Cyberstar Scintillation Detectors Avalanche Photo Diode ...

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FMB Oxford Datasheet page 2 of 12 Detectors - Ver. 1 - Aug 2009

Scintillation Detectors

∅ 48.0 OD∅ 32.0 ID

138

Cyberstar Scintillation Detector HeadsScintillation detectors can be used on a variety of experiments including diffraction and reflectometry. With over 300 FMB Oxford systems installed worldwide they are the detector of choice for many of the worlds synchrotron beamlines.

A complete System consists of a detector head (that contains the scintillator crystal, photomultiplier tube, and preamplifier) and pulse processing unit; both of which are available from FMB Oxford in various varieties to match your specific experiment.

The scintillation crystal inside the detector absorbs X-rays and produces visible photons. This crystal is optically coupled to a photomultiplier tube, which converts the light into an electronic signal; the amplitude of which is dependant on the incident X-ray intensity. The signal is then pre-amplified before being transferred to the processing unit.

FMB offer a range of crystal types, thicknesses and body sizes allowing you to match your efficiency, resolution, speed and integration requirements.

Crystals

FMB Oxford offer three types of scintillation crystal: NaI(TI) YAP and LaCI3. Which one you decide to use is a compromise between count rate and energy resolution. Light pulses from a YAP decay very quickly compared to NaI(TI), so it offers faster count rates. However when it comes to stringent high energy resolution requirements, NaI would be the scintillator of choice. LaCI3 offers a compromise between the two parameters.

∅12.5 OD∅6.7 ID

144.0

∅17.0 OD∅11.0 ID

164.0

128.0

∅25.0 OD∅15.0 ID

C48

C12

Crystal Minimum Max Energy Resolution Energy Window energy Count rate/sec 5keV 22keV Range

NaI(TI) 1.5 keV 1M 65% 30% 5-100 keV 200 µm Be

LaCl3 1.5 keV 2.5M 70% 25% 5-100 keV 200 µm Be

YAP 5-6 keV 3.5M 100% 45% 10-100 keV 70 µm Conducting Polymer

Bodies

C25

C17



























The C147 large area scintillation detector is developed for use with a Bent Crystal Laue Analyser (BCLA) and consists of two photomultipliers which allow for optimal solid angle positioning.

55.0

35.0

16.5

∅17.0 ID

∅55.0KF40

4.7

10.0137.9

Preamplifier

C12, C17 and C25 all have an external Amplifier on a short (≈125mm) flying lead, for the C48 and C147 the Preamplifier is built into the body

Pre-amplification settings for each Crystal

C48V

50.0

108.

0

147.

0

87.0140.0

C147

ElectronicsTwo processing modules are available; a single channel module and a five channel module.

SpecificationsCBY-2202 NIM Electronics module (single channel)Shaping amplifierGain Adjustment by front panel scroll keysShaping constants 40, 100, 300, and 1000 ns adjustable by

front panel scroll keysBaseline shift NegligiblePulse output 0-4 V (BNC - 50Ω)Single channel analyserControls

lower level Front panel mounted scroll keys upper level Front panel mounted scroll keys

Outputs BNC, Positive TTL, 0.8-2 V into a 50Ω load (short circuit protected) Jumper selection for lower level, upper level, or window output

High voltage power supplyOutput range 0-1250 V adjustable by front panel scroll

key Output connector SHV high voltage socket on rear panel

Display2 LCDs each having 2 lines of 8 characters with backlight. Displays gain, shaping constant, lower level, upper level, and high voltageMiscellaneousPower req. +24 V, 120 mA; 12 V, 200 mA;

-12 V, 20 mA; +6 V, 250 mA; -6 V, 150 mAPhototube preamp NIM standard, 9pin sub-D, female power connector on rear panelHead cable length 5 m, 10 m, 15 m, and 20 mComputer controlThe RS232 communications port can be used to independently control phototube high voltage, preamplifier gain, single channel analyser lower and upper levels, and shaping constant. The standard cable lengths are 5 m, 10 m, 15 m, and 20 m.

CBY-2206 NIM Electronics module (5 channel version)The specifications are identical to the CBY-2202, except that the module does not contain the high voltage supply. We recommend a dedicated HV PSU. The current consumption on the 6V rails is higher as follows: +6V, 1250mA; -6V, 750mA.

