CUTS-CREW Diagnostic Country Report: India

CUTS-CREW Diagnostic Country Report: India

Presentation by

20th November, 2013

Presentation scheme• Selection of focus sectors• Selection of states/cities – Staple food (wheat)– Bus transport

• Shortlisted reforms and contrast across states• Research questions• Approach to analysis• Data gap, approach to fill the gap• Some preliminary analysis of secondary data -

Wheat

Selection of Focus Sectors• Selected with an eye on their relative importance in the consumer budget,

especially the poorer segments of society• The two sectors on which the CREW project shall focus on are

– Staple food, and – Bus passenger transport.

Rationale for selection of Staple Food:• Expenditure on food forms a large part of the family budget, • Bears directly on the health and well-being of society. • Food value chain is rather long.• Focus on staple food.• Wheat considered in case of India – geographic concentration of production,

lower varieties, consumed universally, features largely in PDS, substitution towards wheat/atta.

Selection of Focus SectorsRationale for selection of Bus Transport:• A competitive passenger transportation sectors broadens and

increases size of markets, competition, productivity and employment among other benefits.

• The focus within the passenger transportation sector will be on bus transport as this market depicts – close contact between passengers (consumers) and transport operators

(producers) on a day-to-day basis, – resultant likelihood of direct and immediate impact of any reform measure

on either, and – presence of a very good scope for private participation in the market.

• Keeping in mind very different nature of the market dynamics, both inter city and intra city bus passenger transport sub-sectors will be in research focus.

Staple Food – Wheat

Criterion for selection of States - Wheat

• Criterion 1: The states should be top states in terms of wheat production. – As such, six states were shortlisted – UP, MP, Punjab, Rajasthan,

Haryana and Bihar. – These six states accounted for more than 90% of national wheat

production in 2011-12.

• Criterion 2: The states should exhibit differential behaviour from each other in terms of agricultural policy/reform over time.

• Criterion 3: The states should have different characteristics in terms of general agriculture background (such as agro-climatic zone, agriculture performance, practices, etc.)

Reform areas - Wheat• Procurement - Implementation mechanism• Marketing – Status of APMC Act

• Warehousing – Implementation of provisions under WDRA 2007/ PEGS 2008/RGS 2001

PLUS

• Input usage,

• Distribution

Selection of States - Wheat• UP: Three agro-climatic zones.• Rajasthan and Bihar emerge as two ideal states for

analysis.– State monopoly in procurement in Bihar vs multiple agency in

Rajasthan.– Completely contrasting style towards approach to APMC reform– Rajasthan considerably ahead in implementing warehousing

reforms.

• MP, Punjab, Haryana: Do not show implementation of far reaching reform as Raj/Bihar– With halfway reforms, contrast factor low– Punjab, Haryana, Western UP in same agro-climatic zone

Shortlisted reforms and contrasts across states - Wheat

ReformArea

Reform/issues in question

Rajasthan Bihar

Procurement Establishment of State Government monopoly in procurement of wheat in Bihar vide notification dated 15.04.2013

Multiple agencies at both central and state levels

Decentralised Procurement System (DPS) in pilot phase across six districts

Bihar State Food Corporation procures wheat – directly or through PACS and delivers to FCI.

Agricultural Marketing

Repealing of APMC Act by Bihar in 2006;

Amendment of APMC Act by Rajasthan in 2005 to bring it in line with Model APMC Act

Reformed as per the model Central APMC Act.

Has provisions for (a)Direct marketing, (b)Contract farming and (c)Private markets.

Has abolished the APMC Act altogether.


ReformArea


Rajasthan Bihar

Warehousing Warehouse Development and Regulatory Act 2007

Private Entrepreneurship Guarantee Scheme 2008

Rural Godown Scheme 2001

Allotted 2,50,000 tonne of new storage development under PEG Scheme run by FCI, and as on 15th May, 2012 had approved private tenders for 2,05,000 tonne of capacity.

Though not a front running state in terms of capacity created under Rural Godown Scheme (~ 7 lakh tonne as on March 2012), is significantly ahead of Bihar.

Allotted a higher 3,00,000 tonne capacity under PEG scheme, tenders have been sanctioned for only 90,000 tonne.

Lags in implementing the Rural Godown Scheme, capacity created as on March ’12 was only ~2.75 lakh tonne.


