CUTC Toronto Smart Buildings2005 - University of Waterloo · 2005-01-24 · – Waterloo Landfill...
Transcript of CUTC Toronto Smart Buildings2005 - University of Waterloo · 2005-01-24 · – Waterloo Landfill...
Smart Buildings / Smart PeopleCUTC Jan 22, 2005
Toronto
Dr John StraubeDupont Young ProfessorAssistant ProfessorSchool of Architecture & Dept Civil Engineering
University of WaterlooWaterloo, Canada
www.civil.uwaterloo.ca/beg BEGBuilding Engineering Group
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Technology is the answer.But what is the question?
Amory Lovins
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This presentation
Buildings– Context– Importance
Role of Technology– Smart ideas– Good design
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Components of the Built Environment
Buildings and the parts thereof Service infrastructure/utilities, etc.Distribution/transportation/traffic handling systemsOccupants/users/ownersOccupants/users/ownersProviding and maintaining the built environment is the largest single industry on the planet
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Buildings as Capital Investment
Industrial8%
Residential70%
Institutional9%
Commercial13%
•$55 Billion spent on Building Construction in Canada (1997)•8.7% of Can. GDP•Need homes for billions of people in developing world•Global expenditure:US$ 3 500 000 000 000/yr
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The impact of buildings onHealth & Productivity
Typical North Americans spend 90% of their lives indoorsBuilding related illnesses account for $60 to $400 Billion of lost productivity in the USStudies are now showing even suburban sprawl has health impacts
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Problems with the Built Environment
Environmental damageBuildings don’t work wellBuildings cost too muchSometimes they even hurt us
Can technology help?
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Buildings
Buildings also part of the environmentThey consume resources – materials and energy– Cost a lot of money
Pollute, displace, destroy (provide) habitatsA “durable good” – Running shoe (1 yr), car (10 yr), bldg (100yr?)
Hence - more careful long-term design– i.e. societal involvement is justified
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Resource Depletion & Pollution
Buildings consume 35-50% of world energy in production and use
about 40% in Canada
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Production of Pollutants and
Toxins
Buildings consume 40+% of all harvested or mined resources
Landfill wasteEnergy pollutionToxic materials
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Building Operational Energy vs Other Sectors
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
Bldgs Industry Transport
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Commercial Buildings
Commercial Building Energy Use Intensity
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
1919 orBefore
1920 to1945
1946 to1959
1960 to1969
1970 to1979
1980 to1989
1990 to1999
kWh/
m2 /y
r
US Commercial Building Energy UseTechnology may be the problem, not the solution
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Ecological Damage
Urban Planning-Solar heatingRainwater run offNeed to driveTransit cant work
Buildings and their connections (roads) displace and destroy habitat
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Buildings, Energy, Pollution
Buildings consume 68% of all electricityOperation of US buildings – Purchased energy costs $265 Billion in US– 560 million tons of CO2 per year– 36% of US total and 9% of global CO2
production– 49% of US total SO2
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Energy & Efficiency
People want services not energy– Warm house, not gas– Light, not electricity
Hence, efficiency allow us to have our cake and east itEnergy reductionsafter ’73 / ’79
California brownouts(2001):– 14% cut in 6 months
simply by citizen action
Economist
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The Zero-sum Myth
Myth: “It is not economical to save energy and reduce pollution”Fact: Median threshold for EE decisions
– 1.9 yr payback / 71% after-tax ROI (Dept of Energy)
Pollution inspection & control = expensiveSaving energy is not expensive
– Can often be CHEAPER!– e.g. Dupont, Lockheed– Building Science Corp
(www.buildingscience.com)
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Renewable Energy
Cheap oil and gas is almost goneHuge new energy services required for developing worldWe cant burn more
Collin Campbell
BBC
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How to do it
We already know how!– E.g. Compact fluorescents (1/5)– E.g. Highly insulating windows (1/3)– E.g. Better enclosure insulation / airtightness
(1/2)– E.g. Efficient HVAC and office equipment (1/2)
Future– Superwindows– Renewable / bio-materials– Building systems that allow recycling
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Fans
Most use dampers to control airflow– Close to valve to control flow
Modern systems control speed of fanControls respond to needs
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Lights
Compact Fluorescents– Use 1/5 as much energy, last 10 times as long
LED Exit Lights– Last 15 yrs, use 2 Watts ($1/yr operating)
Incandescent lights– Last 2 years, use 40 Watts ($20/yr + replace)– Replacement costs $15-30 each time
LED lights cost $10 more than old style
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So… what is the answer?
Technology is necessary, but not sufficient
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Design & Technology
What problem do you wish to solve?
$4000
Fridge Energy consumption
1973 –1800 kWh/yr
2003 - 500 kWh/yr
Best available – Sun Frost – uses 200 kWh/yr (but costs $3000! so is not economical)
www.smarthome.com
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Solutions
Design new building systems– Requires simulation– Requires teamwork for implementationEnergy Efficiency– Cheapest form of energy– Stop wasting– Upgrade building stock, change city planning
Improved renewable energy– Integrated power networks to share
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How to do it
System integration– “Professional specialization” disease– Sub-system optimization– Non-optimal whole system design
Real benefits come as a system, not individual– Airtight, shade and solar windows save AC
costs, fans, and ducts– Better insulation can mean no furnace – Reduced power req’t = alternative energy
economical
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Renewable Energy Growth
PV and Wind growing fast (>20% annual)Europe aiming for >20% electricity by RE
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Slow increase in efficiency + growth in RE = powerful combo
Prediction based on Straube 2004
PV and wind have grown 20-30%/pa over the last decade
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The Hydrogen Economy Myth
Hydrogen is not a source of energy– Where is it to come from? Natural gas? Nuclear?– Electrolysis from renewables is wasting renewables
Electricity ->hydrogen ->fuel cell-> electricity= cycle efficiency of 33% (50%+ in 25 years)Biofuels may be better: Methane? Ethanol?
– Waterloo Landfill Power– Algae generation of bio-diesel
Hydrogen is difficult to store and handle– It may be worth it, my be best method
We must consider alternatives!
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Storage and Generation
Distributed energy production– Power to become like internet– User and consumers are the same– Utility is an arbiter, deal maker
Storage will become incredibly important– Local storage / central storage– Low loss technologies– Billion dollar prize– Maybe Hydrogen
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“Smart Buildings”
Embedded electronicsCommunication between building componentsCommunication between building components and the world
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“Smart” Building
Smart Appliance
Server
Smart Appliance
Furnace Repair
Electrical Utility
Your workplace
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Bio materials
Plastics from plants– Dupont-Pioneer and Dow-Cargill
Fuel from plants– Bio diesel, bio gas
Renewable materialsTunable properties
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Green on the GrandEnermodal Engineering
•much lower energy consumption•much lower resource consumption•better air quality•lower first cost
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Waterloo Apt
Less cost than average, about 1/3 energy
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NRG Building Vermont
Andy Shapiro - Consultant
30% of standard energy use10% of standard purchased energy
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Real Goods.com
Arkin-Tilt Architects
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Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI.org)
Less than median costPurchases 99% less heating
90% less electricity
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Ridge Winery
Strawbale-earth plasterLow-energy
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Conclusion
Buildings– Are very important– Consume resources & damage the environment– can be much better
We need better design– Technology is a tool– Must understand, apply and invent technology– Remember the big picture– Solve problems that are worthwhile