Toward a Strategy for Conservation of Crop Wild

Relatives of the USA: Initial Results

Colin Khoury, Stephanie Greene, Nora Patricia Castañeda Alvarez, John Wiersema

Strategy Flowchart

source: adapted from Maxted N. various publications

National Inventory

Taxa directly used for food, fiber, forage, medicine, ornamental, and restoration purposesCWR taxa (taxa used for crop improvement through breeding)Both native and non-native taxaSources: GRIN World Economic Plants Database; Flora of North America; McGuffin (2000); Native Seed Network Database.

• List reviewed by US researchers, curators, breeders (THANK YOU!)

• Inventory currently lists over 4,600 taxa

Phaseolus angustissimus source: SEINet

Taxonomic PrioritiesPrioritization of taxa based upon potential use value genepools of major crops with active breeding programsprimary focus on food crops

Gathered data on major crops globally (FAOSTAT, published literature, ITPGRFA)Prioritized the list Results: 242 World’s Top Crops (268 genera) 101 crops (119 genera) in Priority 1141 crops (149 genera) in Priority 2 Includes all the most important agricultural crops around the world by a number of measures, and covers all crops listed in FAOSTAT for US production and food supply, with virtually all major US crops on Priority 1.

Juglans hindsii source: http://dendro.cnre.vt.edu

Applied World’s Top Crops list to the national inventory and GRIN taxonomy to derive a priority list of CWR occurring in the USAReviewed inventory and proposed additional priorities that did not emerge from global dataProposed iconic US wild harvested species crops, e.g. sugar maple, wild rice, echinacea, pine nut, pecan, jojoba, agaveList reviewed by US researchers, curators, breeders (THANK YOU!)

Taxonomic Priorities for the US

Vitis rotundifolia source: Will Cook, 2008

>2,000 taxa of 175 priority genera occur in the USA800 taxa of 69 Priority 1 genera316 taxa of 33 genera 1A (closely related native taxa)477 taxa of 47 genera 1B (distantly related, non-native)Priority 2 genera- future work!Important crops with rich genepools include Allium (onion), Cucurbita (squash), Fragaria (strawberry), Helianthus (sunflower), Ipomoea (sweet potato), Phaseolus (bean), Prunus (cherry, almond, peach, etc.), Ribes (currant), Rubus (raspberry), Vaccinium (blueberry, cranberry), and Vitis (grape), among others.

Taxonomic Priorities for the US

Rubus hawaiensis source: luirig.altervista.org

Genepool Concepts

http://www.ars-grin.gov/~sbmljw/cgi-bin/taxcwr.pl

http://www.cwrdiversity.org/home/checklist/

Gap Analysis Methodology

Determine Determine gaps in gaps in

collectionscollections

Model Model distributionsdistributions

Gather Gather taxonomic taxonomic

datadata

Gather Gather occurrence occurrence

datadata

Make Make collecting collecting

recommendatiorecommendationsns

GeoreferencinGeoreferencingg

Global CWR Project GeneraAgropyron Colocasia Ipomoea PistaciaAllium Corylus Isatis Pisum (incl. Vavilovia)Ananas Crambe Juglans PrunusArachis Cucumis Lablab Pyrus

Armoracia Cucurbita Lactuca Raphanus (incl. Raphanobrassica)

Artocarpus Cynara Lathyrus RibesAsparagus Daucus Lens RorippaAvena Digitaria Lepidium SaccarhumBarbarea Dioscorea Lupinus SecaleBertholletia Diplotaxis Malus SesamumBeta Echinochloa Mangifera SetariaBrassica Elaeis Manihot Sinapis

Cajanus Elettaria Medicago Solanum (incl. Lycopersicon)

Camellia Eleusine Musa (incl. Ensete) SorghumCapsicum Elymus Olea SpinaciaCarica Eruca Oryza Theobroma

Carthamnus Ficus PanicumTriticum (incl. Triticosecale, Aegilops, others)

Chenopodium Fragaria (incl. as Potentilla) Pennisetum Vicia

Cicer Glycine Persea VignaCitrullus Gossypium Phaseolus VitellariaCitrus (incl. Fortunella and Poncirus) Helianthus Phoenix Vitis

Cocos Hordeum Pimenta XanthosomaCoffea Ilex Piper Zea (incl. Tripsacum)

•Online data•Researchers•Herbarium and genebank databases•Herbarium visits- more than 25,000 photos taken at NY, PH, US, MO, CAS, UC, WAG, CUVC, R, RB, MA, COI, RBGE, LISU, LISC, LISI, BM, RBGE, P,  L, K, VIR.

