Curtis Monger USDA-NRCS Developments in Soil Taxonomy · 2015. 9. 8. · Btk4 Btk2 2Btk5 5/19/04...

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Curtis Monger USDA-NRCS

Developments in Soil Taxonomy

ANTHROPOCENE?

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ANTHROPOCENE?Soil sustainability differs across the landscape.

Soil Taxonomy—

Historical Perspective

Whitney (1909)

Stressed soil textures within physiographic regions.

Soil sustainability differs across the landscape.

Curtis Marbut

Konstantin GlinkaV.V. Dokuchaev Nikolai Sibirtsev

Marbut (1935)

Stressed profile types within bioclimatic zones.


From Buol, Hole, McCracken 1973

Podzolic soil


Guy Smith and Soil Survey Staff (1960)

Stresses quantitative definitions based on soil properties.


Ultisols

―Zonal‖ origins are still apparent in Soil Taxonomy.

Soil Taxonomy—

A Language for Describing

Soils

Taxonomic Divisions

fine, smectitic, thermic Vertic Torrifluvent

Taxonomic Divisions

fine, smectitic, thermic Vertic Torrifluventorder

Taxonomic Divisions


suborder

Taxonomic Divisions


suborder

great group

Taxonomic Divisions


suborder

great group

subgroup

Taxonomic Divisions


suborder

great group

subgroup

family

Soil Taxonomy—

Applied Internationally

Soil Taxonomy applied internationally

Soil Taxonomy—

Moving Across Scales

small large

SOIL

PROFILE

SCALE

LAND-

SCAPE

SCALE

GLOBAL

SCALE

THIN

SECTION

SCALE

ELECTRON

MICROSCOPE

SCALE

mm meters km km x 1000sµm

SPATIAL SCALES

in Soil Taxonomy


small large

SOIL

PEDON

SCALE

LAND-

SCAPE

SCALE

GLOBAL

SCALE

THIN

SECTION

SCALE

ELECTRON

MICROSCOPE

SCALE


SPATIAL SCALES

in Soil Taxonomy


SOIL

PEDON

SCALE

Desert Project Tour (c. 1960)

Leland

Gile

Guy

Smith


2Bkb

3Byymb

3Byy1b

3Byy2b

C

2Ab

SOIL PEDON SCALE


small large

POLY-

PEDON

SCALE

GLOBAL

SCALE

THIN

SECTION

SCALE

ELECTRON

MICROSCOPE

SCALE


SOIL

PEDON

SCALE

SPATIAL SCALES

in Soil Taxonomy


Pedon Polypedon

(Soil Individual)