ReformArea


Issues for comparison

States

Inputs Markets

Various administrative measures with impact on input availability, quality, etc.

Usage of inputs Input providers Schemes available

Rajasthan is ahead compared to Bihar in terms of yield and usage of most of yield enhancing inputs

Both states are implementing a number of central/state sponsored schemes, but data on actual outreach not available from secondary sources. An inter-state comparison data can give important insights on relative merits of different schemes, implementation mechanism, etc.

Distribution PDS Open market control

measures

Supply of wheat Quality-price

interaction Market control

• A comparison of the consumer/prodcuer welfare issues across the states.

Research questions - WheatConsumer welfare Producer welfare

Whether evenly and easily accessible• PDS, open market; • different times of year; etc.

Availability of options to choose from – • different qualities• purchase point

Price, supply behaviour• volatility in prices/supply; • price behaviour relative to general

price level, food grain prices, income level; • quality-price inter-linkage; etc.

Availability & cost of inputs/services; effective schemes; discretionary option to purchase point

Reasons for continued presence of middle men, their relationship with producers, and resultant welfare impact

Option/freedom to decide to whom to sellWhether receiving remunerative pricesWhat welfare impact state monopoly in

procurement have on farmersWhat is the effect of implementation/

abolishment of APMC/ reform of APMC on the producers.

Whether warehousing facilities are sufficient, accessible and well regulated; beneficiary impact

Work done• Review of secondary sources of information– Literature– Policy documents– Data availability

• Identification of focus areas of reform and states• A preliminary field visit• Identification of research questions, hypothesis

formation• Identification of data requirement, gaps• Strategizing on filling the data gaps

Data gaps - Wheat•Length/frequency of time series data varies– Farm gate price since 1999; at annual frequency– Wholesale price index; at monthly frequency– Mandi price since 2009; at daily frequency – Retail price since 2009; at monthly frequency

•Actual price/quantity availability through PDS•Subsidy/assitance related time series data (consumer, producer)•AGMARKNET portal hosts data for only two Bihar mandis•No comprehensive secondary source of information on nature, extent, periods of movement restriction•Data specific to wheat producers – e.g. input usage, insurance coverage, credit availability, storage availability, etc.•Price received by farmers (non-mandi, non-MSP)•Data on penetration of institutions/practices such a private market, contract farming, direct marketing in either of the states.•Local factors – access/outreach/impact of various schemes/facilities

Approach to fill the gaps - Wheat•Survey of wheat/atta consumers

–Specific information such as purchase price, household income, etc.–General perception on wheat availability, quality, impact of various schemes, etc.

•Survey of wheat farmers – –Input usage and input cost, variation over the last two Rabi seasons;–Price realization from alternate modes of sales channels; –Feedback on role of MSP/mandi price in setting such prices; –Reasons for their choices on credit source, selling decisions; –Accessibility issues like transportation cost to market, warehouses; storage costs incurred at the

warehouses, benefits in terms of better price realisation; –Awareness/acceptance of private markets/direct marketing/contract farming, general feedback on

their experience, etc.

•In depth interviews, data collection –Food/Agriculture ministry officials – state, district, block level–Input suppliers, –Local middlemen, money lenders, traders, –Mandi officials, Millers, Warehouse agency officials

A three pronged approach to analysisThere will be three parallel approaches of analysis as discussed below:• Analysis of impact of reform – A comparison of pre and post

reform scenario. The depth of comparison though will vary from case to case depending on the length and frequency of time series data availability.

• Analysis of general welfare issues – This shall be applied whenever a time series data spread across point of reform is not available, or data need to be collected through primary survey.

• Inter state/city comparison – A comparison of differential experiences across states/cities.

Follow both quantitative and qualitative approach based on nature of information and extent of availability.

Some preliminary analysis - Wheat• Hypothesis:

1. Impact of wheat price inflation (wholesale)on welfare is in line with general inflationary trend.

2. Retail price inflation behave similarly to wholesale price inflation (wheat, all India) over time and across centres, with no welfare impact variation.

3. Wheat price volatility remains low and consistent across the year, ensuring price stability and welfare of both consumer and producer.

4. Retail price impact on consumer welfare A.Retail margin is similar across centres and time, with no welfare change.B.Retail price inflation is similar across centres and time, with no welfare

change.

