CURRICULUM VITAE

1.0 PERSONAL DETAILS Name: Postal address:

James M. Mbaria Department of Public Health, Pharmacology & Toxicology University of Nairobi, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture & Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi. P.O. Box 29053-00625, Nairobi, Kenya

Email: james.mbaria@uonbi.ac.ke Telephone: +2542722639977 Nationality: Kenyan Gender : Male Age: 50 years Area of Specialization: Pharmacology and Toxicology Employer: University of Nairobi Designation: Senior Lecturer Marital Status: Married Religion: Christian Languages: English, Kiswahili, Mother tongue 2.0 PROFILE I am a Senior Lecturer in the University of Nairobi, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology. I was awarded a doctor of philosophy (PhD) degree in pharmacology and toxicology in 1999 after studying at the University of Nairobi (Kenya) and University of Ulm (Germany). I am a holder of a Master of Science (MSc) degree in pharmacology and toxicology and Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine (BVM) degree of the University of Nairobi. I have twenty three (23) years of professional experience in university teaching, research and consultancy. I am involved in teaching of courses in medical and biomedical sciences at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels. I have supervised seventeen (17) masters and two (2) PhD students to completion and I am supervising several ongoing postgraduate students. My research interest is pharmacology and toxicology of traditionally used medicinal plants, environmental toxicology and regulatory pharmacology and toxicology. Currently I am a collaborator in many ongoing multi-institutional and multidisciplinary research projects. I have sixty three (63) publications that include articles in peer reviewed scientific journals, books and conference/workshops proceedings. I am a member of Kenya Veterinary Association (KVA) and I am registered with the Kenya Veterinary Board (KVB) as a Veterinary Surgeon. I am a consultant toxicologist and a founder member of KVB’S College of Veterinary Pathologists. During my working experience, I have served as a member of university committees, National Technical Committees, won scholarships, consultancies, awards and research grants.

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3.0: EDUCATION 1994-1999: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi University of Nairobi 1989-1992: Master of Science (MSc) in Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi 1984-1988: Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine (BVM), University of Nairobi, 1981-1982: Kenya Advanced Certificate of Education (KACE), Njiri’s High School, Principals in Mathematics, Chemistry and Biology 1977-1980: Kenya Certificate of Education (KCE), Division 1 (15 points), Kituro Secondary School 1970-1976: Certificate of Primary Education (CPE), Sabatia Primary School 4.0 POSITIONS HELD 1) Senior Lecturer, Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of

Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi (2000 to date) 2) Lecturer, Department of Public Health, Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary

Medicine, University of Nairobi: 1991 to 2000 3) Assistant Lecturer, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Public Health,

Pharmacology & Toxicology: 1989 to1991 4) Veterinary Officer II, Ministry of Livestock Development, Kenya. (In-charge of Meat

hygiene in Nairobi Area): 1988 to 1989 5) Secondary school teacher (Biology, Chemistry and Mathematics), Sabatia Secondary

School: 1983 to1984

5.0 ADMINISTRATION EXPERIENCE I have experience in administration which I have gained by occupying the following positions; 1) Head of Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, Department of Public Health,

Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi: 2000 to 2011 2) Honorary Secretary and Chief Executive Officer (CEO), Kenya Veterinary Association:

2008 to 2010 3) Assistant Head, Pharmacology & Toxicology section, Department of Public Health,

Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi: 1998 to 2000 4) Acting Chairman of Department Public Heath, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of

Nairobi on several occasions

6.0 TEACHING EXPERIENCE • I have 23 years university teaching experience at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels

in medical and biomedical sciences. • I have served as an External Examiner, Internal Examiner or Member of Board of

Examiners for numerous theses • I have served as a coordinator for several programs a courses including JPT 341:

Pharmacology & Toxicology, Master of Science (MSc), Pharmacology & Toxicology and Master of Science in Natural Products & Bioprospecting.

• The following is a list of courses that I taught/supervised students. 1) Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine (BVM) 2) Bachelor of Science in Biomedical Technology 3) Bachelor of Science in Biochemistry

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4) Bachelor of Science in Nutrition and Dietetics 5) Master of Veterinary Public Health 6) Master of Science in Pharmacology and Toxicology 7) Master of Science in Food Science and Technology 8) Master of Science (MSc), Natural Products and Bioprospecting 9) Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Pharmacology and Toxicology 10) Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Natural Products and Bioprospecting 11) Bachelor of Science (BSc), Wildlife Management 12) Diploma in Animal Health and Production 13) Diploma in pharmaceutical technology (DPT) 7.0 WORKSHOPS, SEMINARS, SHORT COURSES AND TRAINING I have attended and participated in the following; 1) July 9th to 12th, 2012. Workshop on Harmonization of Registration of Veterinary

Vaccines for use in East African Countries. Held at Giraffe Ocean View Hotel, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

2) March 1st to 2nd, 2012: Expert meeting on indigenous peoples, diabetes and development, organized by International Diabetes Federation and World Diabetes Foundation. Held at Marriot Hotel, Copenhagen Demark

3) April 25th to 27th, 2012: The Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (FVM) and 46th Kenya Veterinary Association (KVA) Annual Scientific Conference & Exhibition. Held at The Safari Park Hotel, Nairobi, Kenya

4) September 16th, 2011: Continuous Professional Development Workshop on Advances in Pest Management and Role of Veterinarians. Held at the Department of Public Health, Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Agriculture & Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi

5) January 19th, 2011: Stakeholders’ Workshop on Registration Requirements for Semiochemicals organized by Pest Control Products Board (PCPB). Held at Jacarada Hotel, Westlands Nairobi, Kenya

6) September 28th to 29th, 2010: International conference on pastoral livestock production in the Horn of Africa, Organized by African Union Interafrican Bureau for Animal, Resources (AU/IBAR) in partnership with Terra Nuova, held at Sheikh Technical Veterinary School, Somaliand

7) September 8th to 10th, 2010: The 7th Biennial Scientific Conference & Exhibition. Held at The University of Nairobi College of Agriculture and Veterinary, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine

8) July 6th to 8th, 2010: The 18th International Biomedical Research conference on “Translating non-human Primate Studies into Clinical Benefits for Humans”, organized by Institute of Primate Research. Held at Kenya Institute of Education, Kenya

9) April 21st to 23rd, 2010: The 44th Kenya Veterinary Association Annual Scientific Conference Held at Almond Resort, Garissa, Kenya

10) March 2nd to 4th, 2010: Training in PhD supervision. Held at the College of Agriculture And Veterinary sciences (CAVS), University of Nairobi

11) February 22nd to 26th 2010: World Health Organization (WHO) Workshop on Assessment of Quality of Multisource Medicines. Held at Silver springs Hotel, Nairobi

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12) September 25th 2009: The 2009 Rabies and Zoonoses Conference organized by the Kenya Veterinary Association. Held at Sunset Hotel, Kisumu

13) September 23rd to 24th 2009: Seminar on Alternatives to use of Animals in Experiments in Education and Training Health, Organized by African Network for animal Welfare and The International Network for Human Education. Held Kenya Institute of Education, Nairobi, Kenya

14) April 22nd to 24th 2009: The 43rd Kenya Veterinary Association Annual Scientific Conference. Held at Hotel Outspan, Nyeri

15) January, 2009: Performance enhancement strategies course, organized by The University of Nairobi, held at Taifa Hall, University of Nairobi

16) December, 2009: Natural products curriculum stakeholders and Technical workshop organized by RISE-AFNET Project. Held at Kenya Commercial Bank (KCB) Leadership Centre, Karen

17) November 2nd to 16th, 2009: The 7th Advanced Training Program of Research and Development of Medicinal Plants for African Countries Sponsored by the Ministry of Education of P. R. China and Organized by Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Held in the School of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi.

18) July 28th to 31st, 2008: The 29th World Veterinary Congress. Held at Vancouver, Canada 19) April 23rd to 25th, 2008: Kenya Veterinary Association Annual Scientific Conference,

Held at Golf Hotel, Kakamega 20) April, 28th to 30th, 2008: The 1st National conference and Exhibition for Dissemination of

Research Results and Review of innovations, organized by the Ministry of Research, Science and Technology, held at Kenyatta International Conference Centre, Nairobi, Kenya

21) October 25th, 2007: Training on transformative leadership and result based management (REM) at the University of Nairobi

22) May 2007: A six day workshop on proposal and scientific writing sponsored by RAIN-ASARECA and University of Nairobi. Held at Kenya School of Monetary Studies, Nairobi, Kenya

23) April, 23rd to 25Th, 2007: The Kenya National Examinations Council (KNEC) Senior Examiners’ Workshop on Review of Marking procedures, Documents and Related Challenges, Harmonization of Marking Schemes and Importance of Writing Examination Marking reports. Held at Kenya Science Teachers College, Nairobi

24) September 6th to 8th, 2006: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Biennial Scientific Conference and Exhibition, Held at the College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi

25) September, 10th to 12th, 2002: The 2nd Scientific Conference of Kenya Livestock Technologists Association. Held at National Agricultural Research Laboratories (NARL), Nairobi, Kenya

26) October 29th to November 3rd, 2001: The First National Workshop on Medicinal, Aromatic and other Underutilized Plant Species in Kenya. Held at Kenya Wildlife Service Training Institute, Naivasha, Kenya

27) September, 6th to 21st, 2000: First African Neuroscience School Sponsored by International Brain research organization (IBRO). Held at Pietersburgh, South Africa