Global database contains ca. 4 million geo-referenced records

Gap Analysis: Global Project Occurrence Data Sources

add new occurrence data for 18 USA CWR priority genera

filter for US occurrences

Gap Analysis: Methodology

Ramírez-Villegas J, Khoury C, Jarvis A, Debouck DG, and Guarino L (2010).

A Gap Analysis Methodology for Collecting Crop Genepools: a Case Study with Phaseolus Bean. PLoS ONE 5(10): e13497

Gap Analysis: Dimensions

Taxonomic

EnvironmentalGeographic

US Phaseolus taxa

US Phaseolus taxon richness

US Phaseolus herbarium and germplasm record richness

herbariumrecords

germplasmrecords

US Phaseolus taxonomic gaps

US Phaseolus distribution model taxon richness

US Phaseolus geographic gaps

US Phaseolus results

Taxon HS GS TOTAL SRS GRS ERS FPS priority category

Phaseolus_sinuatus 0 1 1 10.00 10.00 10.00 0.00 HPS

Phaseolus_leptostachyus 1 0 1 0.00 NA NA 0.00 HPS

Phaseolus_pedicellatus 11 0 11 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 HPS

Phaseolus_smilacifolius 1 0 1 0.00 NA NA 0.00 HPS

Phaseolus_texensis 6 0 6 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 HPS

Phaseolus_polystachyus 344 2 346 0.06 0.06 2.61 0.91 HPS

Phaseolus_maculatus 60 9 69 1.30 0.34 4.00 1.88 HPS

Phaseolus_parvulus 61 9 70 1.29 0.55 4.00 1.94 HPS

Phaseolus_maculatus_maculatus 62 3 65 0.46 0.38 5.05 1.96 HPS

Phaseolus_grayanus 71 23 94 2.45 1.24 3.55 2.41 HPS

Phaseolus_angustissimus 267 8 275 0.29 0.46 6.50 2.42 HPS

Phaseolus_filiformis 162 20 182 1.10 1.68 7.67 3.48 MPS

Phaseolus_acutifolius 96 25 121 2.07 1.89 6.92 3.62 MPS

Phaseolus_maculatus_ritensis 53 20 73 2.74 3.66 6.50 4.30 MPS

Phaseolus_acutifolius_tenuifolius 64 55 119 4.62 3.35 7.50 5.16 LPS

Phaseolus_acutifolius_acutifolius 27 17 44 3.86 2.38 10.00 5.41 LPS

Phaseolus_parvifolius 2 2 4 5.00 10.00 6.67 7.22 LPS

US Phaseolus germplasm gaps

germplasm gap richness for high priority species

Gather more occurrence data- US herbaria, expert sources

Gather data on threats to CWR populations

Perform full gap analysis methodology on Priority 1 genepools

Develop methodology for in situ conservation analysis and perform analysis

Advocate for collecting and for establishment of genetic reserves

Next Steps

Web-based map tool for visualizing species distributions and ex situ and in situ gaps

Publish checklist of CWR of the USA

Publish gap analysis results

Publish analysis of management of genetic reserves under climate change

Contribution to new accessions conserved, management plans for conservation of CWR in genetic reserves

Expected Products

Helianthus exilis source: Greg Baute

Occurrence data needed for US distributions of priority 1 taxa

Expert review of gap analysis results (for both US and Global CWR projects)

Contribute!

Ribes niveum source: www.plantsystematics.org

http://cwroftheus.wordpress.com/

www.cwrdiversity.org

Colin Khoury c.khoury@cgiar.org

Stephanie Greene Stephanie.Greene@ars.usda.gov

John Wiersema John.Wiersema@ars.usda.gov

Thank You!

Lactuca serriola source C Khoury

Thank You!