5. The welfare leakage between farm gate-wholesale and wholesale-retail have not changed over time.

Some preliminary analysis – Wheat (1)

• Wheat price changes do not exactly follow the overall/ food article price pattern.

Januar

y-10

March

-10

May-1

0

July-1

0

Septem

ber-1

0

November

-10

January

-11

March

-11

May-11

July-1

1

Septem

ber-1

1

November

-11

January

-12

March

-12

May-1

2

July-1

2

Septem

ber-1

2

November

-12

Januar

y-13

March

-13

May-13

July-1

3

Septem

ber-1

3-20%

-10%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

Year-on-Year Inflation (all India)

WPI-All Commodities WPI-Food ArticlesIndicus Mandi Price Monitor - Wheat

Factors to investigate•MSP•Procurement•Input price & cost

Some preliminary analysis – Wheat (2)• Close but not exact similarity between WPI and retail price trends.• Retail inflation tends to be a bit higher than WPI inflation.• Jaipur retail prices move closer to wholesale price changes.

Jan/10

Mar/1

0

May/1

0

Jul/10

Sep/1

0

Nov/10

Jan/1

1

Mar/1

1

May/1

1

Jul/11

Sep/1

1

Nov/11

Jan/12

Mar/1

2

May/1

2

Jul/12

Sep/1

2

Nov/12

Jan/1

3

Mar/1

3

May/1

3

Jul/13

Sep/1

3-10%

-5%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

Bihar Retail Inflation Rajasthan Retail Inflation WPI-Wheat

Factors to investigate•The intermediary layer between wholesalers and retailers.

•Regulatory aspect.

•Inter-state comparison.

Some preliminary analysis – Wheat (3)• In general, higher volatility in Oct-Dec period and lower volatility in Feb-Jun

period. • Aberrations also observed. (Oct-Dec 2010; Feb-June 2011)

18-Apr-0

9

20-Jun-0

9

22-Aug-0

9

24-Oct-

09

26-Dec

-09

27-Feb-1

0

01-May

-10

03-Jul-1

0

04-Sep-1

0

06-Nov-1

0

08-Jan-1

1

12-Mar

-11

14-May

-11

16-Jul-1

1

17-Sep-1

1

19-Nov-1

1

21-Jan-1

2

24-Mar

-12

26-May

-12

28-Jul-1

2

29-Sep-1

2

01-Dec

-12

02-Feb-1

3

06-Apr-1

3

08-Jun-1

3

10-Aug-1

3

12-Oct-

130

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0

50

100

150

200

250

Annualized Standard Deviation Indicus Mandi Price Index-Wheat

Factors to investigate•MSP•Procurement•Role of middlemen•Stocking activity

Some preliminary analysis – Wheat (4A)• Retail-wholesale price difference tends to be higher in Bihar

Apr-09

Jul-09

Oct-09

Jan-1

0

Apr-10

Jul-10

Oct-10

Jan-1

1

Apr-11

Jul-11

Oct-11

Jan-1

2

Apr-12

Jul-12

Oct-12

Jan-1

3

Apr-13

Jul-13

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

RajasthanBihar

In R

s

Factors to investigate•The intermediary layer between wholesalers and retailers.

•Regulatory aspect.

•Inter-state comparison.

Some preliminary analysis – Wheat (4B)• Retail prices across centres broadly follows similar trend till July 2012.• There is some lag in adjustments.

Jan-1

0

Mar-1

0

May-10

Jul-10

Sep-1

0

Nov-10

Jan-1

1

Mar-1

1

May-11

Jul-11

Sep-1

1

Nov-11

Jan-1

2

Mar-1

2

May-12

Jul-12

Sep-1

2

Nov-12

Jan-1

3

Mar-1

3

May-13

Jul-13

Sep-1

3-10%

-5%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

Patna Retail Inflation Jaipur Retail Inflation

Factors to investigate•MSP•Procurement•Role of middlemen


2000-01

2001-02

2002-03

2003-04

2004-05

2005-06

2006-07

2007-08

2008-09

2009-10

2010-11

-15%

-10%

-5%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

Year-to-year Harvest Price Change Year-to-year WPI Change

Apr-09Jul-0

9

Oct-09

Jan-1

0

Apr-10Jul-1

0

Oct-10

Jan-1

1

Apr-11Jul-1

1

Oct-11

Jan-1

2

Apr-12Jul-1

2

Oct-12

Jan-1

3

Apr-13Jul-1

30

5

10

15

20

25

Bihar-Monthly Avg. Retail PriceBihar-Monthly Avg. Wholesale Price

Jan-1

0

Apr-10

Jul-10

Oct-10

Jan-1

1

Apr-11

Jul-11

Oct-11

Jan-1

2

Apr-12

Jul-12

Oct-12

Jan-1

3

Apr-13

Jul-13

-20%

-10%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

Y-o-Y Bihar-Monthly Avg. Retail Price ChangeY-o-Y Bihar-Monthly Avg. Wholesale Price Change