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28) August 15th to 19th, 1994. The 7th International Symposium on Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics. Held at Safari Park Hotel, Nairobi, Kenya

29) October, 1996 to March, 1997: Six months training on Pesticides Analytical techniques at Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Laboratory (PTRL) Europe, and University of Ulm, Germany

30) October, 1989: Short course on use of computers in organization of documents and data, held at the College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi

31) November, 1988: Course on Practical Application of DNA techniques in Microbiology, Organized by NORAD, held at The University of Nairobi

32) May 2nd to August 13th, 1984: Course of Basic Training at National Youth Service, Gilgil, Covering Personal fitness, foot-drill, first-aid, camp craft, fire-fighting, elementary stores, accounts and transport control and lectures on national development issues and strategies

8.0 AWARDS, SCHOLARSHIPS AND GRANTS 1) Principal Investigator (PI), Research Grant (Approximately Kshs 2 million) for a Project

titled “Development of Pyrethrins Based Anthelmintic Preparation for Treatment of Helminthiasis in Domestic Animals in Kenya”. Funded by Agricultural Research Fund (ARF), Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI)

2) Principal Investigator (PI), Research Grant (Kshs 3 million) for a Project titled “Research and Validation of Ethnoveterinary Remedies for Ectoparasites and Endoparasites of Livestock in Kenya”. Funded by Commission for Higher Education

3) Best presenter, The 2nd Scientific Conference of Kenya Livestock Technologists Association: Held in September 10th to 12th, 2002, at National Agricultural Research Laboratories (NARL), Nairobi, Kenya

4) First Overall Award in Kenya Agricultural Research Fund (ARF) in recognition of outstanding work on “Development of Pyrethrum-based Anthelmintic Preparations for Treatment of Helminthosis in Domestic Animals in Kenya” and the paper presentation during Agricultural Research Fund (ARF) End of Project Conference. Held at Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) Headquarter, Nairobi from 2nd to 4th December 2003

5) Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Scholarship by German Academic Exchange Program (Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst) (DAAD) to undertake doctoral studies in Pharmacology and Toxicology at the University of Nairobi, Kenya

6) Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst (DAAD) Scholarship to undertake a six months research project at University of Ulm and Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Laboratories (PTRL) in the Federal Republic of Germany

7) Association of African Universities (AAU) grant to facilitate write-up Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) thesis

8) Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD) Scholarship to undertake Master of Science (MSc) Degree in Pharmacology and Toxicology at the University of Nairobi, Kenya

9.0 ONGOING RESEARCH

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I am involved in several ongoing Multi-institutional and Multidisciplinary research projects listed below: 1) Regional Initiative in Science Education (RISE), African Natural Products Network

(AFNNET). Project sponsored by Carnegie Corporation of New York. 2) A Study of Wound Healing and Antimicrobial Activity, phytochemistry and Toxicity of

Aspilia Pluriseta (Sponsored by Rise-Afnnet) 3) A toxicological and epidemiological study of environmental and occupational pesticide

exposure on floricultural workers in Kenya (Collaboration with KEMRI) 4) Acute and sub-acute toxicological studies of Prosopis juliflora from Marigat district,

Kenya (Collaboration with Jomo Kenya university of Agriculture and Technology) 5) Anthelmintic usage in food producing animals in Kenya and development of resistance

in nematodes (Funded by German Academic Exchange Program) 6) Biological and phytochemical studies of medicinal plants from Kaloleni District, Kenya

(Collaboration with Kenyatta University) 7) Evaluation of antifertility properties of medicinal plants traditionally used in Tana River

County, Kenya (Sponsored by Rise-Afnnet) 8) Evaluation of Antimicrobial activity and Cytotoxic Effects of Aloe turkanesis

(Sponsored by Rise-Afnnet) 9) Formulation, Safety and Efficacy of Anthelmintic Herbal Products from Selected Plants

in Kenya (Funded by the National Council for Science and Technology (NCST)) 10) In vivo antimalarial and cytotoxic effects of selected plant extracts used in Kenya

(Sponsored by Rise-Afnnet) 11) Occurrence of Multiple Strains, Antibiotic Resistance of Enteropathogenic

Stapylococcus aureus in some Foods of Animal Origin in Nairobi Kenya (Sponsored by the National Council for Science and Technology (NCST))

12) Pharmacological and Toxicological Study of Clerodendrum myricoides, an Ethnomedical Herbal Remedy Used in Kenya (Sponsored by Rise-Afnnet)

13) Pharmacology, toxicology and phytochemical analysis of selected antimalarial plants in Kenya (Sponsored by Rise-Afnnet)

14) Phytochemical and antihelmintic activity of Entalda leptostachya (MIMOSACEAE) and Rapanea rhododendroides (MYRINACEAE) (Collaboration with Jomo Kenya university of Agriculture and Technology)

15) Prevalence of aflatoxin B1 in foods and cattle feeds stocked in Nairobi using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (Collaboration with Kenyatta University)

16) Study of Antimalarial Activity, Cytotoxicity and Acute Toxicity of Zanthoxylum chalybeum Engl. and Vernonia lasiopus O. Hoffman (Collaboration with KEMRI)

17) Study of plants used by indigenous peoples of Machakos and Kitui, Kenya for management of diabetes mellitus (Sponsored by Rise-Afnnet)

18) Toxicity, Analgesic and Antimicrobial Activity of Vernonia hymenolepsis, a Medicinal Plant used in Kenya for Oral Healthcare(Sponsored by Rise-Afnnet)

10.0 POSTRAGRADUATE STUDENT SUPERVISION RECORD

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I have supervised seventeen (19) postgraduate students to completion and I am supervising another seventeen (17) students. The details of the Master and Doctorate (PhD) degree students that I have supervised to completion and those that I am currently supervising are given below: PhD degree students that I have supervised to completion 1) Joseph Mwanzia Nguta (2011). Ethnopharmacology and Toxicology of Antimalarial

Plants used traditionally in Msambweni Kenya. PhD, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi

2) Sarah, A. Nalule (2011). Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemical composition, and Toxicity of Medicinal Plants used against Livestock Helminths in Ugandan Drylands. PhD, Dryland Resource Management, University of Nairobi

Masters degree students that I have supervised to completion 3) Joseph K. Bundotich (2012). Study of acute toxicity of Zanthoxylum chalybeum using

mice and brine shrimp experimental model. MSc Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi

4) Jason Gathumbi Kimotho (2012). Study of exposure to pesticides and related health effects among farmers in Mwea, Kenya. MSc, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi

5) Joseph Kiviso Musau (2011). Antimicrobial Activity, Cytotoxicity and Phytochemistry of Selected Medicinal Plants in Meru Central District, Kenya. MSc Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi.

6) Stanley Mwebia, Itonga (2011). Ethnobotanical Survey of Plants used in Traditional Medicine and as Biopesticides in Meru Central, Kenya and Preliminary Toxicological Evaluation of Tephrosia vogelii. MSc, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi.

7) Japhet M. M’Anampiu (2011). A study of Pesticide Residues in Fish and Sediments from Lake Naivasha. Master of Veterinary Public Health (MVPH), University of Nairobi.

8) Francis O. Ochola (2011). Pharmaco-epidemiological and Toxicological study of Snake Envenomations in Selected areas in Kenya. MSc, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi.

9) Dr. H. Z. Amenya (2011). Acute and Sub-Acute toxicity of Rapanea melanophloeos (L) Mez. In Sprague Dawley Rats. MSc, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi.

10) Kipsengeret B.K. Koros (2009). Assessment of Heavy Metal Concentration in Ash from Incinerators and its Environmental Implication in Nairobi, Kenya. MSc, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi.

11) John Kaunga Muthee (2009). Acute and sub Acute Toxicity of Nicandra Pysaloides (L) Gaerten in Mice and Calves. MSc, Clinical Studies, University of Nairobi.

12) Cyrus Gigaiga Wagate (2008). Pharmacological Evaluation of Antimicrobial and Bioactivity of Plants Used in Ethnomedicine and Ethnoveterinary Medicine in Machakos and Kitui Areas, Kenya. MSc, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi.

13) Mark Opiyo Nanyingi (2008). Bioacaricidal potency of Acokanthera schimperi and Psiadia punctulata against Boophilus decolaratus and Rhipicephalus appendiculatus. MSc, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi

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14) Reuben Masinde Waswa (2007). Management of Late Bright of Potato and Tomato by Antibiotics Produced by Streptomyces species. MSc In Agriculture (Plant Pathology), University of Nairobi.

15) Joseph Mwanzia Nguta (2007). Determination of levels of trace elements in pastures in some regions in Kenya. MSc, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi.

16) Tom Bosire Menge (2007). Amitraz: A Demographic Survey of Poisoning at Kenyatta National Hospital and Acute Toxicity Studies in Rats. MSc Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi.

17) Peninnah M. Munyua (2006). Toxicological Assessment of a Tsetse Fly Repellant (Patent No. Ke00185, 2004)” on the Health of Exposed Animals. Master of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics (MVEE), University of Nairobi.

18) Mwenda Mbaka (2003). An Evaluation of the Presence of Fecal Escherichia coli in Roof-Collected Rainwater from Parts of Nairobi. Master of Veterinary Public Health (MVPH), University of Nairobi.

19) Michael Ekidor Eregae (2003). Participatory Market Research in Business planning for Private Pastoral Veterinary Practice in Turkana District, Kenya. Master of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics (MVEE), University of Nairobi.

