Cut and discard this bottom portion.

“Biology is the natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function,

growth, origin, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy.”

Scientific Investigation & Reasoning Skills

Electronic Balance

Mass (g/kg)

Dissection Equipment

Gel Electrophoresis

Microscope

Lab Incubators

Metric Ruler

Micropippettors

Petri Dishes

Stereoscope

Nucleus

Cell Wall

Plasma Membrane

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Ribosome

Mitochondria

Chloroplast

Vacuole

Golgi Apparatus

Lysosome

Cilia

Reporting Cat 1: Cell Structure & Function

Types of Solutions

Synthesis of New Molecules & Biomolecules

Cellular Growth and Replication

DNA ReplicationMitosis

Lytic/Lysogenic CycleMeiosis

Binary Fission

Reporting Cat 1: Cell Structure & Function

Cell Differentiation & Specialization

DNA & RNA Structure Cell Growth Gone Wrong:Tumors

Sex CellsChromosomesGenesDNA

Protein Synthesis: Transcription and Translation

The Purpose of the Process: This is the way that cells build more proteins

Reporting Category 2: Mechanisms of Genetics

25%

25% 25%

25%

A= Dominant (strong, visible) Gene

a= Recessive (weak, hidden) Gene

A or a = alleles

Homozygous= same alleles= AA

Heterozygous= different alleles= Aa

A=Tall a=Short

AA=homozygous dominant traits Aa=heterozygous dominant traits aa=homozygous recessive traits

Genotypes:

AA, Aa, aa

Phenotypes:

3 tall and 1 shortGenetics

Genotype = combination of alleles “AA”Phenotype = the way the genotype is physically

expressed in an organism “Tall”

Dihybrid CrossMonohybrid Cross NonMendelian Genetics

Studying the Genome

DNA Fingerprinting Genetic Engineering Chromosomal Analysis

Mutations

Fossil Record

Biogeography

HomologyAnatomical

Molecular

Developmental

Trait VariationDifferential Reproduction

HeredityTrait Advantage

Natural Selection & Adaptation Over Time

Reporting Cat 3: Biological Evolution & Classification

Genetic Drift- the effect of chance on heredity through a random event or situation.

Gene Flow- the movement (migration) of genes from population to population

Mutation- a mutation can change offspring for generations to come, by introducing something new.

Recombination- this process can also change the evolutionary process.

Taxonomy is the science of identifying and arranging species

into a classification.

Carl Linnaeus gives us the system that we are familiar with today.

Each part of the classification system is very important.

Reporting Cat 3: Biological Evolution & Classification

The 3 Domains and 6 Kingdoms of classification.

Domain Bacteria – EubacteriaDomain Archaea – ArchaebacteriaDomain Eukarya – Protista, Fungi Animalia, Plantae

Eubacteria- single celled organisms, cell wall made of peptidoglycan.

Archaebacteria- single celled organisms, no peptidoglycan in cell wall, lipid membranes instead.

Protista- can be unicellular or multicellular but they are eukaryotes.

Fungi – unicellular or multicellular but they are eukaryotes.

Animalia- multicellular, nucleus, no cell walls, heterotrophs

Plantae –multicellular, nucleus, chloroplasts, autotrophs

Reporting Cat 4: Biological Processes & Systems

Enzymes play a key role in being catalyst in chemical reactions within the body:1.Increase rate of reaction2.Enzyme substrate-Product3.Enzyme regulation (H-L, L-H)

Feedback mechanisms are a way of an organism trying to maintain homeostasis for example:1.Blood glucose production2.Body temperature3.Plant water and CO2 levels

The human body is a very complicated system. It is made up of many systems working together. Each system has a job, and all of the systems together keep us alive. Below are the most important systems for you to know.

Circulatory System

Circulate blood throughout the body

Respiratory System

Supply blood with oxygen for the body.

Reproductive System

Organs that work together to help us

reproduce

Digestive System

Circulate blood throughout the body

Excretory System

Removes excess material or waste

These systems help

the body maintain

“Homeostasis”

Reporting Category 4: Biological Processes & Systems

Every system has a job and those jobs help keep your body balanced or in homeostasis. Feedback mechanisms are ways of keeping this important balance. When you sweat you cool down, when you eat you stop starvation, your body tells your brain, and it tells the body what to do.

Endocrine System

Secretes hormones into bloodstream to regulate the body.

Nervous System

Coordinates the actions of different parts of the body.

Integumentary System

This system protects the body from damage. It uses skin, hair, etc.

Skeletal System

Provides the body with form, shape

and structure.

Muscular System

Provides the body with the ability to

move.

Systems working

together to maintain

“Homeostasis”

Ecosystems have a very delicate balance. Often times factors beyond their control can offset the balance. Organisms then

have to choices adjust over time or perish.

Primary Succession – newly exposed rock, sand, or lava, no previous biotic community. New populations will move into this area, and those species will diversity over time as well.

Secondary Succession – takes place where a previous community has been removed. New populations will also move into this area and those species will diversify over time.

Environmental change will bring with it changes in the community that forms within it.

Ecosystem

Reporting Cat 5 – Interdependence Within Environmental Sys

Predation – where a predator (an organism that is hunting) feeds on its prey (the organism that is attacked).

Parasitism – non mutual relationship between organisms of different species where one organism, parasite, benefits at the expense of the other, the host

Commensalism – relationship between two organisms where one organism benefits but the other is neutral (there is no harm or benefit)

Predation – the way two organisms of different species biologically interact in a relationship in which each individual derives a fitness benefit (i.e., increased or improved reproductive output).

Competition – These interactions cause competition among organisms and helps determine survival or extinction.

Microorganisms – These organisms interact with others as well and cause diseases, aid organisms, and disrupt ecosystems as well over time.

Prey- animal that gets eaten.Ex = . Deer

Predator- animal that huntsEx. = Lion

Producer- plants that make food. Ex. = Grass

Consumer- animal that eats. Ex. = Frog

Decomposer- bacteria that eats the remains Ex. = Fungus

tertiary consumers

secondary consumersprimary consumers

producers

3 types of consumers:

Herbivores- plant eaters

Carnivores- meat eaters

Omnivores- eat both plants and meat

Energy is transferred in a food pyramid from plants herbivores carnivores

Hawks (carnivores)

Frogs (carnivores)

Grasshoppers (herbivores)

Grass

Interactions in the Ecosystem

Organisms’ interactions

dictate the flow of energy in an ecosystem.

Reporting Cat 5 – Interdependence Within Environmental Sys

Simple food chains are used to represent the way organisms interact with one another in an ecosystem, the type of ecosystem is important to the types of organisms that will be found with in.

Food webs depict the way all of the organisms interact, and combine simple food chains into one model of interaction.

Energy pyramids are a great model for illustrating trophic levels. The higher in the pyramid you go, the fewer organisms there are at the top. Coining the phrase, “Top of the food chain!”

Biomass is the amount of living or organic matter present in an organism. Biomass pyramids show how much biomass is present in the organisms at each trophic level. Please remember that energy or matter is neither created nor destroyed.

Carbon Cycle: recycles O2 and CO2 on Earth for all organisms.

Water Cycle: recycles water on Earth for all organisms.

Nitrogen Cycle: recycles Nitrogen on Earth for all organisms.