1999-00

2000-01

2001-02

2002-03

2003-04

2004-05

2005-06

2006-07

2007-08

2008-09

2009-10

2010-11

400500600700800900

1000110012001300

Bihar Average Harvest Price Wholesale Price


1999-00

2000-01

2001-02

2002-03

2003-04

2004-05

2005-06

2006-07

2007-08

2008-09

2009-10

2010-11

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Rajasthan Average Harvest Price Wholesale Price

2000-01

2001-02

2002-03

2003-04

2004-05

2005-06

2006-07

2007-08

2008-09

2009-10

2010-11

-10%

-5%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

Year-to-year Harvest Price Change (Rajasthan)Year-to-year WPI Change

Jan-0

9

Apr-09Jul-0

9

Oct-09

Jan-1

0

Apr-10Jul-1

0

Oct-10

Jan-1

1

Apr-11Jul-1

1

Oct-11

Jan-1

2

Apr-12Jul-1

2

Oct-12

Jan-1

3

Apr-13Jul-1

302468

101214161820

Rajasthan-Monthly Avg. Retail PriceRajasthan-Monthly Avg. Wholesale Price

Jan-1

0

Apr-10

Jul-10

Oct-10

Jan-1

1

Apr-11

Jul-11

Oct-11

Jan-1

2

Apr-12

Jul-12

Oct-12

Jan-1

3

Apr-13

Jul-13

-20%

-10%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

Y-o-Y Rajasthan-Monthly Avg. Retail Price ChangeY-o-Y Rajasthan-Monthly Avg. Wholesale Price Change

Bus transport

Reform areas – Bus transport• Public vs private participation• Regulatory aspect– Entry– Operational condition– Restrictions on private players

• Bus services reforms – Bus Rapid Transport Services

Selection of States/Cities – Bus Transport

• Criterion 1: The state as well as city should be large enough (Higher demand).

• Criterion 2: Higher economic activities, large number of fast growing growth centres (Growth prospect).

• Criterion 3: Substitutes to bus passenger transport are not significant (Primacy).

• Criterion 4: Good infrastructure – road network, existing bus services (Lower constraint)

Selection of States – Bus Transport• First, the top 10 capital cities in terms of total population

were shortlisted– Addition: Ahmedabad– Belong to larger states with multiple cities.

• Rationale for selecting large capital cities - – Presence of required eco-system to enable growth of an extensive

intra-city bus network– Due to the economic pull, large population, etc., larger inter-city

transport networks are likely to grow around these large cities.

North East South West Central

New Delhi, Delhi

Kolkata, West Bengal

Bangalore, Karnataka

Mumbai, Maharashtra

Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh

Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

Patna, Bihar

Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh

Ahmedabad, Gujarat

Chennai, Tamil Nadu

Jaipur, Rajasthan

Shortlisted reforms and contrasts across cities – Intra-city bus transport

ReformArea


Bhopal Ahmedabad

Bus Rapid Transport Systemrun under PPP mode

Introduction of Bus Rapid Transport System (BRTS) in Ahmedabad in 2009 and in Bhopal in 2010.

Public Authority is responsible for route determination, infrastructure development, and fare determination. The Private operators are responsible only for operation and maintenance of service.

Two private operators. However, they serve on separate routes.

Private operators run on Net Cost model.

Corridor length and route coverage is considerably longer compared to Bhopal – around 70 km in Ahmedabad compared to less than 30 km in Bhopal.

Infrastructure development, route determination, fare determination again are with Public Authorities.

Only one private operator.Runs on Gross Cost basis –

fares are collected by the Public Authority and a pre-decided share of it accrues to the private operator.

Shortlisted reforms and contrasts across cities – Intra-city bus transport

ReformArea


Bhopal Ahmedabad

Public vs Private

operators

Madhya Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation abolished in 2005.