PhD degree students that I am currently supervising 20) Mary J. Oguna. Anthelmintic usage in food producing animals in Kenya and

development of resistance in nematodes. PhD Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Of Nairobi (student is writing thesis)

21) Irene Thiguku Kamanja. Pharmacological and Toxicological Study of Clerodendrum myricoides, an Ethnomedical Herbal Remedy Used in Kenya. PhD Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Of Nairobi (student is writing thesis)

22) John Kaunga Muthee. Formulation, Safety and Efficacy of Anthelmintic Herbal Products from Selected Plants in Kenya. PhD Clinical Studies, University of Nairobi (student is

23) conducting research project) 24) Kipsengeret B. Koros. A toxicological and epidemiological study of environmental and

occupational pesticide exposure on floricultural workers in Kenya (Student is conduction research project)

25) B. Chivatsi. Biological and phytochemical studies of medicinal plants from Kaloleni District, Kenya. PhD Kenyatta University (student conducting research project)

26) James M. Mathenge. Occurrence of multiple strains, antibiotic resistance of enteropathogenic Stapylococcus aureus in some foods of animal origin in Nairobi Kenya. PhD Zoological Sciences, Kenyatta University (student is conducting research project)

27) Catherine Kaluwa Kaingu. Evaluation of antifertility properties of medicinal plants traditionally used in Tana River County, Kenya. PhD Reproductive Biology, University of Nairobi (student conducting research project)

28) Joseph Kivisio Musau. Pharmacology, toxicology and phytochemical analysis of selected antimalarial plants in Kenya. PhD Natural Products and Bioprospecting, University of Nairobi (Student is conducting research project)

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Masters degree students that I am currently supervising 29) James Menni Kuria. A Study of wound healing and antimicrobial activity,

phytochemistry and Toxicity of Aspilia Pluriseta. MSc Natural Products and Bioprospecting, University of Nairobi.

30) George G. Mwangi. In vivo antimalarial and cytotoxic effects of selected plant extracts used in Kenya. MSc Microbiology, University of Nairobi (Thesis submitted for examination)

31) Omimo O. Ombasa. Phytochemical and antihelmintic activity of Entalda leptostachya (MIMOSACEAE) and Rapanea rhododendroides (MYRINACEAE). MSc (Medical Phytochemistry), Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (Student is writing thesis)

32) Dinah Kwamboka Nyangaga. Prevalence of aflatoxin B1 in foods and cattle feeds stocked in Nairobi using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. MSc Immunology, Kenyatta University (Student writing thesis)

33) Richard Waithaka Waburu. Acute and sub-acute toxicological studies of Prosopis juliflora from Marigat district, Kenya. MSc (Medical Phytochemistry), Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (Student is writing thesis)

34) Clare Njoki Kimani. Study of plants used by indigenous peoples of Machakos and Kitui, Kenya for management of diabetes mellitus. MSc Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi (Student research project)

35) Zachary M. Lukenya. Evaluation of antimicrobial activity and cytotoxic effects of Aloe turkanesis. MSc Natural Products and Bioprospecting, University of Nairobi.

36) Ronald O. Okindo. Toxicity, analgesic and antimicrobial activity of Vernonia hymenolepsis, a medicinal plant used in Kenya for oral healthcare. MSc Natural Products and Bioprospecting, University of Nairobi.

37) David Njenga. Study of Antimalarial Activity, Cytotoxicity and Acute Toxicity of Zanthoxylum chalybeum Engl. and Vernonia lasiopus O. Hoffman. MSc Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi (writing proposal).

11.0 CONSULTANCIES AND RESEARCH COLLABORATIONS During my working experience, I have conducted research activities through grants obtained competitively from local and international funding agencies. The following are details on consultancies and collaborations that I have participated in; 1) Studies of acute toxicity and anthelmintic activity of pyrethrins in sheep and rabbits

funded by Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD) 2) Investigation of anthelmintic usage, other Helminth Control Practices, prevalence of

Helminths and anthelmintic resistance in Molo and Nyandurua areas of Kenya. Funded Canadian International Development (CIDA)

3) Studies of pharmacokinetics, anthelmintic efficacy and acute toxicity of pyrethrins in sheep and dogs and pyrethroids analysis in air funded German Academic Exchange Programme (DAAD) and Association of African Universities (AAU)

4) Studies on ethnoveterinary medicine in Baragoi, Samburu District, Kenya. Sponsored Intermediate Technology Development Group (ITDG-EA)

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5) Research on development of pyrethrum based anthelmintics for use in Animals. Funded by a research grant by Agricultural Research Fund (ARF) coordinated by Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI).

6) Development of inventory, scientific validation, value addition and commercialization of Ethnoveterinary and Ethnomedical practices to assist the Samburu community face challeges in food security. Research grant by Commission for Higher Education (CHE)

7) Lead consultant/Study Director in a case study on investigation of occurrence of a severe acute livestock poisoning by borehole water in Marsabit district, Kenya (consultancy sponsored by Non-Governmental Organization).

8) University consultancy services on analysis of pesticide, antibiotic and chemical residue analysis in meat and honey for regulatory programmes in international trade.

9) University consultancy services on conduction of toxicological studies for pest control products registration in Kenya by Pest Control Products Board (PCPB)

12.0 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS I have written several publications which include scientific papers peer reviewed journals, reports, conference/workshop proceedings, theses and books. The details of my publications are given below: THESES 1) J. M. Mbaria (1999). Studies of Pharmacokinetics, Anthelmintic Efficacy and Acute

Toxicity of Pyrethrins in Sheep and Dogs and Pyrethroids Analysis in Air. Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Thesis, University of Nairobi.

2) J. M. Mbaria (1992). Studies of Acute Toxicity and Anthelmintic Activity of Pyrethrins in Sheep and Rabbits. Master of Science (MSc) Thesis, University of Nairobi.

ARTICLES IN REFEREED JOURNALS 3) J.M. Nguta, J.M. Mbaria, D.W. Gakuya, P.K. Gathumbi, S.G. Kiama (2010). Antimalarial

herbal remedies of Msambweni, Kenya. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 128: 424–432

ABSTRACT: Malaria is a serious cause of mortality globally. The disease is of regional concern in Africa and of national interest in Kenya due to its high morbidity and mortality as a result of development of resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum to many existing drugs such as chloroquine. Alternative medicine using herbal remedies are commonly used to treat malaria in Kenya. However, plants used in some rural areas in Kenya are not documented. Many antimalarial drugs have been derived from plants. This study was conducted to document medicinal plants that are traditionally used by the Msambweni community of Kenyan South Coast to treat malaria, where the disease is endemic. Herbalists were interviewed by administration of semistructured questionnaires in order to obtain information on medicinal plants traditionally used for the treatment of malaria. Focused group discussions held with the herbalists supplemented the interview and questionnaire survey. Twenty-seven species of plants in 24 genera distributed in 20 families were reported to be used in this region for the treatment of malaria. Labiatae, Rutaceae and Liliaceae families had each eleven percent of the plant

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species reported and represented th species that are most commonly used. Thirteen plant species, namely; Aloe deserti Berger (Liliaceae), Launea cornuta (Oliv and Hiern) C. Jeffrey (Compositae), Ocimum bacilicum L. (Labiatae), Teclea simplicifolia (Eng) Verdoon (Rutaceae), Gerranthus lobatus (Cogn.) Jeffrey (Cucurbitaceae), Grewia hexaminta Burret (Tiliaceae), Canthium glaucum Hiern. (Rubiaceae), Amaranthus hybridus L. (Amaranthaceae), Combretum padoides Engl and Diels. (Combretaceae), Senecio syringitolius O.Hoffman. (Compositae), Ocimum suave Willd (Labiatae), Aloe macrosiphon Bak. (Liliaceae) and Laudolphia buchananii (Hall.f) Stapf. (Apocynaceae) are documented from this region forthefirst time for the treatment of malaria. These results become a basis for selection of plants for further pharmacological, toxicological and phytochemical studies in developing new plant based antimalarial drugs. © 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. 4) Joseph Mwanzia Nguta, James M. Mbaria, Peter K. Gathumbi, Daniel Gakuya, John

David Kabasa and Stephen Gitahi Kiama (2011). Ethnodiagnostic Skills of the Digo Community for Malaria: A Lead to Traditional Bioprospecting

ABSTRACT: Malaria is a major public health problem that is presently complicated by the development of resistance by Plasmodium falciparum to the mainstay drugs. Thus, new drugs with unique structures and mechanism of action are required to treat drug-resistant strains of malaria. Historically, compounds containing a novel structure from natural origin represent a major source for the discovery and development of new drugs for several diseases. This paper presents ethnophytotherapeutic remedies, ethnodiagnostic skills, and related traditional knowledge utilized by the Digo community of the Kenyan Coast to diagnose malaria as a lead to traditional bioprospecting.The current study was carried out in three Digo villages of Diani sub-location between May 2009 and December 2009. Data was collected using semi-structured interviews, and open and close-ended questionnaires. A total of 60 respondents (34 men and 26 women) provided the targeted information. The results show that the indigenous knowledge of Digo community on malaria encompasses not only the symptoms of malaria but also the factors that are responsible for causing malaria, attributes favoring the breeding of mosquitoes and practices employed to guard against mosquito bites or to protect households against malaria. This knowledge is closely in harmony with scientific approaches to the treatment and control of the disease. The Digo community uses 60 medicinal plants distributed in 52 genera and 27 families to treat malaria. The most frequently mentioned symptoms were fever, joint pains, and vomiting while the most frequently mentioned practices employed to guard against mosquito bites and/or to protect households against malaria was burning of herbal plants such as Ocimum suave and ingestion of herbal decoctions and concoctions. The Digo community has abundant ethnodiagnostic skills for malaria which forms the basis of their traditional bioprospecting techniques. 5) J.M. Nguta, J.M. Mbaria, D.W. Gakuya, P.K. Gathumbi, S.G. Kiama (2010). Traditional