Crystal NaI(TI) YAP LaCI3

Output Impedance 50 Ω 50 Ω 50 Ω

Bandwidth Gain 180 MHz 500 MHz 180 MHz

Slew rate 2000 V/µs 2000 V/µs 2000 V/µs



























Cyberstar Scintillation Detectors - Frequently Asked QuestionsCan I connect multiple detectors together?

The RS232 protocol used permits a system to be installed as part of network of up to 16 detectors (including other scintillation counters or the IC Plus Ion Chambers) through just one serial port on a host computer. Each unit is assigned a unique address for communications. This is particularly common for powder diffraction experiments where large numbers of heads may be used simultaneously.

•  Custom cables to “daisy-chain” multiple electronics modules are also available to order.

•  Custom built arrays of heads in a single housing can be constructed to order.

Which scintillator material should I use?

FMB Oxford offers three types of scintillation crystal: NaI(TI), YAP and LaCl3. Which one you decide to use is a compromise between count rate and energy resolution.

Light pulses from YAP decay very quickly compared to NaI(Tl), so it offers faster count rates. However when it comes to stringent energy resolution requirements, NaI would be the scintillator of choice.

So for energy resolution NaI has the advantage whilst for higher count rates YAP is desirable; LaCl3 offers a compromise of the two parameters.

Note: YAP low energy performance is impaired due to the lower efficiency of conversion; typically 5keV should be considered a minimum workable energy for this material.

Count rate Energy resolution Energy Range 5 keV 22 keV

NaI(Tl) 1Mcps 65% 30% 5-100keV

LaCl3 2.5Mcps 70% 25% 5-100keV

YAP 3.5Mcps 100% 45% 10-100keV

How fast will the detectors count?

Count rates will be affected by the experimental conditions and synchrotron bunch structure, however in theory the following maximum count rates can be expected:

NaI(Tl): 1Mcps LaCl3: 2.5Mcps YAP: 3.5Mcps

How can I use the scintillation counter?

A range of typical experiments is shown below. If there is a need to cover a larger solid angle then multiple detectors can be used. The narrow (CBY12) detector head may be useful in crowded experimental areas or can be used in multiples where the larger aperture (CBY48) head would perhaps limit positional information. Vacuum adaptors are also available.

What thickness of crystal should I choose?

In practice the thickness has little effect, and the heads can be used over a wide range of energies; please see our table of absorption versus energy for various crystal thicknesses. If the crystal is thinner than ideal for a particular energy then some X-rays will penetrate the crystal and not be converted into visible light (so there is an apparent counting loss,) if the crystal is too thick then the light produced has to go through a greater thickness of crystal before entering the PMT.

Thickness (mm) 1 2 599% absorption 20keV 30keV 90keV

90% absorption 30keV 80keV 120keV

80% absorption 70keV 95keV 150keV

Slits

monochromaticbeam

single crystal

diffr

acte

dbe

am 2θ

Single crystal diffraction

monochromaticbeam

surfacescattering

Reflectometry

θ

Slits

monochromaticbeam

powdersample

diffraction rings

Powder diffraction

2qmonochromaticbeam

kaptonfoil at 45° to beam

Intensity orpolarisation monitor

Slits

monochromaticbeam

single crystal

diffr

acte

dbe

am 2θ

Single crystal diffraction

monochromaticbeam

surfacescattering

Reflectometry

θ

Slits

monochromaticbeam

powdersample

diffraction rings

Powder diffraction

2qmonochromaticbeam

kaptonfoil at 45° to beam

Intensity orpolarisation monitor



























Scintillation Detectors Ordering Information

Sodium Iodide Scintillation Detector Heads∅12.5 mm body, ∅6 mm aperture, Be Window, 2 mm NaI(Tl) Scintillator C12NA12B

∅48 mm body, ∅30 mm aperture, Be Window, 1 mm NaI(Tl) Scintillator C48NA11B



∅48 mm body, ∅6 mm aperture, Be Window, 1 mm NaI(Tl) Scintillator with Vacuum KF40 Flange C48VNA11B

Large Area Detector 147x87 mm body, 50x108 mm aperture, Be Window, 2 mm NaI(Tl) Scintillator C147NA12B

YAP Scintillation Detector Heads∅12.5 mm body, ∅6 mm aperture, 2 mm YAP Scintillator C12YA12P