Intra city transport needs are primarily catered by private transport operators, which provides minibuses, small transport vehicles like Tata Magic, etc.

Mass bus transport in Ahmedabad is largely in public hands.

AMTS is the sole city bus services provider (outside the BRTS system).

Shortlisted reforms and contrasts across states – Inter-city bus transport

ReformArea


Madhya Pradesh Gujarat

Private-Public Players

Madhya Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation (MPSRTC) abolished in 2005.

Since the abolishment of MPSRTC in 2005, only private players operate in the inter-city routes.

Both private and public players are operational in the inter-city bus transport sector.

GSRTC has wide presence, sometimes overwhelmingly dominating the private players. E.g. the Ahmedabad-Baroda route.

Shortlisted reforms and contrasts across states – Inter-city bus transport

ReformArea


Madhya Pradesh Gujarat

Stage vs Contract carriage

status

Monopoly given to Gujarat State Transport Corporation (GSRTC) to operate as sole stage carriage operator in 1994.

MPSRTC abolished in 2005 and private operators allowed to operate as stage carriages.

Private players on inter-city routes are operating as stage carriage.

The route, schedule and fare are determined by state authority.

GSRTC declared the sole stage carriage operator

Private players “licensed” to operate as Contract carriages, but rule rampantly violated.

No regulatory control over the route, schedule and fare of private carriages operating in the inter-city routes; determined by competitive forces.

Research questions – Bus TransportConsumer welfare Producer welfare

Passengers’ options when deciding modes of travel; choices within bus services – service quality, routes, time taken, fare, etc.

Time-cost efficiency aspectPassengers’ options to avail both public and

private services; how do they compare – service quality, reach, etc.

Changes in cost and impact on living costEasy accessibility of bus service from

everywhere; changes over timePrice-quality interaction

Ease of entering markets – ease of issuing/renewal of permits/licenses; nature of permit/license – validity period, whether route wise, etc.

Availability/prices of inputs like buses, credit, depot space, manpower, etc.

Regulatory environment – stage vs contract carriage, revenue sharing model (PPP schemes), Govt control & Pvt participation in route-time table-fare determination process

Level and nature of competitionOperational issues like manpower

availability and management, transport facility, fuel cost, political interference, etc. and their impact on welfare

Investment-return

Work done• Review of secondary sources of information– Literature– Policy documents– Data availability

• Identification of focus areas of reform and states• A preliminary field visit• Identification of research questions, hypothesis

formation• Identification of data requirement, gaps• Strategizing on filling the data gaps

Data gaps – Bus transport• Secondary data availability limited to where there is some level of

involvement of public authority• Even here, data available are for a short time period or limited to just

the current scenario – e.g. details of routes, bus fares, etc.• Data on timeliness of service, travel time, amenities also not available. • Charges for permit/license; details on permits issued – operator wise,

route wise; • No. of buses – operator wise, route wise; • The exact process of route, fare determination; no. of operators, buses,

passengers across routes-time point-states/cities; financial aspects; longevity in business; performance of new entrants

• Quality of service• Experience of regular travellers

Approach to fill the gaps – Bus transport

• Data sourcing – From operators and Government transport officials. – Data on

• Route, distance, fare, determination process• Operational & financial performance

• In-depth interviews – With stakeholders like operators, transport officials– Covering topics such as

• Operational experience, regulatory aspect• Feedback on policy measures, implementation• Shortcomings, future plans

• Survey of bus passengers – Perception on accessibility, affordability, quality, satisfaction, etc.

A three pronged approach to analysisThere will be three parallel approaches of analysis as discussed below:• Analysis of impact of reform – A comparison of pre and post

reform scenario. The depth of comparison though will vary from case to case depending on the length and frequency of time series data availability.

• Analysis of general welfare issues – This shall be applied whenever a time series data spread across point of reform is not available, or data need to be collected through primary survey.

• Inter state/city comparison – A comparison of differential experiences across states/cities.

• Follow both quantitative and qualitative approach based on nature of information and extent of availability.

Thank you.Your comments please.