Antimalarial Phytotherapy Remedies used by the South Coast community, Kenya. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 131: (2010) 256–267

ABSTRACT: Aim of the study: This study was conducted to document herbal medicines used in the treatment of malaria as well as the existing knowledge, attitudes and practices related to malaria recognition, control and treatment in South Coast, Kenya. Methods: Data was collected

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using semistructured questionnaires and interviews. A focused group discussion held with the community members, one in each of the study villages supplemented the interview and questionnaire survey. Results: The respondents were found to have a good understanding of malaria and could distinguish it from other fever types. They were also aware that malaria was spread by mosquitoes. Malaria prevalence was high, and affected individuals an average of four times a year. Community members avoided mosquito bites by using mosquito nets, clearing bushes around their homesteads and burning plant parts to generate smoke. They prevented and treated malaria by taking decoctions or concoctions of traditional herbal remedies. Forty plant species in thirty-five genera distributed in twenty-four families were used as antimalarials in the study area. Five plant species, namely; Heeria insignis Del. (Anacardiaceae), Rottboelia exaltata L.F (Gramineae), Pentanisia ouranogyne S. Moore (Rubiaceae), Agathisanthenum globosum (A. Rich) Hiern (Rubiaceae), and Grewia trichocarpa Hochst ex A. Rich (Tiliaceae) are documented for the first time in South Coast, Kenya, for the treatment of malaria. Conclusions: The plants documented in the current study are a potential source for new bioactive compounds of therapeutic value in malaria treatment. The results provide data for further pharmacological and toxicological studies and development of commercial antimalarial phytotherapy products. 6) J.M.Nguta, J.M.Mbaria, D.W.Gakuya, P.K.Gathumbi, J.D. Kabasa, S.G.Kiama (2011).

Biological Screening of Kenyan Medicinal Plants using Artemia salina L. (Artemiidae). Pharmacologyonline 2: 458-478

ABSTRACT: Medicinal plants constitute important components of flora and are widely distributed in different regions of Kenya. Based on ethnopharmacological significance, we collected several medicinal plants from South Coast, Kenya used in traditional medicine to treat malaria and evaluated for their toxicity. In the present study, brine shrimp (Artemia salina) test was used to screen antimalarial plants for their cytotoxicity. A total of 80 crude extracts from 30 plant species distributed among 18 plant families were evaluated for their toxicity against Artemia salina. Cytotoxicity results showed that 23 (57.5%) of organic and 7 (17.5%) of aqueous extracts showed significant toxicity to the brine shrimp (LC50 < 100 µg/ml). Organic extracts obtained from the leaves of Momordica foetida Schumach. (Cucurbitaceae), stem bark of Warbugia stuhlmannii Engl. (Canallaceae) and the root bark of Zanthoxylum chalybeum (Eng) Engl. (Rutaceae) exhibited potent activity with LC50 values of 8, 8 and 11 µg/ml respectively. The toxicity data obtained suggest that some of these plants would not make good malaria treatments, suggesting a need for further in vivo toxicological studies. The present study could be useful in the search for new antitumor compounds from the Kenyan flora.

7) A S Nalule, J M Mbaria, D Olila and J W Kimenju (2011): Ethnopharmacological practices in management of livestock helminthes by pastoral communities in the drylands of Uganda. Livestock Research for Rural Development, volume #36 http:/www.Irrd3/2/2nalu23036.

ABSTRACT: A two stage sampling ethno-pharmacological study was carried out with agro-pastoralists in Nakasongola district involving two sub-counties namely; Nabiswera and Nakitoma. Participatory methods were used to establish a livestock disease inventory, ethno-diagnosis, medicinal plants used and implication for livestock-based livelihoods. Fourteen focus groups discussion comprising of 198 persons and 32 key informant interviews were conducted.

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Trypanosomosis (20.9%), East cost fever (15.5%) and helminthosis (12.8%) were found to be the most prevalent of the twenty five diseases affecting different livestock species in the area. Thirty seven plants species belonging to 28 genera and 24 families were reported as traditional treatments against helminthosis. The frequently used plant parts were leaves (54.1%) and roots (29.7%). Cold aqueous extraction (pounding and adding water) (81.1%) was the main method of preparation of ethno-veterinary remedies with oral drenching as the main route of administration. About 65% of population used combination of traditional and conventional veterinary medicine, 22% used only conventional veterinary medicines, while 13% of the farmers used traditional medicine. Accuracy of ethno-diagnosis compared well with conventional veterinary medicine diagnosis although the causes of the diseases were not well understood by the respondents. Medicinal plants were found to be an important input in livestock production although their efficacy, active molecules and safety is not known thus there was urgent need of scientific studies into these research gaps. 8) JK Musau, JM Mbaria and DW Gakuya (2011). The antibacterial activity of some

medicinal plants used in Meru Central District, Kenya. The Kenya Veterinarian 35(1): 18-24

ABSTRACT: Five medicinal plants used by traditional medical health practitioners (TMP) in Meru central district namely: Piliostigma thonningii, Ajuga remota, Ocimum suave, Erythrina abyssinica and Harissonia abyssinica were investigated for their antibacterial activity against standard bacterial cultures namely; Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The antibacterial activity of the methanolic and water extracts was determined using the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Gram positive bacteria (S. aureus and B. cereus) were more susceptible to the plant extracts than Gram negative bacteria (E. coli and P. aeruginosa). The MIC and MBC of the positive control antibiotics (Ampicillin for gram positive and Gentamycin for gram negative) were less than 1mg/ml. The most susceptible bacteria was S. aureus followed by B. cereus while the most resistant was E. coli followed by P.aeruginosa. Methanolic extracts of P. thonningii stem and Ocimum suave leaves had the best antibacterial activity against the four bacterial species. There was no significant difference between the water and methanolic extracts of all the plants. These results justify the use of these plants by the traditional medical practitioners for management of bacterial conditions and further investigation on their safety and phytochemistry is needed. 9) JM Nguta and JM Mbaria (2011). Bioavailability of cobalt, zinc and selenium and

anthelmintic effects of fortified and non-fortified albendazole in sheep. The Kenya Veterinarian 35(1): 9-17

ABSTRACT: The present study was carried out to compare the use of liver and plasma analysis as methods of assessing the status of cobalt, zinc and selenium in sheep, and to assess the anthelmintic efficacy of fortified and non-fortified albendazole preparations. Plasma and liver samples were collected in duplicate from fourteen sheep aged nine to twelve months. Plasma samples were collected on days 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 and liver samples on days 0, 14 and 28 post treatments, upon sacrifice of the study animals. Various trace elements were

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isolated from the organic matrix by wet oxidation for mineral estimation using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Data was statistically analyzed using repeated measurement test. Significance was noted at p < 0.05. Both the fortified albendazole and non-fortified albendazole cleared all the worms in the treated sheep by day 14 day post treatment. All the trace elements were shown to be more bioavailable in the liver and plasma of fortified albendazole (Group B) treated sheep compared to the non-fortified albendazole (Group A) treated sheep. The study has shown that the liver is a better indicator of cobalt, zinc and selenium status in sheep compared to plasma. 10) Muthee J. K., Gakuya D.W., Mbaria, J. M., Kareru P. G., Mulei C. N., Njonge F.K.,

(2011). Ethnobotanical Study of Antihelmintic and other Medicinal plants traditionally used in Loitoktok District of Kenya. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 135(1):15-21

ABSTRACT: AIM OF THE STUDY: The objective of the study was to investigate and document the utilization of medicinal (with emphasis on anthelmintic) plants by the people of Loitoktok district in Kenya for the management of both animal and human health. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted between May and October 2009. Information was gathered from 23 traditional health practitioners, from across the district, by use of semi-structured questionnaires; transect walks, oral interviews and focus group discussions. Voucher specimens of cited plants were collected and deposited at the botanical herbarium of the University of Nairobi. RESULTS: A total of 80 medicinal plants cited were collected and identified as belonging to 46 families and 70 genera. The plants identified were 48%, 38%, 7%, 6% and 1% trees, shrubs, herbs, lianas and lichens, respectively. Most of the plants belonged to the families Fabaceae (10%), Euphorbiaceae (6%), Rutaceae (5%) followed by Boraginaceae, Labiateae, Rubiaceae, and Solanaceae at 4% each. However, the six most important families by their medicinal use values in decreasing order were Rhamnaceae, Myrsinaceae, Oleaceae, Liliaceae, Usenaceae and Rutaceae. The ailments treated included respiratory conditions, helminthosis, stomach disorders, malaria, sexually transmitted diseases, infertilities and physical injuries. Helminthosis in both livestock and humans was recognized as a major disease managed by use of medicinal plants (with an informant consensus factor of 0.86) in the study area. The most frequently used plant anthelmintics were Albizia anthelmintica (Fabaceae), Myrsine africana (Myrsinaceae), Rapanea melanophleos (Myrsinaceae), Clausena anisata (Rutaceae) and Olea Africana (Oleaceae) used by 70%, 70%, 26%, 13% and 9% of the respondents, respectively. Other plant anthelmintics used, each by 4% of the respondents, were Rumex usambarensis (Polygonaceae) and Salvadora persica (Salvadoraceae). CONCLUSION: It is concluded that traditional health practice in Loitoktok depend largely on naturally growing plants and that the study area has a potential for bio-prospecting of crude drugs from plants due to the large number of medicinal plants cited. There is also need for further studies to validate the plants used in medicinal remedies in this area.