∅48 mm body, ∅30 mm aperture, 2 mm YAP Scintillator C48YA12P

Lanthanum Chloride Scintillation Detector Heads∅12.5 mm body, ∅6 mm aperture, Be Window, 5 mm LaCl3 Scintillator C12LA15B

∅17 mm body, ∅11 mm aperture, Be Window, 5 mm LaCl3 Scintillator C17LA15B



Scintillation Counter Electronics1-Channel Scintillation Counter PPU, 5U for NIM Rack including HV supply CBY02202

5-Channel Scintillation Counter PPU, 5U for NIM Rack (Excludes HV Supply) CBY02206

Ancillaries1-Channel HV Supply, 5U for NIM Rack (for CBY02206) MNIM0002

2-Channel HV Supply, 5U for NIM Rack (for CBY02206) MNIM0003

12 Slot NIM Bin for 19” Rack, inbuilt Power supply  MNIM0001

Scintillation PPU Cables5 m Scintillation PPU cable CBY01401

10 m Scintillation PPU cable CBY01402



Vacuum Scintillation PPU Cables5 m Air/0.5 m Vacuum Scintillation PPU cable ISO KF50 CBY01409

10 m Air/0.2 m Vacuum Scintillation PPU cable ISO KF50 CBY01413

RS232 Cables5 m RS232 cable CBY01404

10 m RS232 cable CBY01405




























30.0

2160.9

∅2.524.0

60.582.0

8.46.5

20.8

26.0

66.0

Avalanche Photodiodes

Avalanche Photodiode Detector headsThe Cyberstar APD (avalanche photodiode) system is an ultra fast detector suitable for experiments up to 20 keV with a large dynamic ranges, time resolved measurements and where fast photon counting are required.

Specifications

Maximum count rate 100 MHz *

Window 70 μm Kapton

Photon efficiency 50% that of NaI up to 10keV *

Noise below 1Hz *

Diode gain 200x at 370 V bias

Preamplifier gain 60 dB per stage at 100 MHz

Rise time 10%-90% <2 ns *

FWHM <4 ns *

30.0

KF2

5

14.065.5

34.0

∅16.1

APD Bodies

APD0001 APD0007

APD0008 (200 µm) /APD0005 (110 µm)

Features*

•  excellent pulse pair time resolution  -  5.6 ns

•  very low noise  

•  wide dynamic range and linearity  -  seven decades

•  rapid recovery from pulses

• high photon efficiency - 95% at 6 keV; 45% at 12 keV

*Indicative performance figures obtained at the National Synchrotron Light Source, Brookhaven National Laboratory



























APD ElectronicsAPD Prime

The Prime electronics package, built to a design developed at the Brookhaven National Laboratory, offers the user a basic electronics package to use with the APD detector. The unit supplies the bias voltage for the APD head and a constant fraction discriminator output.

APD ACE

Features

The ACE electronics package, built to a design developed at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility offers the user maximum flexibility; it supplies the bias voltage to the detector head, and has an integrated counter/timer which can be operated in local (front panel) or remote (computer controlled) mode.

•  front panel operation through a user-friendly LCD graphic display with touch panel

•  easy user interface for remote operation mode

•  up to 500 V diode bias

•  very low noise  

•  rugged, reliable package

• wide dynamic range and linearity - seven decades

•  Labview software is provided and can be utilised with the rs232 communication port for remote configuration and data retrieval

Specifications

NIM module two units wide

Selectable modes local (front panel,) remote

Remote connection serial or parallel

Maximum count rate up to 100 MHz

HV APD bias up to 500 V

Remote mode software included

Energy resolution 20% to 35% at 25 keV

Specifications

NIM module one unit wide

HV APD bias output 0 – 400 V

Constant fraction discriminator TTL output into 50 Ω

Amplifier output 0 to -4 V

Maximum count rate 100 MHz



























APD Performance

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

0 0,5 1 1,5

Amplitude [V]

Cou

nts

[a.u

]

5.9keVThe graph to the left shows a pulse height distribution of a 55Fe source (5.9 KeV) recorded using the ACE APD electronics.

The electronics module was set in window mode - to resolve the distribution a window of 10 mV was used for a good compromise between count rate and resolution. The high voltage photodiode bias was set to 300 V, the integration time 1 s and the lower level discriminator threshold 0.2 V.

