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Civil Services:

Include

Officers and Staff of the Government, QuasiGovernmental Organisations including

PSUs,etc Lok Ayuktas

Regulatory Authorities including Anti

Corruption Agencies Public Private Partnerships

Judiciary(?)

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Public Representatives :

Consist of

Elected Representatives

Appointed Representatives

Political Parties

Fourth Estate

NGOs

Consumer and other Activist Groups

Trade Unions

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Relationship

Civil Service vis-a vis

Political Executive

Peoples Representatives

Media

NGOs

Activist Unions

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Impediments in effective

functioning of Civil Services

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Presence of serious systemic obstacles toimproving public delivery systems.

These systemic obstacles include:

Overstaffing.

Frequent transfers of public servants.

Weak anti-corruption enforcement mechanisms.

Role Swapping

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The Enabling

Environment

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The Role of Political Leadership

Vision Counts: The political leadershipinfluenced the kinds of reforms pursued in

several states, like AP, MP, and Karnataka.

Bipartisan consensus across party linesfacilitated reforms to improve program

delivery in Tamil Nadu.

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An Empowered Civil Service

Stability of tenure crucial to empowering civil

servants spearheading reform initiatives.

Managerial autonomy for decision-making.

Political support and signaling.

Civil Service when empowered by political

leaders can be an effective instrument forinnovation in service delivery.

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Activating Civic Pressures for

Change The Importance of Institutional Design

Access to information laws work best when appeals processes are simple andpressure from below encourage their use.

Institutionalized citizen participation in urban governance.

Public Interest Litigation

NGOs appeal to one part of the state (the judiciary) to hold anotheraccountable (the executive).

Creating Stakes for Participation:

The Political Economy of Hospital Autonomy in MP

Using the Media for Effect:

Anti-corruption Institutions need to focus more on corruption in servicedelivery; the media can be an important ally when prosecution is difficult.

Surat Municipal Corporation use the media as an ally.

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Simplifying Transactions: Lessons

High-level political support key to overcomingresistance.

Stability of tenure for administrative

champions necessary. Importance of Public-Private Partnerships

Low levels of citizen awareness in rural areas

an obstacle to change. No jobs lost in any of these initiatives: Win-

Win Situation.

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Restructuring Agency Processes: Cases

State-Wide Agencies

Andhra Pradeshs Transport and Registration Departments

The Karnataka State and Road Transport Corporation.

City-Wide Agencies

Transforming City Agencies in Bangalore Reforms in the Surat Municipal Corporation

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Decentralization: Cases and

LessonsCases: Surat After the Plague, 1994-2005.

Decentralizing Teacher Management in MP.

Lessons:

Decentralization in Surat freed the municipal commissioner tofocus on policy issues and empowered zonal commissioners,on the ground, to deal with a fast-changing situation.

Decentralizing teacher control to PRIs in MP lowered teacher

absenteeism and reinforced accountability. Use of para-teachers made it possible to extend a decentralized

model of teacher management in MP that boosted schoolenrollment in a fiscally-constrained setting.

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Strengthening Provider Autonomy

Case: Rogi Kalyan Samitis in MP.

Hospitals set up as RKS societies with autonomy tocharge user fees and deploy them for purchase of

equipment and maintenance. RKS societies representative of local society.

Results:

Productivity of salary expenditures improved

Doctor enthusiasm increased with better equipment Patient satisfaction ratings increased significantly.

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Building Political Support for Program Delivery

Comparing HD Outcomes in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka.

Both States possess similar human developmentoutcomes in 1981; By 2001, Tamil Nadu had jumped tothird place while Karnataka remained in seventh place,

despite similar rates of economic growth. Gap is now narrowing, but the question remains why TN

was a superior performer in the 1980s and 1990s on thewhole.

Key difference is the role of the Tamil Nadu government

in fashioning a set of public policies and interventions toboost human development beyond what might have beenexpected by growth alone.

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Political Support Spurred Andhra

Pradeshs Civil Service into Action

Programs effectively implemented by APs civil service.

Collector in AP a senior officer unlike many states; APalso have no divisional commissioner system to dilute thecollectors power; and Secretaries possess tradition of

autonomy in implementation in the state.

Karnataka lacked an entrenched welfarist ideology topush social programs: Mid-day meal scheme in the state,for example, not launched until 2002; northern Karnataka

remains behind the rest of the state.

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Strengthening Accountability

Mechanisms: Cases

Reducing Frequent Transfers .

Report Cards in Bangalore, 1994-2004.

Right to Information: Rajasthan and Delhi.

Strengthening Anti-Corruption Institutions

The Central Vigilance Commission

The State Lok Ayukta

Public Interest Litigation and the Courts.

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Strengthening Accountability Mechanisms:

Premature Transfers

New approaches might involve the creation ofstatutory civil services boards to restricttransfers, legal minimum tenures, and a

stability index to track transfers.

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Aggregate Transfers, Karnataka,

2000-05

Total Group A, B, C and D Transfers - Governme nt of Karnataka

(2000-2005)

16798

30275

34017

54333

8211

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

00-01 01-02 02-03 03-04 04-05 (April-

Sept)

Year

EmployeesinThousands

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Strengthening Accountability

Mechanisms: Report Cards Report cards prod agency heads into action, and

mobilize public pressure for change.

Satisfaction with Public Services Across CRCs

4 69

5

25

1

14

46 45

30

25

43

16 18

54

71 73

18

37

15

65

0

10

2030

40

50

60

70

80

BWSSB BESCOM BSNL BMP Govt

Hospital

BDA RTO

Agency

Pe

rcentge

1994 1999 2003

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Karnatakas Lok Ayukta:

Focus on Service Delivery

Investigates corruption/maladministration;budget U.S.$1.6 million; five hundred officers;activist judge appointed in 2001

Investigations: Drug adulteration

Public hospitals (absenteeism, exploitation)

Transport and registration departments.

Corruption in municipal government Volume of complaints triple in one year.

Wide publicity may be the best way to check

corruption when courts dont work.

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THANK YOU