11) JK Muthee, JM, Mbaria, AG Thaiya and DW Gakuya (2009). Acute Toxicity of Nicandra physaloides (L) Gaertn in Cattle and Mice. The Kenya Veterinarian 33: 1-6

ABSTRACT: Nicandra physaloides (L) Gaertn (Solanaceae), commonly known as the ‘apple of Peru’ is widely associated with livestock poisoning. The clinical signs associated with its

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poisoning in ruminants appear within 6 hours of ingestion and are circling, tremors of the hind limbs, tachycardia, bloat, convulsions, coma and death. However, there is no published information on the toxicology of this plant in Kenya. This study documents Nicandra physaloides toxicity in two different zero-grazed dairy cattle herds that were inadvertently fed on Napier grass contaminated with Nicandra physaloides. In addition to the case studies, the toxicity of the aqueous extracts from the different parts of Nicandra physaloides was studied under experimental conditions in mice. The 24 hour median lethal dose (LD50) was determined after intra-peritoneal injection (i.p.) of the aqueous extracts of the plant into white Swiss mice and found to be 1820, 2580 and 3620 mg/kg body weight for the leaves, fruits and whole plant respectively. The clinical signs in mice appeared within 30 minutes of inoculation and included coat, decreased locomotor activity, increased respiratory rate, gasping for air and leaping into the air before collapsing into coma and death. There were similarities in the symptoms of the spontaneous poisoning in cattle and in the experimentally induced poisoning in mice.

12) Cyrus G. Wagate, James M. Mbaria, Daniel W. Gakuya, Mark O. Nanyingi, P. G. Kareru

Anne Njuguna, Nduhiu Gitahi, James K. Macharia, Francis K. Njonge (2009). Screening of some Kenyan Medicinal Plants for Antibacterial Activity. Phytotherapy research: 24:151-153

ABSTRACT: Eleven medicinal plants used by traditional healers in Machakos and Kitui District were screened, namely: Ajuga remota Benth, Aloe secundiflora Engl, Amaranthus hybridus L, Cassia didymobotrya Fes, Croton macrostachyus Del, Entada leptostachya Harms, Erythrina abyssinica DC, Harrisonia abyssinica Oliv, Schkuhria pinnata O. Ktze, Terminalia kilimandscharica Engl and Ziziphus abyssinica Hochst for potential antibacterial activity against four medically important bacterial strains, namely: Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Micrococcus lutea ATCC 9341 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853. The antibacterial activity of methanol extracts was determined as the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The plant extracts were more active against Gram-positive (G+) than Gram-negative (G−) bacteria. The positive controls were streptomycin and benzylpenicillin for G− and G+ bacteria, respectively, both had a significant MIC at <1 mg/mL. The most susceptible bacteria were B. cereus, followed by M. lutea, while the most resistant bacteria were Ps. aeruginosa, followed by E. coli. The present study supports the use of these plants by the herbalists in the management of bacterial ailments. H. abyssinica and T. kilimandscharica showed the best antibacterial activity; hence these plants can be further subjected to phytochemical and pharmacological evaluation. 13) Mark O Nanyingi, James M Mbaria, Adamson L Lanyasunya, Cyrus G Wagate,

Kipsengeret B Koros, Humphrey F Kaburia, Rahab W Munenge and William O Ogara (2008). Ethnopharmacological survey of Samburu district, Kenya (2008). Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 23: 4-14

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Ethnobotanical pharmacopoeia is confidently used in disease intervention and there is need for documentation and preservation of traditional medical knowledge to bolster the discovery of novel drugs. The objective of the present study was to document the indigenous medicinal plant utilization, management and their extinction threats in Samburu District, Kenya. METHODS: Field research was conducted in six divisions of

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Samburu District in Kenya. We randomly sampled 100 consented interviewees stratified by age, gender, occupation and level of education. We collected plant use data through semi-structured questionnaires; transect walks, oral interviews and focus groups discussions. Voucher specimens of all cited botanic species were collected and deposited at University of Nairobi's botany herbarium. RESULTS: Data on plant use from the informants yielded 990 citations on 56 medicinal plant species, which are used to treat 54 different animal and human diseases including; malaria, digestive disorders, respiratory syndromes and ectoparasites. CONCLUSION: The ethnomedicinal use of plant species was documented in the study area for treatment of both human and veterinary diseases. The local population has high ethnobotanical knowledge and has adopted sound management conservation practices. The major threatening factors reported were anthropogenic and natural. Ethnomedical documentation and sustainable plant utilization can support drug discovery efforts in developing countries.

14) Gakuya, D.W., Mbaria, J.M., Ochung, H.A., Musembi,J.K. and Ngesa, T.J. (2008).

Preliminary Investigation of Suspected Plant Poisoning in the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine farm, Kabete, Kenya. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa 56(1):19-24

ABSTRACT: An investigation on vegetation was carried out in one grazing paddock of the University of Nairobi, Veterinary Farm to establish the species of plants present and whether some were known to be poisonous. This investigation was carried out after reported cases of young dairy cattle manifesting signs of acute toxicity shortly after being grazed in this paddock. A check-list of the floristic composition of the site was exhaustively recorded and thirty two plant species were collected from the site. Five out of thirty two plants were suspected to be the possible cause of this poisoning as they have been reported before to have toxic effects. These were botanically identified as Ranunculus multifidus Forsk, Cassia didymobotrya Fres, Ricinus communis L., Datura stramonium L. and Momordica foetida Schum. It is concluded that some of these plants may be responsible for the poisoning and further studies on their level of toxicity and distribution in the farm needs to be determined. 15) J. M. Mbaria, E. S. Mitema and T.E. Maitho (2008). The Pharmacokinetics of Pyrethrins in Lactating and Non-Lactating Ewes after Oral and Subcutaneous Administration. The Kenya Veterinarian 33: 7-12 ABSTRACT: Pyrethrins were administered orally and subcutaneously (SC) at 150 mg/kg body weight to 10 lactating and nonlactating ewes in a cross over experimental design. A gas chromatographic method was used for analysis of Pyrethrins in serum and milk samples from the experimental animals. The disposition curves were bi-exponential after first-order absorption and fitted 1 and 2 compartmental models. The maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of Pyrethrins following oral and SC administration was 0.08 μg/ml and 0.13 μg/ml respectively with the corresponding time to maximum concentrations (Tmax) being 1 hr and 2 hrs respectively. At 48 hours, serum Pyrethrins levels were below the limit of detection of 0.005 μg/ml. Absorption was significantly higher for SC route compared to oral routes (p0.05). The mean residence time (MRT) was 9.7 hours. Total clearance was 4,337 and 3,180 litres/kg/hr for oral and SC routes

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respectively. Pyrethrins were secreted in milk at levels of up to 0.005 μg/ml. It was concluded that in ewes, Pyrethrins are rapidly absorbed after orally and SC, widely distributed and eliminated from the body within 24 hours. Secretion into milk occurs in ewes but the residues in milk are too low to toxic effects in humans 16) J. M. Mbaria, W.O. Ogara and F.K. Gitau (2008). Pesticide Residues in Beef and Camel

Meat from Slaughterhouses in 13 Districts of Kenya. The Kenya Veterinarian 33: 13-15 ABSTRACT: One hundred and fifty one beef (n=136) and camel (n=15) meat samples comprising mainly of adipose tissue were collected from animals slaughtered in 13 districts in Kenya for analysis of organophosphate and organochlorine pesticide residues. Gas chromatographic method (GLC) and ECD and FID was used for analysis of organochlorine and organophosphate residues respectively. Eight organochlorine pesticide residues were detected in the following percentages of the samples:α-BHC-7.3%, β-BHC-5.3%, y-BHC-23.2%, o, p’-DDT- 27.8%, p, p’-DDT-15.8%, p, p’-DDD-0.7%, dieldrin- 20.5% and aldrin-13.2%. None of samples contained quantifiable levels of organophosphate compounds. Most levels of organochlorine residues were below Extraneous Residue Limits (ERL). None of the camel meat samples contained residue levels above the tolerance limits. DDT was found in levels above ERL in 4% of the samples all of which were beef. Samples with the highest levels of DDT were from Nyeri and Nanyuki districts. It was concluded that beef and camel meat analyzed were fit for human consumption. 17) Muthee J K, Mbaria J M, Thaiyah A G, Karanja D N and Gakuya D W (2011). Clinical,

Haematological, Biochemical and Pathological Manifestations of Sub-acute Toxicity of Nicandra physaloides (L) Gaertn in calves. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa, 59:17-24

18) J.M. Nguta, J.M. Mbaria, D.W. Gakuya, P.K. Gathumbi, S.G. Kiama (2010): Antimalarial

Remedies of Musambweni, Kenya. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 128: 424-432