Profile


gypsum – inactive parabolic dunes

siliceous red sand

with coppice dunes

gypsic lake bed

POLYPEDONS—WHAT WE MAP

polypedon B

polypedon A

gypsic lake bed

B

B

B B

A A


small large

GLOBAL

SCALE

THIN

SECTION

SCALE

ELECTRON

MICROSCOPE

SCALE


POLY-

PEDON

SCALE

SOIL

PEDON

SCALE

SPATIAL SCALES

in Soil Taxonomy


Mollisols


Aridisols

NRCS World Soil Resources

small large

GLOBAL

SCALE

THIN

SECTION

SCALE

ELECTRON

MICROSCOPE

SCALE


POLY-

PEDON

SCALE

SOIL

PEDON

SCALE

SPATIAL SCALES

in Soil Taxonomy


A

BA

Btk1

Btk3

Calciargid

Btk4

Btk2

2Btk5

5/19/04 Plane-polarized light

pore

A

BA

Btk1

Btk3

Btk4

Btk2

2Btk5


Crossed-polarized light

pore

Calciargid

A

BA

Btk1

Btk3

Btk4

Btk2

2Btk5


Crossed-polarized light

Clay films

pore

Calciargid

small large

GLOBAL

SCALE

THIN

SECTION

SCALE

ELECTRON

MICROSCOPE

SCALE


POLY-

PEDON

SCALE

SOIL

PEDON

SCALE

SPATIAL SCALES

in Soil Taxonomy


From Buck et al. 2006

gypsum crystals in soil

Sentry Btkyz3

gyp

gyp

gyp

gyp

gyp gyp

gyp

gyp

calcite

calc

ite calc

ite

quart

z

calc

ite

calc

ite

X-ray diffraction is used to

identify minerals

long duration

PLATE TECTONICS

SOIL TEMPERATURE

SOIL MOISTURE

ORGANIC MATTER ACCUMULATION IN TOPSOIL

CLAY ACCUMULATION IN SUBSOIL

SALT EFFLORESCENCE

PETROCALCIC HORIZON DEVELOPMENT

minutes

hours

months

decades

centuries

millennia

short duration

millions ofyears

TEMPORAL SCALES

in Soil Taxonomy


Temperature Change at 1 cm

White Sands, NM

long duration

PLATE TECTONICS

SOIL TEMPERATURE

SOIL MOISTURE



SALT EFFLORESCENCE


minutes

months

decades

centuries

millennia

short duration

millions ofyears

hours/weeks

TEMPORAL SCALES

in Soil Taxonomy


Saline playa efflorescence at White Sands

For Example:

Saline playa efflorescence at White Sands

December 2011

February 2012

May 2012

long duration

PLATE TECTONICS

SOIL TEMPERATURE

SOIL MOISTURE



SALT EFFLORESCENCE


minutes

months

decades

centuries

millennia

short duration

millions ofyears

hours/weeks

TEMPORAL SCALES

in Soil Taxonomy


Present

30°

30°

0°

Ron Blakey – Northern Arizona Univ.

Miocene

30°

30°

0°

Tertiary-Cretaceous

30°

30°

0°

Late Jurassic

30°

30°

0°

small large


long duration

minutes

months

decades

centuries

millennia

short duration

millions ofyears

SCALE MOST CRITICAL

FOR SUSTAINABILITY

hours/weeks


Soil Taxonomy—

Delivering Information

www.soils.usda.gov

Soil Climate Data

Soil Taxonomy—

Soil Systems and

Environmental Issues


Soil systems approach

Mountains & Hills

Piedmont Slope

(Bajada)

Basin Floor

Mountains & Hills

Rio Grande

Valley

Basin Floors

Mountains

& Hills

Jornada

Exp. Range

Headquarters

New Mexico

State Univ.

Gile et al. 1981

alluvial fill

Tertiary

volcanic

rocks

Tertiary

plutonic

rocks

Precambrian

rocks

Paleozoic

sedimentary

rocks

Gulf Dead Zone

NOAA Image of Sources of N and P linked to Gulf of Mexico Dead Zone


Soil systems approach

Soil Taxonomy—

Do we need a

Subaqueous Order?

Soil sustainability differs across the landscape—

both above and below water.

Anguilla SeriesMarine sediments over sandy/gravelly outwash

Ase --0 to 10 cm; black (N 2.5/) mucky sand; single grain; very fluid; 1

percent macroalgal fragments, 0 percent rubbed; sulfurous odor; strongly

saline; neutral (pH 7.0); ultra acid (pH 3.4) after 8 weeks; clear boundary.

ACse--10 to 40 cm; very dark greenish gray (10Y 3/1) mucky sand; single

grain; very fluid; 1 percent macroalgal fragments, 0 percent rubbed;

sulfurous odor; strongly saline; neutral (pH 7.1); ultra acid (pH 3.2) after 8

weeks; abrupt boundary. (Combined thickness of A and AC horizons is 30 to

70 cm.)

2Bwb--40 to 90 cm; olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) loamy sand; few fine prominent

strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) masses of iron accumulation; single grain;

nonfluid; 20 percent herbaceous fibers, 5 percent rubbed; 5 percent gravel;

moderately saline; neutral (pH 7.0); very strongly acid (pH 4.9) after 8

weeks; abrupt boundary. (0 to 100 cm thick.)

3C--90 to 150 cm; very dark grayish brown (2.5Y 3/2) very gravelly coarse

sand; single grain; nonfluid; 50 percent gravel; slightly saline; neutral (pH

7.0); strongly acid (pH 5.5) after 8 weeks.

Cross Section of Lagoon Pond

Washover

Fan Flat

Nagunt Series

Washover

Fan Slope

Lagoon Bottom

Pishagqua Series

Shallow

Lagoon

Bottom

Fort Neck

Series

Mainland

Submerged

Beach

Anguilla Series

Depth

(fe

et N

AV

D88)

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Curtis Monger USDA-NRCS Developments in Soil Taxonomy · 2015. 9. 8. · Btk4 Btk2 2Btk5 5/19/04...

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Transcript of Curtis Monger USDA-NRCS Developments in Soil Taxonomy · 2015. 9. 8. · Btk4 Btk2 2Btk5 5/19/04...