Appendix

Data requirements – Wheat - Consumer welfare

• Availability of wheat, price paid – Public distribution system, open market

• Market price movement in wheat – wholesale price, retail price

• Quality-price interaction; role of standardisation/certification/grading

• Inflation – overall, foodgrain, wheat; wholesale; retail• Household income – overall, select states• Export of wheat• Nature, extent, periods of restriction on movement

Data requirements – Wheat - Producer welfare

• Area under cultivation, production of wheat• Average quantities of fertilizer, insecticide/pesticide, seeds, electricity, water, fuel, and

manure available• Price of inputs, Subsidy provided• Availability of credit – overall, from organised sources, from unorganised sources; terms

of credit• Coverage under crop insurance• Cost of production of wheat• Average Yield• Procurement of wheat• Minimum Support Price• Farm gate/ harvest price• Price received for open market sales to mandi• Quality-price interaction, role of standardisation/certification• Proportion of farmer sales in a region to private parties like local moneylenders, traders,

middlemen, mandi (open market sales) etc. vis-a-vis govt procurement agencies

Data requirements – Wheat - Producer welfare (contd.)

• Receipt of payment – mode of payment, time taken to receive full payment• District wise storage capacity of

– Central/State Warehousing Corporation– Other operators under Private Entrepreneurship Guarantee Scheme and the Rural

Godown Scheme

• Terms and condition for accessing such facilities by farmers; actual utilisation• Average transportation cost to warehouses, storage cost• Impact of warehouse availability on price realisation by farmers• Volume, value of contract (under contract farming); number of farmers

involved; areas under contract cultivation• Volume of direct marketing, the players involved, value of transaction• Number of private markets, number of agents operating from private markets,

volume-value of trade, price comparison with APMC mandis• Retail price of wheat• Inflation data – overall, foodgrain, wheat

Data requirements – Bus transport - Consumer welfare

•Time series data on – Route details like origin-destination, length, – Time table, frequency of service (different times of the day/week)– Number of operators, different types of operator– No. of buses operating – overall, route wise, operator wise– Passenger carrying capacity – overall, route wise, operator wise; capacity utilisation– Fare matrix

•Types of services•Amenities/facilities available•Time series data on CPI-IW•Time series data on household income•Timeliness of service, time taken to reach destination•Distance travelled to reach nearest bus-stops •Need to avail of other forms of transport (Auto/Rickshaw/Mini bus/etc.) to reach the bus

stop•Consumer knowledge /perception on various issues like – fare determination authority, process, transparency– quality of bus service – over time, vis-à-vis fare, operator, etc.

Data requirements – Bus transport - Producer welfare

• Entry requirements - Charges, Terms and condition of permit/license – across states, different time points•Terms and conditions under different regulatory regimes.• Longevity, performance of new entrants•Time series data on – Route details like origin-destination, length, – Time table, frequency of service (different times of the day/week), required travel time– Number of operators, different types of operator– No. of buses operating – overall, route wise, operator wise– Trips per bus– Passenger carrying capacity – overall, route wise, operator wise; capacity utilisation– Fare matrix – Revenue – total generated, received by private operator– Input cost, Cost of operation– Profit, investment, return

•Route determination process, level of participation by operators, total no. of routes, no. of profitable routes• Fare determination process, fare across operators-routes-time, level of freedom of operators in fare

determination•Quality of service, amenities•No. of trains, fare, schedule, frequency, travel time

Perception survey sampling frameworkAgriculture Bus transport

Sample size: 400 respondents - 200 farmers, 200 consumers from each of the two states.

States: Rajasthan and Bihar Districts: From amongst the top wheat producing districts, subject

to the condition that the selected two districts should not be geographically adjacent to each other. 100 farmers, 100 consumers from each of the districts.

Rajasthan: Alwar, Hanumangarh. Bihar: Rohtas, Saran.

From each districts, two blocks shall be covered (50 farmers, 50 consumers from each block)

From each block, two villages shall be covered (25 farmers, 25 consumers from each block)

Consumers will be sampled from the urban areas only. Sample selection will be stratified random. In the absence of a

complete frame, minimum share of different categories of farmers/consumers (based on production data for farmers and income-expenditure data for consumers) in the sample will be imposed.

Sample size: 300 respondents - 200 intra-city, 100 inter-city from each of the two states.

City/State: Bhopal, MP and Ahmedabad, Gujarat. Inter-city routes: Two routes (50 passengers from each route) from

amongst the busiest ones. The selected two routes should show contrast in terms of operators/buses, frequency, route length etc.

