and Farmers

Democrats1. Increased money supply

backed by silver2. Lower tariffs 3. Higher farm prices4. Less government aid to

big business5. Fewer blue laws

Democrats appealed to “less privileged” of society

(Immigrants, laborers, southern planters, western farmers)

GROVER CLEVELAND AND THE GROVER CLEVELAND AND THE MUGWUMPSMUGWUMPS

Election of 1884 Republican Candidate – James Blaine

Still crooked Democrat - Grover Cleveland (baby?)

Independents (Mugwumps = important chief) believed Blaine too corrupt – added their support to Cleveland

Supported gov’t regulation of Railroads

THE CARTOONS OF THOMAS NAST

“How One Man Brought Down a Political Regime”

OTHER NAST IMAGES

REFORMING THE SPOILS REFORMING THE SPOILS SYSTEMSYSTEM

Rutherford B. Hayes Refused to use patronage Began to reform the Civil

Service Angered his own party He helped strengthen the

gov’t, but weakened the Republican Party

James A. Garfield Vice-President Chester Arthur Garfield Assassinated by

disappointed office seeker Assassination caused public

to want end of Spoils System

Chester Arthur Arthur was a part of

spoils system in NY He became a very

popular Chief Executive Pendleton Civil Service

Act 1883 Created Civil Service

Commission Classified gov’t jobs Tested applicants Could not be required to

give campaign funds Could not be fired for

political reasons

BUSINESS OF POLITICSBUSINESS OF POLITICS Laissez-faire Policies

“Hands Off” Without government

regulations – government has limited role in the economy

Strongest businesses will succeed and bring wealth to the entire nation

Big businesses favored tariffs, land-grants, subsidies

Payoffs from big businesses

Spoils System Elected officials

appointed friends and supporters to gov’t jobs

Gov’t jobs loaded with unqualified, dishonest employees

Ensured loyal supporters while running for office

REGULATING RAILROADSREGULATING RAILROADS Practices

Charging more for short distance than long Kept rates a secret charging different rates to different

people for same service These practices kept farmers and businesses from

predicting shipping costs Munn v. Illinois

Allowed states to regulate railroads (1st Attempt) Wabash Case

Overturned Munn v. Illinois – Federal Gov’t is only one that can regulate trade, not states

Interstate Commerce Act 1887 Regulated Railroads – rates be set, no special rates for

powerful customers, set up 1st regulatory board (Interstate Commerce Commission)

Failed because the ICC had to take them to court (won 1/16 cases)

DEPRESSION TO PROSPERITYDEPRESSION TO PROSPERITY Election of 1888

Cleveland vs. Benjamin Harrison Harrison won because of business support of tariffs Passed Sherman Anti-Trust Act 1890 Financial actions led to panic in 1893

Cleveland’s Second Term (1892) Panic of 1893 - Coxey’s Army Became unpopular – unemployment, repealed Sherman

Silver Purchase Act, sent Federal troops to stop Pullman Strike

McKinley Wins in 1896 Supported urban workers and the middle class Helped heal depression by lowering tariff and

strengthening the Gold Standard Assassinated

Reading Skill: Identify Main IdeasNOTE TAKING

FARMERS AND POPULISMFARMERS AND POPULISMSECTION 3SECTION 3

What led to the rise of the Populist movement, and what effect did it have?

Vocabulary: Oliver H. Kelley Grange William McKinley Populist Party William Jennings Bryan

Farmers and Populism

Farmers Face Many Problems Main Idea: The farmers of the West and the South were willing to accept the difficulties of farm life. Yet, farmers discovered that other enormous obstacles stood in the way of realizing their dreams.

Farmers Organize and Seek Change

Main Idea: Farmers refused to accept their circumstances and created a network of organizations to address their problems, starting with the Granger movement.

The Populist Party Demands Reforms

Main Idea: The spread of the Farmers’ Alliances culminated with the formation of the Populist Party, or People’s Party, in 1892. The Populist Party spread rapidly, putting pressure on the two major political parties to consider their demands.

Economic Crisis and Populism’s Decline

Main Idea: In 1893, a four-year-long depression began that not only worsened conditions for already-suffering farmers, but for other Americans as well. The major parties failed to satisfactorily respond to the nation’s distress.

FARMERS’ COMPLAINTSFARMERS’ COMPLAINTS Decline in crop

prices Competition from

farmers in other countries

Complaints about the power of big business

The refusal of the government to help farmers

TARIFFS AND MONEY TARIFFS AND MONEY ISSUEISSUE

Tariffs protected farmers against farm imports, but hurt farmers because of raised prices of manufactured goods

Kept foreigners from earning American currency to buy American crops.

Inflation helps people in debt. Deflation helps people who lend money. 1873 went on the gold standard; called “gold

bugs” reduced the amount of money in circulation. Farmers wanted to increase the money supply.

Free silver: farmers wanted silver coined to increase the supply of money. Called “silverites”

FARMER PROTESTSFARMER PROTESTS The Grange: Patrons of

Husbandry, organized by Oliver H. Kelley

Helped farmers form cooperatives and pressured states to regulate businesses that farmers depended on like grain elevators and railroads

Farmers’ Alliances: A network of

alliances attacked monopolies such as the railroads

Wanted regulation of the railroads, more money in circulation, creation of state departments of agriculture, antitrust laws, and farm credit

INACTIVE GOVERNMENTINACTIVE GOVERNMENT Presidents lacked

power to take action.

Interstate Commerce Act of 1887: regulated the prices that railroads charged to move freight between states

Interstate Commerce Commission to enforce the laws

THE POPULISTS (PEOPLE’S THE POPULISTS (PEOPLE’S PARTY)PARTY)

1. Increased circulation of money 2. Unlimited minting of silver 3. Progressive income tax 4. Government ownership of the

country’s communication and transportation systems

5. Called for an eight-hour work dayLegacy and Goals

Returned to the gold standard Crop prices rose and populism died; the

goals lived on, launching a new wave of reform

WILLIAM JENNINGS BRYAN AND WILLIAM JENNINGS BRYAN AND THE “CROSS OF GOLDTHE “CROSS OF GOLD””

Election of 1896: Republicans ran

William McKinley Democrats ran

William Jennings Bryan after he gave an emotional speech, asking for free silver

McKinley won the election.

Reading Skill: Identify Causes and EffectsNOTE TAKING

Free Coinage of SilverTRANSPARENCY

Political Cartoons: The Bosses of the SenateANALYZE

PM TRANSPARENCY

Progress Monitoring Transparency

The Populist MovementTRANSPARENCY