ABSTRACT: Malaria is a serious cause of mortality globally. The disease is of regional concern in Africa and of national interest in Kenya due to its high morbidity and mortality as a result of development of resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum to many existing drugs such as chloroquine. Alternative medicine using herbal remedies are commonly used to treat malaria in Kenya. However, plants used in some rural areas in Kenya are not documented. Many antimalarial drugs have been derived from plants. This study was conducted to document medicinal plants that are traditionally used by the Msambweni community of Kenyan South Coast to treat malaria, where the disease is endemic. Herbalists were interviewed by administration of semistructured questionnaires in order to obtain information on medicinal plants traditionally used for the treatment of malaria. Focused group discussions held with the herbalists supplemented the interview and questionnaire survey. Twenty-seven species of plants in 24 genera distributed in 20 families were reported to be used in this region for the treatment of malaria. Labiatae, Rutaceae and Liliaceae families had each eleven percent of the plant species reported and represented the species that are most commonly used. Thirteen plant species, namely; Aloe deserti Berger (Liliaceae), Launea cornuta (Oliv and Hiern) C. Jeffrey

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(Compositae), Ocimum bacilicum L. (Labiatae), Teclea simplicifolia (Eng) Verdoon (Rutaceae), Gerranthus lobatus (Cogn.) Jeffrey (Cucurbitaceae), Grewia hexaminta Burret. (Tiliaceae), Canthium glaucum Hiern. (Rubiaceae), Amaranthus hybridus L. (Amaranthaceae), Combretum padoides Engl and Diels. (Combretaceae), Senecio syringitolius O. Hoffman. (Compositae), Ocimum suave Willd (Labiatae), Aloe macrosiphon Bak. (Liliaceae) and Laudolphia buchananii (Hall.f) Stapf. (Apocynaceae) are documented from this region for the first time for the treatment of malaria. These results become a basis for selection of plants for further pharmacological, toxicological and phytochemical studies in developing new plant based antimalarial drugs.

19) J.M. Nguta, J.M. Mbaria, D.W. Gakuya, P.K. Gathumbi, S.G. Kiama (2010): Traditional Antimalarial Phytotherapy Remedies Used by the South Coast Community, Kenya. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 131(2): 256-267

ABSTRACT: Aim of the study: This study was conducted to document herbal medicines used in the treatment of malaria as well as the existing knowledge, attitudes and practices related to malaria recognition, control and treatment in South Coast, Kenya. Methods: Data was collected using semistructured questionnaires and interviews. A focused group discussion held with the community members, one in each of the study villages supplemented the interview and questionnaire survey. Results: The respondents were found to have a good understanding of malaria and could distinguish it from other fever types. They were also aware that malaria was spread by mosquitoes. Malaria prevalence was high, and affected individuals an average of four times a year. Community members avoided mosquito bites by using mosquito nets, clearing bushes around their homesteads and burning plant parts to generate smoke. They prevented and treated malaria by taking decoctions or concoctions of traditional herbal remedies. Forty plant species in thirty-five genera distributed in twenty-four families were used as antimalarials in the study area. Five plant species, namely; Heeria insignis Del. (Anacardiaceae), Rottboelia exaltata L.F (Gramineae), Pentanisia ouranogyne S. Moore (Rubiaceae), Agathisanthenum globosum (A. Rich) Hiern (Rubiaceae), and Grewia trichocarpa Hochst ex A. Rich (Tiliaceae) are documented for the first time in South Coast, Kenya, for the treatment of malaria. Conclusions: The plants documented in the current study are a potential source for new bioactive compounds of therapeutic value in malaria treatment. The results provide data for further pharmacological and toxicological studies and development of commercial antimalarial phytotherapy products. 20) Cyrus Githaiga Wagate, Daniel W Gakuya, Mark O Nanyingi, Francis K Njonge, James M

Mbaria (2008). Antibacterial and Cytotoxic Activity of some Kenyan Medicinal plants. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Vol 103, No 7 (2008).

21) Mbaria J M, Gakuya D W, Yunus SN, Kaburia HFA and Njuguna A N (2006). Comparative Brine Shrimp Toxicity of Withenia somnifera and Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium Extracts and In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of W. somnifera. The Kenya Veterinarian 30: 53-56

ABSTRACT: This study reports on the bioactivity and in vitro antimicrobial action of methanol extract of Withania somnifera using in vitro cultures of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, Salmonella typhimurium and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

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The extract of W. somniferum inhibited the growth of S. aureus and C. albicans but not E. coli, S. typhimurium and P. aeruginosa. The diameters of the zones of inhibitions of microbial growth ranged from 14 mm to 16 mm. The results of antimicrobial testing of W. somnifera extract indicated that it has antimicrobial properties, which support its continued use as a herbal remedy. Comparative toxicity of extracts of W. somnifera and Chrysananthemum cinerariaefolium (pyrethrum plant) was done using the brine shrimp lethality test at serial dilutions of 1000 μg/ml, 100 μg/ ml and 10 μg/ml. The median lethal concentration (LC50) for each extract was determined. Both plant extracts were found to be toxic to brine shrimp with LC50 of 110.3μg/ml and 106.6 μg/ml for W. somnifera and C. cinerarieafolium respectively

22) Mbaria, J.M. Class, T.J., Backer, R., Mitema, E.S and Maitho, T. E (2005). Analysis of Pyrethroids in Air using Commercial XAD Sampling Cartridges and Gas Chromatography. The Kenya Veterinarian 29: 81-84. ABSTRACT: Pyrethroids are synthetic esters used commercially as pesticides. They are readily available as active components of numerous over-the-counter products for control of household pests mainly formulated as sprays (aerosols), powders and for application via electro-evaporators. The potential for toxic effects in humans from inhalation of these pesticides is therefore great and there is need to develop methods of determination of indoor post-application concentration of the pyrethroids in air. A gas liquid chromatographic (GLC) method was used for the analysis of bioallethrin, permethrin, cypermethrin and deltamethrin in air. This method involved sampling of 1 m3 of air by adsorption of the analytes onto XAD sampling cartridges. Analytes were extracted with ethyl acetate and analyzed by gas chromatography with electron capture detection. The desorption/extraction efficiency (EE) was determined using fortification of known quantities of analytes (5-50 ng) and recovery ranged from 81% to 97%. The upper and lower limits of quantification (LOQ) were determined to be 4.5 ng/m3 and 45 ng/m3 respectively. This method is easily transferable to other pyrethroids or other volatile substances that are amenable to chromatography with selective detection.

23) Mbaria, J.M., Maitho, T.E and Mitema, E.S. (2005). Efficacy of a Pyrethrum Extracts against Mixed Natural Gastrointestinal Helminth Infestations in Puppies. The Kenya Veterinarian 29: 81-84 ABSTRACT: ‘Pyrethrins' is the term used for the six known insecticidal constituents of pyrethrum extracted from flowers of Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium. Apart from their insecticidal actions, pyrethrins are also reputed to possess anthelmintic properties. In this study, the anthelmintic efficacy of a pyrethrum extract was determined in 8 to 10 weeks old puppies with mixed natural helminths infestations. The mean and range of pre-treatment hookworms eggs per gram (EPG) of faeces were 3,760(2100 to 6,300) and 4,660(2,900 to 6,300) for the treatment and control groups respectively. The EPG values for the ascarids were 3,560(2,900 to 4,600) for the treatment group and 4,320(2,700 to 6,000) for control group. A single oral dose of the extract was administered to each puppy in the treatment group at a dosage rate of 150mg pyrethrins per kg of body weight. The treatment caused a

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significant decrease in both hookworm and ascarid faecal egg counts compared to the untreated control.

24) Munyua, P., Mbaria, J. M., Gathuma, J. M., Saini, R.K and Njeru, F. M. (2005). Acute Toxicity of a Recently Identified Phenol-based Synthetic Tsetse Fly Repellent. The Kenya Veterinarian 29: 91-93 ABSTRACT: This paper reports on the acute toxicity of a new phenol based synthetic tsetse fly repellent recently identified at the International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology (patent No. Ke 00185, 2004). The repellent has been developed for controlling tsetse flies in livestock. The repellent diffuses from specially made dispensers, which hang around the neck of the animal with the aid of a belt. The aim of the study was to generate toxicity data to support safe use of the product. Mice and rabbits were used to determine acute toxicity and the irritant effects of the repellent, respectively. The 24 hours median lethal dose (LD50) of the repellent was determined in mice after intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection as 40.3mg/kg body weight. The signs of acute toxicity were: decreased locomotor activity, an initial increase followed by a decrease in respiratory rate and an increased depth in respiration, terminal convulsions, coma and death. Death was probably due to respiratory depression. The repellent caused mild dermal irritation characterized by edema and erythema. There was moderate eye irritation affecting the cornea, iris and conjunctiva. The repellent can be classified as being highly toxic with central nervous system (CNS) involvement and a mild skin and eye irritant.