APD Ordering informationAPD Detector Heads5x5 mm 110 μm sensor, 26x21x60 mm body APD0001

10x10 mm 110 μm sensor, Transmissive APD0005

5x5 mm 110 μm sensor, ∅34x80 mm, Vacuum compatible head DN KF16 APD0007

10x10 mm 200 μm sensor, Transmissive APD0008

APD ElectronicsAPD pulse processing unit ACE, NIM 1 channel APD0002

APD pulse processing unit PRIME, NIM 1 channel APD0003

APD PPU Cables5 m APD PPU cable CBY01501

10 m APD PPU cable CBY01502




























Gas Blower

Hot Air Gas BlowerThe gas blower is built under license from CNRS - Grenoble (France) Laboratory and is designed for use with crystallography experiments. Through the creation of a hot gas this system is able to heat a tiny mono crystal up to temperatures 1000°C with a precision of ± 1°C.

Specifications

Max Temperature 1000°C

Temperature Precision ± 1°C

Flow rate 40 l/hour

Gas exit pipe size 5 mm or 8 mm

Dimensions

Hot Air Gas Blower Ordering Information

The unit is supplied with a control module and a gas generator head.

Hot air generator ∅5 mm pipe DGB0002

Adjustable support stand DGB0003

Mechanical interface for DGB0002 and Diffractometer DGB0004


























Bent Crystal Laue Analysers

Bent Crystal Laue Analyser

The core of the BCLA is a silicon crystal, which is bent into a logarithmic spiral such that X-rays of a selected wavelength are diffracted towards the detector; whilst background radiation is transmitted straight though and blocked by Soller slits. The slit material, crystal shape, and geometry of the BCLA are carefully optimised for a particular working energy range - please refer to the ordering section below to view the suite of options available.

This device was conceived and developed by G. Bunker, L.D. Chapman, and C. Karanfil. It is based on bent Laue optic technology developed by Z. Zhong and collaborators at the NSLS for high energy medical imaging research, see the paper “A Bent Laue Analyser for Fluorescence EXAFS detection”, Zhong, Chapman, Bunker B, Bunker G, Fischetti, Segre; J Synch Rad 1999. 6, 212-214. It also incorporates suggestions from Z. Zhong, B.A. Bunker, C. Segre, and S.M. Heald.

Features

Sample(fluorescent &scatter source)

Log. Spiral Bent Laue Crystal(to diffract the desired emission line)

Area Integrating Detector(i.e. ionization detector)

Soller Slits(matches beam divergence)

Ordering informationBent Crystal Laue Analyser, 5.3 keV, for fluorescence lines: Kα: V, Cr, Mn; Lα: Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu BCLA0053

Bent Crystal Laue Analyser, 6.4 keV, for fluorescence lines: Kα: Mn, Fe, Co; Lα: Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho BCLA0064

Bent Crystal Laue Analyser, 7.5 keV, for fluorescence lines: Kα: Co, Ni, Cu; Lα: Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Hf, Ta, W BCLA0075

Bent Crystal Laue Analyser, 8.4 keV, for fluorescence lines: Kα: Cu, Zn, Ga; Lα: Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt BCLA0084

Bent Crystal Laue Analyser, 9.5 keV, for fluorescence lines: Kα: Zn, Ga, Ge, As; Lα: Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Hg, Tl BCLA0095

Bent Crystal Laue Analyser, 11.4 keV, for fluorescence lines: Kα: As, Se, Br, Kr; Lα: Pb, Bi, Po, At, Rn, Fr, Ra BCLA0114

Bent Crystal Laue Analyser, 13.6 keV, for fluorescence lines: Kα: Kr, Rb, Sr, Y; Lα: Th, Pa, U, Np, Pu, Am BCLA0136

Bent Crystal Laue Analyser, 16.0 keV, for fluorescence lines: Kα: Y, Zr, Nb, Mo; Lα: Am BCLA0160

Bent Crystal Laue Analyser, 18.4 keV, for fluorescence lines: Kα: Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh; Lα: N/A BCLA0184

Bent Crystal Laue Analyser, 22.0 keV, for fluorescence lines: Kα: Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, In; Lα: N/A BCLA0220

Specification

Input beam size: ~100 μm in diffracting plane (generally vertical direction)

~ 1mm in the perpendicular direction

Bandpass: 10 – 100 eV

Input energy ranges: 5.3, 6.4, 7.5, 8.4, 9.5, 11.4, 13.6, 16, 18.4, 22 KeV

(Note - each unit covers a nominal energy (detailed in ordering section) +/- 10%)

The FMB Oxford BCLA is a versatile, narrow bandpass filter that can enable you to achieve the ultimate performance in a variety of applications, including XRF and XAFS experiments at a synchrotron beamline.