Bhopal: Bhopal-Indore (high frequency, large no. of buses, 250km distance); Bhopal-Gwalior (low frequency, limited number of buses, 450 km distance)

Ahmedabad: Ahmedabad-Baroda (Public dominance, short distance of 110 km, high frequency, alternate mode train available throughout the day), Ahmedabad-Jamnagar (Limited public service, Longer distance of 320 km, lower frequency, limited alternate mode of travel)

Intra city bus passenger: 200 samples from each state 3 to 4 major bus depots/starting hubs to be identified 1 to 2 busy routes operating from these hubs to be

identified – max 5 routes or minimum 40 regular passengers per route

Routes will be selected from both BRTS services and mini-bus (in Bhopal)/ AMTS (in Ahmedabad) routes

Sample selection will be random from regular bus commuters

In depth interview sampling frameworkWheat Bus transport

Input Suppliers : Public 10 Intra city

Input Suppliers : Private 10 Input Suppliers 5

Middlemen 10 Bus Operators: Public & Private* 10

Traders 10 State Government Officials 5

Government Officials 20 Inter city

Storage: Public 10 Input Suppliers 5

Storage: Private 10 Bus Operators: Public & Private* 10

Millers 20 State Government Officials 10

Distributors : Public 10 Total 45

Distributors: Private 10

*: distribution of 10 samples into public and private operators will vary in accordance to the nature of local transport network.

Farmers/Business Associations 5

Community Based Organisations 5

Business consumers 10

Total 140

Identified sources and data availability on wheat

Sl. No.

Data Description Data Source

1 Wheat : Area, Production and Yield 2000-01 to 2011-12 (all India) Price Policy for Rabi Crops, CACP, Ministry of Agriculture

2 All-India Area, Production and Yield of Food grains and Wheat along with coverage under Irrigation

Agricultural Statistics at a Glance

3 All India Compound Growth Rates of Area, Production and Yield of Principal Crops during 1980-1990,1990-2000 and 2000-2012 (Base:T.E.1981-82=100)


4 Growth Rates of Area, Production and Yield of Principal Crops in India from 1994-95 to 2011-12 (Base: T.E.1993-94 = 100)


5 State wise Compound Annual Rate of Growth in Area, Production and Yield of Wheat During ‐Decades of 1990s vis a vis 2000s‐ ‐

Price Policy for Rabi Crops, CACP, Ministry of Agriculture

6 State-wise yield of wheat 2002-03 to 2011-12Agricultural Statistics at a Glance

7 Area and Yield under High Yielding Varieties of Wheat in Major States 2000-01 to 2008-09Agricultural Statistics at a Glance

8 District wise area, production, and yield of wheat: Available for Bihar & Rajasthan post 1999-2000

Crop Production Statistics Information System

9 District wise area, production, and yield of wheat: Bihar & Rajasthan (1986-87 to 2001-02State Departments of Agriculture

10 State-wise Procurement of Rice and Wheat in Major Rice and Wheat Producing States (2001-02 to 2012-13)


11 Stock of Food grains in the Central Pool (1991-2012)Agricultural Statistics at a Glance

12 Existing Buffer Stock Norms for food grainsAgricultural Statistics at a Glance

Identified sources and data availability on wheat (continued)

Sl. No.


13 Buffer Stock of Cereals with the Central Pool (1992-93 to 2012-13) Price Policy for Rabi Crops, CACP, Ministry of Agriculture; Food Corporation of India

14 Scheme wise Offtake of Food grains from the Central Pool (2007-08 to 2011-12)‐ Price Policy for Rabi Crops, CACP, Ministry of Agriculture

15 Per Capita Net Availability of Food grains (Per day and per annum) in India (1951-2011)Agricultural Statistics at a Glance

16 Central Warehousing Corporation commodity tariff 2013-14Central Warehousing Corporation

17 Export and Import of Food grains (1990-91 to 2011-12) Price Policy for Rabi Crops, CACP, Ministry of Agriculture

18 India's Imports and Exports of Rice and Wheat (2002-03 to 2011-12)Agricultural Statistics at a Glance

19 Tariffs and Bound Rates on Major Agricultural Commodities(Cereals and Pulses): as on 01.09.12)


20 Minimum Support Prices of various Agricultural Commodities (2008-09 to 2012-13)Agricultural Statistics at a Glance

21 Comparison of unit value of export of wheat with MSP (1990-91 to 2011-12) Price Policy for Rabi Crops, CACP, Ministry of Agriculture