26) J.M. Mbaria, R.W. Munenge, A. N. Njuguna, J.L.Orre and D.Dabasso (2005). Occurrence of a Severe Acute Livestock Poisoning by Borehole Water in Marsabit District, Kenya: A case study. The Kenya veterinarian 28:16-19

ABSTRACT: This article reports on an outbreak of acute livestock poisoning by borehole water that occurred at Kargi in Marsabit District, Kenya in 2000. The borehole had been out of use for 3 years and after its rehabilitation, 7,000 animals died within a day after drinking the water. The most affected were shoats, cattle, camels and dogs with mortalities of up to 90%. Donkeys and humans were only mildly affected with no deaths reported. Clinical signs occurred within 1 hour after drinking the water. Initially, the animals displayed increased frequency of urination, followed by symptoms of respiratory insufficiency, comprising of dyspnea, cyanosis, rapid and weak pulse and general weakness. The signs progressed into methemoglobinuria, sever pain, trebling, convulsions, collapse, coma, and death within hours. Rapid decomposition, brown discoloration of mucous membranes, gastrointestinal tract corrosion and cooked appearance of visceral organs were observed at postmortem. Water samples that were collected from the borehole and neighboring wells contained arsenic (0.2–66.8 ppm) and selenium (1.1–4.4 ppm). 27) J.M. Mbaria, B. B. Thuva, H. F. A. Kaburia, R. W. Munenge and J. M. Kamau (2005): In

Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Tetracera boiviniana, an Ethnomedical Herbal Remedy used in Malindi Kenya. Recent progress in medicinal plants volume 11:287-293

28) J.M. Gathuma, J.M. Mbaria, J. Wanyama, H.F.A. Kaburia, L Mpoke, J.N. Mwangi, Samburu and Turkana healers (2004): Efficiency of Myrsine africana, Albizia anthelmintica,

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Hilderbrantia sepalosa Herbal remedies against Mixed Natural Sheep Helminthosis in Samburu District, Kenya. Journal of Ethnopharmacology: 91:7-12

ABSTRACT: Traditional livestock healers from Samburu and Turkana communities in Samburu District of Kenya were identified and recruited for participation in this study. Sheep with mixed gastrointestinal helminthosis were purchased from nomadic livestock owners in the area. Three herbal anthelmintic remedies, viz. Myrsine africana, Albizia anthelmintica and Hilderbrantia sepalosa were administered in the traditional way by the healers and their efficacy determined using percent fecal egg count reduction (percent FECR) test. The results indicate that all the herbal remedies had some efficacy against both nematodes and Monezia species of helminths. The group effect against nematodes was significantly different (P=0.002). Compared to an untreated control group, the efficacy against nematodes was 77, 89.8 and 90% for Myrsine afriacana, Albizia antihelmintica and Hilderbrantia sepalosa, respectively, while albendazole had 100% efficacy. The main nematodes encountered included Haemonchus spp., Trichostrogylus spp. and Oesophagostomum spp. With regard to Monezia species herbal remedies performed better than albendazole with an efficacy of 100% compared to 63% for albendazole. The group of sheep treated with Albizia anthelmintica showed a significant increase (P=0.003) in packed cell volume (PCV). 29) Mbaka M., Gathura, P.B., Njeru, F.M. Mbaria J.M. Kitala P.M., Kaburia H.F.A, Gitahi

J.N., Macharia J.K., Kamau J.M. (2004): An assessment of the Presence of Escherichia coli in the Roof-collected Rain Water from some areas around Nairobi. The Kenya veterinarian 27: 97-102

ABSTRACT: One of the sources of feacal contamination of rainwater harvested from roofs is wind-blown dust containing particulate matter from animal faeces, or through direct defecation. Since the primary habitat for Escherichia coli (E.coli) is the gastro-intestinal tract of mammals and birds (Atlas 1984), it\'s a good indicator of feacal contamination (Hazen, 1988). This study aimed to investigate the presence of E.coli. In rainwater samples collected from roofs in some areas around Nairobi, which have different levels of livestock density. Forty four of the 89 samples collected tested positive for the presence of E.coli from Ngong Division, which had a cattle density of 1446 per square Kilometre was, 55%, but it was not significantly different from both Kikuyu Division: cattle density of 166; both of which had 34% of the samples testing positive to E. coli (p=0.3094). It was concluded that rain water harvested from roofs for human consumption in the study area should be treated before use. 30) D.W. Gakuya, J.M. Mbaria, P.M.F.Mbithi and R.W.Munenge (2004). Evaluation of the

Bioactivity of some Traditional Medicininal plants using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test. The Kenyan veterinarian, 26:8-11

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the bioactivity of extracts of Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium Vis Albizia antihelmintica A. Brogn, Maerua edulis (Gilg) De Wolf, Maerua subcordata (Gilg & for each extract was determined.05g/ml and 10 mg/ml of the extracts were put in five test tubes. Ten (10) brine shrimp larvae were immersed into each of the test tubes and the number surviving after 24 hours counted and the percentage mortality and

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LCµg/ml, 100µBened) De Wolf and Myrsine Africana L. which are used traditionally as antihelmintic by using brine shrimp lethality test. Serial dilutions of 1000 05 C. cinerariaefolium (pyrethrins) was active (LC < g/ml) at LC50 of 1.3mg/ml while the methanol extract of A. antihelmintica bark was active with LCµ1000 50 g/ml. The methanol extracts of Maerua edulis, Maerua subcordata and Myrsine Africana were not active (LCµof 1850 < g/ml). The result indicated that C. cinerariaefolium and A. antihelmintica extracts have bioactivity and is the basis for their use as antihelmintic by pastoral communities. Brine shrimp lethality test was found to be a simple and rapid test and is thus recommended for similar studies.µ1000 31) J. M. Mbaria, T. E. Maitho, E. S. Mitema and D. J. Muchiri (1998). Comparative Efficacy

of Pyrethrum Marc with Albendazole Against Sheep Gastrointestinal nematodes. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 30:17-22.

32) J. M. Mbaria, J. J. McDermott, M. N. Kyule, E. J. Gichanga (1995). Prevalence of Helminths and Helminth Control Practices in Molo Division, Nakuru District, Kenya. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa,.43(1): 35-446

ABSTRACT: The efficacies of pyrethrum marc and of albendazole against experimental sheep gastrointestinal nematode infection were compared. Sheep were infected orally with 10000 larvae (Haemonchus spp. (60.1%), Oesophagostomum spp. (13.9%), Trichostrongylus spp. (13.2%), Cooperia spp. (8.3%), Nematodirus spp. (3.5%), Strongyloides spp. (0.8%) and Ostertagia spp. (0.2%)). Faecal egg count reduction in albendazole-treated sheep was 100% by day 4 following treatment, compared to 37.03%, 31.3%, 38.9% and 51.8% on days 4, 6, 8 and 10 in pyrethrum marc-treated sheep. These reductions were statistically significant on days 8 and 10 post-treatment (p<0.05). The potential for using pyrethrins for helminth treatment is discussed.

33) J. K. Gikunju, J. M. Mbaria, W. Mureithi, M. N. Kyule, J. J. McDermott and T. E. Maitho

(1995). Water Fluoride in Molo Division of Nakuru District Kenya. Fluoride, 28(1): 17-20. 34) J. M. Mbaria, T. E. Maitho and D. J. Muchiri (1994). Acute toxicity of Pyrethrins in Red

Masai sheep and New Zealand White Rabbits. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa, 42(3): 217-222.

ABSTRACT: The efficacies of pyrethrum marc and of albendazole against experimental sheep gastrointestinal nematode infection were compared. Sheep were infected orally with 10000 larvae (Haemonchus spp. (60.1%), Oesophagostomum spp. (13.9%), Trichostrongylus spp. (13.2%), Cooperia spp. (8.3%), Nematodirus spp. (3.5%), Strongyloides spp. (0.8%) and Ostertagia spp. (0.2%)). Faecal egg count reduction in albendazole-treated sheep was 100% by day 4 following treatment, compared to 37.03%, 31.3%, 38.9% and 51.8% on days 4, 6, 8 and 10 in pyrethrum marc-treated sheep. These reductions were statistically significant on days 8 and 10 post-treatment (p<0.05). 35) J. M. Mbaria, T. E. Maitho and D. J. Muchiri (1993). Median Lethal Doses, Clinical Signs

and Post-mortem Changes in Acute Pyrethrin Toxicity Study in Sheep and Rabbits. Pyrethrum post, 19(1): 26-29.

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PAPERS READ IN SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCES 36) James M. Mbaria: Traditional Knowledge and Practices of Indigenous Peopes in Coping

with Diabetes. Expert Meeting on Indigenous Peoples, Diabetes and Development organized by International Diabetes Federation and World Diabetes Foundation. Held at Copenhagen, Denmark on 1st and 2nd March, 2012

37) Nguta, J.M., J.M. Mbaria, D.W. Gakuya, P.K. Gathumbi, J. D. Kabasa, S.G. Kiama: Cytotoxicicity of antimalarial plant extracts from Kenyan biodiversity to Brine Shrimp, Artemia salina L. (Artemiidae). Faculty of Veterinary Medicine 8th Biennial Scientific Conference, and 46th Kenya Veterinary Association Annual Scientific Conference. Held from 25th to 27th April, 2012 at Safari Park Hotel, Nairobi-Kenya.

38) Gakuya D.W., S.G. Kiama. J.M. Mbaria, P.N. Mbugua, P.K. Gathumbi, M. Mathiu: The potential use of Moringa oleifera as poultry feed supplement in Kenya. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine 8th Biennial Scientific Conference, and 46th Kenya Veterinary Association Annual Scientific Conference. Held from 25th to 27th April, 2012 at Safari Park Hotel, Nairobi-Kenya.

39) J. M. Mbaria (2011). Lead poisoning. In: Proceeding Continuous Professional Development (CPD) workshop on Forensic Veterinary Science. Held on May 18th, 2011 at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi.

40) F.0. Ochola, G. M. Muchemi, J. M. Mbaria and J. K. Gikunju (2011). Pharmaco-epidemiological study of snake envenomations in selected areas of Kenya. Proceedings of 3rd Internal Toxicology Symposium in Africa, Held in Zambia

41) Nanyingi, M. O., Mbaria, J. M.,Wagate, C. G, Gakuya, D.W. Koros, Ogara, W.O. Pharmacoepidemiology and Bioprospecting of Herbal Medicines in Three Districts in Kenya. The 5th

International congress of the African Association of Physiological Sciences (AAPS). Held on 27th July to 1st August, 2008 at the College of Physical and Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi.

