Cytology The study of cells. Living Environment Created by Randecker & Offenbacher On 9/04 & 9/05.
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Transcript of Cytology The study of cells. Living Environment Created by Randecker & Offenbacher On 9/04 & 9/05.
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Cytology The study of cells.
Living Environment
Created by
Randecker & Offenbacher
On
9/04 & 9/05
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All living things are composed of cells.
• Prokaryote – a cell without organelles
• Eukaryote – cell with defined organelles
• Unicellular - composed of one cell
• Multicellular - composed of more than one cell.
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Prokaryote Eukaryote
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Founding Fathers of Cytology
• Leeuwenhoek- (1600’s) made the first simple microscope. Magnifying glass. First to see bacteria, protozoa.
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• Hooke- 1655 made compound microscope with two lenses. First to see “cell” in slices of cork.
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Brown- 1831 concluded that all plant cells contain a nucleus.
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• Schleiden 1838- German botanist who concluded that “all plants are made of cells”.
• Schwann 1839- German zoologist who concluded that “all animal s are made of cells”.
• Virchow 1855 concluded that “all cells arise from preexisting cells”.
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THE CELL THEORY
• 1. All living things are made of cells. (basic structure).
• 2. All cells carry out life functions. (basic function)
• 3. All cells come from pre-existing cells.
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EXCEPTIONS to the CELL THEORY
1. Where did the first cell come from?
2. VIRUSES? Can reproduce inside a host but outside it shows no sign of life.
3. Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain genetic material and can reproduce.
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Levels of organization
• Cell- basic unit of life.• Tissue- group of cells performing the same
function. Lung tissue• Organs- group of tissues performing the same
function. Lung, heart• Organ system- group of organs that perform the
same function.ex. Respiratory system• Organism- group of organ systems working
together.
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Parts of a Cell
• Ribosome- synthesis proteins
• Nucleus- controls cell activity
• Cell membrane- regulates what enters and leaves the cell
• Mitochondria- carries out cellular respiration to release energy.
• Endoplasmic reticulum- system of channels that transport materials.
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• Smooth ER- without ribosome
• Rough ER- with embedded ribosome.
• Lysosomes- digestive enzymes to break down substances.
• Nucleolus – synthesize ribosome.
• Cytoplasm- liquid portion of the cell
• Vacuoles – storage bins of the cell.
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Differences between plant and animal cell
• Plant-
• Cell wall
• No centrioles
• 1 Large vacuole (Tonoplast)
• Chloroplast (chlorophyll)
• Animal-
• No cell wall
• Centrioles present
• Many small vacuoles
• No chloroplasts
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Plant parts
• Cell wall- rigid, made of cellulose and gives support and structure.
• Chloroplasts- contain chlorophyll, photosynthetic organ
• Tonoplast- large vacuole that gives plant support.
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Smallest cell in the body
• Granule Cell of the Cerebellum
• 4um• Human sperm
cell is 25um (with tail)
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Smallest cell in the world
• Prasinophyte algae
• .8um
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Largest cell in the body
• Anterior Horn Cell in the spine
• 135um• Human
egg is 120um
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Largest cell in the world
• The egg from an ostrich
• 15cm
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How many cells are in the Human Body
• Approximately 65 trillion cells make up the adult human body