US Phaseolus record richness

US Phaseolus modeling uncertainty metrics

modeling uncertainties as maximum standard deviations of taxa

US Phaseolus gap uncertainty metrics

collecting uncertainties as maximum standard deviations of taxa

collecting uncertainties as maximum geographic distance to known

populations

Gap Analysis: Global Project Occurrence Data Sources

Academy of Natural Sciences Herbarium (PH), USAAfrican Biodiversity Conservation and Innovations Centre (ABCIC) (Dr. Dan Kiambi), KenyaArmenian State Agrarian University (Dr. Alvina Avagyan), ArmeniaAustralia's Virtual Herbarium (AVH), Australia (accessed 10/2011)Australian Tropical Grains Germplasm Centre (ATGGC) (Dr. Sally Norton), AustraliaBotanical Society of the British Isles Herbaria@home, UKCalifornia Academy of Sciences (CAS), USACentro de Referência em Informação Ambiental (CRIA), Brazil (accessed 6/2011)Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad (CONABIO), Mexico (accessed 5/2011)Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) (Dr. Robert Lawn), AustraliaConsortium of Pacific Northwest Herbaria, USAConsultative Group on International Agricultural Research System-wide Information Network for Genetic Resources (SINGER) (accessed 6/2011)Denver Botanic Gardens Herbarium (DBG), USADIVEA, DEP, FEEMA Herbário Alberto Castellanos (GUA), BrazilEuropean Search Catalogue (EURISCO), Europe (accessed 6/2011)Field Museum (F), USAFlorida State University Herbarium (FSU), USAGENESYS Global Portal (accessed 6/2011)Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) (accessed 4/2011)Harvard University Herbarium (HUH), USAHerbário do Jardim Botânico do IICT (LISC), PortugalHerbarium and African Library of the Free University of Brussels (BRLU), BelgiumInstitute for Cereal Crops Improvement (ICCI), Harold and Adele Lieberman Germplasm Bank, IsraelInstituto Superior de Agronomia (LISI), PortugalInternational Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) (Alicia Velasquez), ColombiaInternational Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), ColombiaInternational Potato Center (CIP), PeruInternational Rice Research Institute (IRRI), PhilippinesJardim Botanico do Rio de Janeiro (JABOT), BrazilLAC-Biosafety, ColombiaLeibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) (Dr. Benjamin Kilian), GermanyMain Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences (MHA), Moscow, RussiaManchester University Herbarium (MANCH), UKMillennium Seed Bank of the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, UKMissouri Botanical Garden Herbarium (MO), USAMoscow State University (MW), Moscow, RussiaMuseu Nacional de História Natural (Dr. Joana Brehm), PortugalMuseu Nacional de História Natural e da Ciencia (MNHN), PortugalMuseum National d’Histoire Naturelle Herbarium (P), FranceN.I. Vavilov Institute of Plant Sciences (VIR), St. Petersburg, RussiaNationaal Herbarium Nederland Collection Database (L, U, WAG), The NetherlandsNationaal Herbarium Nederland, Herbarium Utrecht (U), The NetherlandsNationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden University branch (L), The Netherlands

National Center for Agricultural Research and Extension (NCARE) (Dr. Maha Syouf), JordanNatural History Museum Herbarium (BM), UKNatural History Museum, Planetary Biodiversity Inventory (PBI) Solanum: A worldwide treatment, Solanaceae Source, UKNew York Botanical Garden Herbarium (NY), USANordic Genetic Resources Center (NordGen), SwedenPlants of Taiwan, TaiwanReal Jardín Botánico de Madrid (MA), SpainRoyal Botanic Gardens Edinburgh (E), UKRoyal Botanic Gardens, Kew (K), UKRoyal Botanic Gardens, Kew (K) (Josephine Piggin), UKSmithsonian Institution, National Herbarium (US), USAUnited States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (Dr. David Spooner), USAUnited States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Clonal Germplasm Repository (Dr. Kim Hummer), USAUnited States Department of Agriculture, National Plant Germplasm System, Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USA (accessed 6/2011)United States Department of Agriculture, National Plant Germplasm System, Western Regional Plant Introduction Station, Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Seeds of Success Program, USAUnited States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service; Bioversity International; International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT); and the UniversityUniversidad del Valle Herbarium (CUVC), ColombiaUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Museu Nacional, BrazilUniversidade Lisboa Museu Nacional de História Natural e da Ciência (LISU), PortugalUniversidade Nova de Lisboa (Dr. Susana Neves), PortugalUniversity of Birmingham (Dr. Nigel Maxted), UK. University of California, Riverside (Dr. Jeff Ehlers), United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (Dr. Roy Pittman), USAUniversity of California, Riverside Herbarium (UCR), USAUniversity of Çukurova (Dr. Hakan Özkan), TurkeyUniversity of Helsinki (Dr. Markku Hakkinen), FinlandUniversity of Washington (Dr. Joshua Tewksbury), USAV. L. Komarov Botanical Institute (LE), St. Petersburg, RussiaWageningen University (Dr. Laurentius Josephus Gerardus van der Maesen), The NetherlandsWageningen University Herbarium (WAG), The NetherlandsWest Virginia University Herbarium (WVA), USAWorld Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), KenyaWorld Vegetable Center (AVRDC), Taiwan

Global CWR Project PrioritiesCrop TaxaAlfalfa (Medicago) 13Apple 12Bambara Groundnut 27Banana 31Barley 2Bean (Phaseolus) 37Carrot 27Chickpea 4Cowpea 12Eggplant 32Faba Bean 1Finger Millet 4Grasspea 12Lentil 4Oat 12Pea 9Pearl Millet 4Pigeon Pea 8Potato 83Rice 19Rye 4Sorghum 5Sunflower 11Sweet Potato 14Vetch 9Wheat 55 Total 451