42) Wagate, G.C., Gakuya, D.W., Nanyingi, M.O., Njonge, F.K., Nduhiu, G. and Mbaria, J.M. Antibacterial and Cytotoxic Activity of some Kenyan Medicinal plants. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, 17

th to 19

th September, 2008, Nairobi, Kenya.

43) J. M. Mbaria and L. W. Kanja local experience on conduct of acute toxicological studies: Presented in seminar on procedure of Evaluation of pesticides: toxicology Ecotoxicology and Efficacy. Workshop organized by pest control products Board (PCPB) on 16th July 2008 at Agricultural information resource centre (AIRC), Nairobi, Kenya.

44) J. M. Mbaria and R. W. Munenge (2002). An investigation of an outbreak of acute poisoning by borehole water at Kargi, Marsabet, Kenya. 2nd Scientific Conference of Kenya Livestock Technologists Association, held from 10th -12th September, 2002 at the National Agricultural Research Laboratories Conference Hall, Waiyaki

45) J. M. Mbaria, T. E. Maitho and D. J. Muchiri (1991). Effects of pyrethrins on Haemonchus contortus in vitro. Proceedings of the first inter-university pharmacology and Toxicology subject meeting held in Arusha, Tanzania from 24th-28th September, 1991

46) J Wanyama, L Mpoke, JM Mbaria, HFA Kaburia and JM Gathuma (2001). Participatory validation of medicinal plants used to treat livestock diseases by pastoralists of Kenya: A case of Samburu and Turkana pastoralists. Proceedings of the First National Workshop on

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medicinal, aromatic and other underutilized plant species in Kenya. Held from 29th October to 3rdNovember 2001 at Kenya Wildlife Service Training Institute, Naivasha, Kenya.

47) J M Gathuma, JM Mbaria, JB Wanyama, HFA. Kaburia, L Mpoke, Samburu and Turkana healers (2001). Efficacy of Myrisine africana, Albizia anthelmintica and Hilderbrantia sepalosa herbal remedies against mixed natural sheep helminthosis in Samburu District, Kenya. Proceedings of the First National Workshop on medicinal, aromatic and other underutilized plant species in Kenya. Held from 29th October to 3rd November 2001 at Kenya Wildlife Service Training Institute, Naivasha, Kenya

48) J. M. Mbaria and P.A. Ambala (2006). Levels of Aflatoxins in maize samples collected from Makueni District, Kenya, during an outbreak of acute aflatoxicosis in humans. Faculty of veterinary medicine biennial scientific conference.

49) Mark O. Nanyingi, James M. Mbaria, Richard O. Okello, Cyrus G. Wagate, Adamson L Lanyasunya, Kipsengeret B. Koros, Mary M.Oguna , William O. Ogara, Evaluation of resistance development to three anthelmintics and efficacy of plant extracts against nematodes of sheep in Samburu District, Kenya (KVA Scientific conference 25-28 April 2008).

50) Mark O. Nanyingia, Bernard K. Langat, Cyrus G. Wagate, Fred N Andayi, Kipsengeret B Koros, Benard C. Rono,Lucas L. Asaava, James M. Mbaria (2008). Antiplasmodial activity of some plants traditionally used in treatment of malaria in Samburu district of Kenya. Presented in the 1st National conference and Exhibition for Dissemination of Research Results and Review of innovations. Held at Kenyatta International Conference Centre on 28th to 30thApril, 2008.

51) J. M. Nguta, J. M. Mbaria et al., (2012). Natural products: An exciting source of new pharmacophores against malaria. Presented as an oral presentation In: The 8th Biennial Scientific Conference and the 46th Kenya Veterinary Association Annual Scientific Conference held at Safari Park Hotel, Nairobi, Kenya, from 25th to 27th April 2012.

52) J. M. Nguta, J. M. Mbaria et al., (2012). Cytotoxicity of antimalarial plant extracts from Kenyan Biodiversity to the Brine Shrimp, Artemia salina L. (Artemiidae). Presented as a Session lecture (SL) In: The 4th International Conference on Drug Discovery and Therapy (4th ICDDT) 2012, at Dubai men’s college, Dubai, United Arab Emirates, February 12th-15th, 2012, Dubai, UAE.

53) J. M. Nguta, J. M. Mbaria et al., (2011). Plants as source of drugs: Ethnopharmacology, Pharmacology and Toxicology of selected antimalarial herbal plants from Msambweni district, South coast Kenya. In: The Proceedings of a RISE AFNNET workshop-University of Nairobi Node in Chak Guest House, Nairobi, on 13th December 2011.

54) J. M. Nguta, J. M. Mbaria et al., (2011). Biological screening of Kenyan antimalarial plant extracts in brine shrimp bioassay. In: The first international congress on Human-Animal Interface (ICOPHAI): Impact, Limitations and Needs in Developing Countries in the United Nations Conference Centre, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia from September 12th to 18th, 2011, sponsored by USDA/APHIS in collaboration with Ohio State University.

55) J. M. Nguta, J. M. Mbaria et al., (2011). Exploiting Natural Products from African Biodiversity in Pest Management: from Extraction of Plant chemicals to Expression in GMOs. In: The proceedings of a continuous professional development (CPD) workshop on, “Advances in pest management and the role of veterinarians” organized and held at the Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology on September 16th, 2011.

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56) J. M. Nguta, J. M. Mbaria et al., (2011). Toxicity of crude plant extracts and antitumour drugs in the Brine Shrimp Bioassay. In: The Proceedings of the Ist International Scientific Conference, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Kenya during June 15-17th, 2011. (Poster No. 42).

57) J. M. Nguta, J. M. Mbaria et al., (2011). Natural products from plant biodiversity and malaria: In: The 12TH International Symposium on Natural Product Chemistry and Related Biological Sciences, International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Pakistan during November 22-25, 2010.

58) J. M. Nguta, J. M. Mbaria et al., (2011). Development of ethnomedicines for management of malaria in Msambweni district, Kenya: In: The Proceedings of a Workshop on Regional Networks in Africa, held on October 5 to 6th, 2010 at the Kopanong Hotel and Conference Centre in Benoni, South Africa, near Johannesburg.

59) J. M. Nguta, J. M. Mbaria et al., (2010). Ethnodiagnostic Skills of the Digo Community for malaria: A lead to traditional bioprospecting?: In: The Proceedings of the Ist East and Central Africa Regional Symposium for the Carnegie-RISE Fellows held on September 15th, 2010 at Royale Imperial Hotel, Kampala-Uganda, East Africa.

60) J. M. Nguta and J. M. Mbaria (2010). Bioavailability of cobalt and anthelmintic effects of albendazole fortified with cobalt (Vermitan super) in sheep: In: The Proceedings of the 7th Biennial Scientific Conference, held on September 8th To 10th, 2010 at the College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi.

61) J. M. Nguta and J. M. Mbaria et al., (2010) Spectroscopic Determination of Cobalt and Copper in Grass Pastures in Kabete: In: The Proceedings of the 7th Biennial Scientific Conference held on September 8th to 10th, 2010 at the College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi.

BOOKS 62) Githiori J, Mbaabu M., Mbaria J., Mpoke L., Miaron J. and Omari P. (2004).

Ethnoveterinary Practices in Eastern Africa, ISBN-9966-907-15-7. Published by Community-based Livestock Initiatives Program

13.0 MEMBERSHIP OF ASSOCIATIONS, PROFESSIONAL BODIES AND

COMMUNITY SERVICE 1) Member Harmonization of Registration of Veterinary Vaccines in East African

Countries Working Group 2) Registered Veterinary Surgeon, Kenya Veterinary Board (KVB) 3) Member of the Kenya Veterinary Association (KVA) 4) Executive Committee Member of the Kenya Veterinary Association 5) Consultant Toxicologist and Founder member of Kenya Veterinary Board (KVB)

College of Pathologists. 6) Golfing Members of Veterinary Laboratory Sports Club (VLSC), Kabete 7) Life member of University of Nairobi Alumni Association, Veterinary Chapter 8) Member of Board of Management of PCEA Kinoo Girls High School 9) Formerly a committee member of Loresho Primary School Parents and Teachers

Association (PTA)

26

10) Editorial Board Member of Kenya Veterinarian, A Journal of The Kenya veterinary Association

11) Ad Hoc Editorial Board Member of Bulletin of Animal Health and production in Africa 12) Ad Hoc Editorial Board Member of Journal of Medicinal Plants Research (JMPR) 13) Member Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Biennial Scientific conference 14) Member of Committees for the development and review of curricula in the Faculty of

Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi. 15) Judge, University of Nairobi Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Biennial Scientific

Conference and Exhibition 16) Formerly an official of Public Health, Epidemiology and Toxicology consultancy unit

(PHET-CU), University of Nairobi. 17) Chairman of Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Welfare

Association 18) Examiner-in-charge, Diploma in Pharmaceutical Technology Technical Examination,

Kenya National Examinations (KNEC) 19) Member of technical Committee on Drug Registration (CDR), Pharmacy and Poisons

Board, Ministry of Medical Services, Republic of Kenya (November 2009 to date) 20) Member Kenya Bureau of Standards (KEBS) Apiary Products Technical Committee