The system, which is compatible with a variety of back-end detectors, rejects undesired x-ray photons (e.g. scattering and fluorescence from other elements in the sample) before they can be detected; drastically improving signal to noise ratio.

Ease of use

•  Rapid alignment using a generic x-y stage

Ultimate performance

•  Very narrow bandpass

•  Large angular acceptance 

Integration simplicity

•  Compatible with numerous detectors: scintillation tubes, ion chambers, and solid state arrays

•  Beam requirements easily achievable from modern synchrotron beamlines and many laboratory sources


























Bent Crystal Laue Analysers

678910111213141516171819202122

BCLA

0075

BCLA

0084

BCLA

0095

BCLA

0136

BCLA

0184 Kα Lα

Model Number

FluorescenceLinesBC

LA01

14

BCLA

0160

232425

BCLA

0220

5

BCLA

0064

BCLA

0053

In

Cd

Ag

Pd

Rh

Ru

Tc

Mo

Nb

Zr

Y

Sr

Rb

KrBrSeAsGeGaZnCuNiCoFeMn

AmNpPaAcFrAtBiTlAuIrReTaLuTmHoTbEuPm

PuUThRaRnPoPbHgPtOsWHfYbErDyGdSm

Ene

rgy

/ keV

Bent Crystal Laue Analyser - Frequently Asked QuestionsSetting up the BCLA

The Quercus Bent Laue Crystal Analyser has been designed for performance and also for ease of use. The analyser simply needs to be positioned at the correct distance and height relative to the position of the beam spot on the sample. The FMB Oxford Motorised Translation Stage (page 50) is ideal for this purpose.

I want to do experiments at a number of

energies, can I buy one BCLA and slits, and

order a range of crystals?

No. The slit material, crystal and geometry of the BCLA are all energy dependent. We therefore manufacture a number of discrete units carefully optimised for each particular working energy range. Please refer to the chart below for the energy ranges of each detector.

What is the required size of beam?

The required dimensions of the beam are nominally <100 micrometers in one dimension (typically vertical,) and nominally 1 mm in the perpendicular direction. Smaller beams will provide better energy resolution.

What does the BCLA include?

The system includes the log spiral crystal bender, a set of slits, a crystal, and a manual. The unit is provided assembled and ready to use.

What sample geometry is used?

The typical sample geometry used is a standard EXAFS setup, with the sample at 45 degrees (approximately) to the beam, and with the detector at 90 degrees to the beam in the horizontal plane.

If the main source of background is fluorescence from other elements in the sample, which is more or less isotropic, then other analyser locations are fine, and the units can be tiled. Some kind of focusing on the beamline is very desirable, or at least an undulator beam defined with slits.

Can we operate the system under high

vacuum (10-6 mbar)?

The system can operate in vacuum, although special materials, coatings, and assembly procedures will be employed. Please contact FMB Oxford for a quotation, specifying the energy range of interest.





























































FMB Oxford operate a Quality Management System which complies with the requirements of BS EN ISO 9001:2008. FMB Oxford reserves the right to change product specifications without notice, in line with our policy of constant product improvement. © FMB Oxford Ltd 2009. All rights reserved. All trademarks, copyrights and registrations acknowledged.

Certificate Number FM27989

Your local agent is:

UK FMB Oxford Unit 1 Ferry Mills Osney Mead Oxford OX2 0ES United Kingdom

Tel +44 (0)1865 320300 Fax +44 (0)1865 320301 [email protected]

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Tel +49 (030) 67 77 30 - 0 Fax +49 (030) 67 77 30 - 40 [email protected]

USA/Canada Toll Free (US) 1 800 673 7914 Fax 011 44 1865 320301 [email protected]

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Tel +81-3-3225-8938 Fax +81-3-3225-9011 [email protected]

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Tel +82 (0)31 478 0740~0742 Fax +82 (0)31 478 0743 [email protected]

India Transact India Corporation 5/1A, Grants Building Arthur Bunder Road Colaba Mumbai 400 005

Tel +91 22 2285 5261 Fax +91 22 2285 2326 [email protected]

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Tel +86 10 8802 6700 Fax +86 10 8802 6856 [email protected]

www.fmb-oxford.com

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