22 Wheat : Month end Wholesale Prices (2008-09 to 2012-13)‐ Price Policy for Rabi Crops, CACP, Ministry of Agriculture

23 Trends in Wholesale Price Index of Food grains (BASE:2004-05=100) from 2005-06 to 2011-12


24 Growth rates of wholesale price index of food grains (2006-07 to 2011-12)Agricultural Statistics at a Glance

25 Central Issue Prices of Rice, Wheat and Coarse grains (1997 onwards)Agricultural Statistics at a Glance

Identified sources and data availability on wheat (continued)

Sl. No.


26 Month wise release of bulletin on production, procurement, import, export, stocks, allocation, offtake, storage capacity, movement, prices, food subsidy (National and state wise)

Department of Food and Public Distribution monthly bulletin going back to Oct, 2011

27 District wise wholesale market details-state of regulation, godown facilities, cold storage facility, dist. To railway station, commodities, telephone no. (2004)

Directory of Wholesale Agricultural Produce Assembling Markets in India

28 Year-wise availability of Certified/ Quality Seeds-wheat (1983-84 to 2011-12)Agricultural Statistics at a Glance

29 State-wise Estimated Consumption of Fertiliser per Hectare (2009-10 to 2011-12)Agricultural Statistics at a Glance

30 State wise: Average Size of Holdings by Size Group, 2010-11 (Hectares)Agricultural Statistics at a Glance

Identified sources and data availability on bus transport

Sl. No


1 Share of Different Modes of Transport in GDP (1999-00 to 2009-10) Ministry of Transport and Highways, Policy Issues-2011

2 Divisions, Depots, and Schedules of GSRTC as on 31/03/2006 Trivedi, Shipla M. (2010), An analysis of financial performance of state road transport corporation in Gujarat, http://hdl.handle.net/10603/7053 Growth of Passenger Road Transport in Gujarat (1960-61 to 2005-06)

4 Commencement of State Road Transportation in States/Union Territories

5 GSRTC type of service wise Fare details GSRTC website

6 GSRTC Intrercity route details (schedule, fare, destination, origin, places passing through)

7 Concession by and Reimbursement to GSRTC Trivedi, Shipla M. (2012), Performance review of GSRTC, International Journal of Social Science & Interdisciplinary Research, Vol.1 Issue 9, pp33-48

8 Dead kilometres (distance travelled for which no revenue is generated) in Gujarat (1996-97 to 2005-06)

9 Gujarat Cancellation of Scheduled trips (1996-97 to 2005-06)

10 Gujarat Fleet position (1996-97 to 2005-06)

11 Fleet position at GSRTC (2000-01 to 2008-09) Basu, S. and Ravichandran N. (2012), Towards the Strategic Transformation of GSRTC, IIM Indore Case Study 12 Internal Expenditure Projections of GSRTC (2009-2015)

13 Relative Efficiency of GSRTC vis-à-vis other STUs(2008-09)

Identified sources and data availability on bus transport (continued)

Sl. No


14 Population to bus ratio Basu, S. and Ravichandran N. (2012), Towards the Strategic Transformation of GSRTC, IIM

Indore Case Study 15 Manpower position in various categories 2009-2012

16 Segment wise concession to passengers

17 Trip wise analysis of profitability

18 Fare Matrix- BRTS Ahmadabad BRTS website

19 AMTS details of operation 2011-12 and 2012-13: staff, fleet, route, revenue, profit/loss, cost, etc.

AMTS website, Transport Manager

20 Existing Public Transport system of Bhopal city Singh, A. P. et al (2012), A review on urban public transport system of Bhopal city, International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology, Vol.III, Issue II, April-June, pp 163-167

21 Details of Route Operated by BCLL

22 Mini-bus Routes in Bhopal

23 Details of Trunk Corridors (BRT Routes), Standards Routes (BCCL), Complimentary Routes (mini-bus), IPT Feeder Service (Tata Magic Routes)

Route Rationalization: BMC, Sustainable Urban Transportation Project Website (http://www.sutpindia.com)

CUTS-CREW Diagnostic Country Report: India

Documents

Transcript of CUTS-CREW Diagnostic Country Report: India