CURRICULUM & SYLLABUS BACHELOR’S PROGRAMME IN …OBJECTIVES OF THE PROGRAMME The curriculum for...

ST. TERESA’S COLLEGE, ERNAKULAM (AUTONOMOUS)

CURRICULUM & SYLLABUS

BACHELOR’S PROGRAMME IN BOTANY

CHOICE BASED CREDIT AND SEMESTER SYSTEM (CBCSS)

DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY

OBJECTIVES OF THE PROGRAMME

The curriculum for the B. Sc. Programme in Botany has been designed with an aim of

encouraging the broad instructional goals and to support the growing demands and

challenging trends in the educational scenario. It targets at providing an environment that

encourages, promotes and stimulates the intellectual, professional and personal

development of the student. The curriculum caters to the all-round development of the

student, rolling out globally ready individuals into the fast pacing world. The specific

objectives of the program are as follows:

• Know the importance and scope of the discipline • Inculcate interest in and love of nature with its myriad living forms

• Impart knowledge of Science as the basic objective of Education

• Create a scientific attitude to make students open minded, critical and curious

• Develop the ability to work hard and make students fit for society

• Expose students to the diversity amongst life forms

• Develop skill in practical work, experiments, equipments and laboratory use along

with collection and interpretation of biological materials and data

• Make them aware of natural resources and environment and the importance of conserving it.

• Develop the ability for the application of acquired knowledge in various fields of

life so as to make our country self sufficient

• Appreciate and apply ethical principles to biological science research and studies

SEMESTER I

Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards

Bachelor’s Programme in Botany, St. Teresa’s College (Autonomous), Ernakulam

CORE COURSE 01

BO1B01TB: PLANT DIVERSITY, MICROBIOLOGY AND PHYCOLOGY

COURSE CODE BO1B01TB

TITLE OF THE COURSE PLANT DIVERSITY, MICROBIOLOGY AND PHYCOLOGY SEMESTER IN WHICH THE COURSE IS 1 TAUGHT NO. OF CREDITS THEORY- 2

PRACTICAL-1 NO. OF CONTACT HOURS THEORY- 36

PRACTICAL-36

AIM OF THE COURSE

• To introduce the learners to the diversity existing in the plant world and to

develop in them a keen interest in hidden treasures of the plant world

• To make them competent in the various aspects of microbiology and phycology

so that they will develop a research aptitude, which in turn will enable them to stride towards wider application of the learned subjects for the betterment of human life

OBJECTIVES

• The course will help the learners to understand the development of complexities

gradually in the plant world from the lower organisms to the highly evolved forms

• Will enable them to develop an awareness regarding the unique features of different groups of microorganisms and various classes of algae

COURSE OVERVIEW AND CONTEXT

This course introduces the learners to the general features and diversity of the plant world. It explores the world of microbes, their unique features, genetic recombination in them, industrial and other economic importance of microbes and the common diseases caused by them. The course also gives emphasis to the study of different classes of algae giving importance to their characteristic features, diversity and economic importance. In the practical classes of this course, all the types studied will be made available to the learners so that they will get opportunity for hands-on training about what they learned in the theory class



CORE COURSE 01

BO1B01TB: PLANT DIVERSITY, MICROBIOLOGY AND PHYCOLOGY

PLANT DIVERSITY 1 hour

MODULE 1 1 hour

Introduction, concept; Diversity in plant kingdom – habit, habitat, duration of life; Position of plants in five kingdom system- Whittaker

MICROBIOLOGY

17 hours

MODULE 2 14 hours

Diversity of microbes and Scope of Microbiology; Branches of Microbiology Bacteria - Morphology and classification based on staining, morphology and flagellation Genetic recombination - Conjugation, transformation & transduction Archaebacteria, Mycoplasma- General characters Virus- General composition and properties; Structure of Bacteriophages and life cycle; Structure and mode of transmission of TMV and HIV

MODULE 3 3 hours

Applied microbiology: Soil microbiology:- Nitrogen fixation: symbiotic and nonsymbiotic, Biofertilizer Industrial microbiology:- Bakery (Bread) Wine, Vinegar, Milk products- (curd, cheese, yogurt) and Single cell proteins Use of microbes as Biopesticides

PHYCOLOGY 18 hours

MODULE 4 16 hours

Introduction - General characters of algae and an outline of the classification (Fritsch F.E, 1935; 1945) General characters of the following major groups with special reference to the structure, reproduction and life cycles of the following types.

a. Cyanophyceae: Nostoc b. Chlorophyceae: Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Oedogonium, Cladophora,

Chara,Caulerpa



c. Xanthophyceae: Vaucheria d. Bacillariophyceae: Pinnularia e. Phaeophyceae : Sargassum f. Rhodophyceae :Polysiphonia

MODULE 5 2 hours Appliedphycology: Commercial products: Agar, Alginates, Carrageenin, Diatomaceous earth

a. Sources of food b. Role of algae in biofuel c. Harmful effects – Water bloom, eutrophication, fouling algae, parasitic algae and

fish poisoning.

PRACTICAL 36 hours

1. Preparation of bacterial smear and Gram’s staining 2. Streak plate method (Demonstration only) 3. Study of microbes involved in fermentation of foods- bread, wine, vinegar, curd 4. Make micro preparation of vegetative and reproductive structures of the types

mentioned in the syllabus. 5. Identify the algal specimens up to the generic level by noting their key characters. 6. Make labeled sketches of the specimens observed.

COMPETENCIES OF THE COURSE

1. The course will help in acquainting the students with the diversity in the plant

world. 2. Aid to relate the application of microbiology in different fields of science 3. Develop awareness regarding the industrial importance of microorganisms 4. The learners will develop knowledge regarding the characters of the lower

groups of plants and their diversity 5. It will enable the learners understand the characteristics of different classes of

algae 6. Help them to acquaint with the economic importance of Algae and their role in our

daily life

REFERENCES

1. Amy Stewart 2014. The Drunken Botanist: The Plants That Create the World'sGreat Drinks. Algonquin Books (division of Workman), New York

2. Aneja K. R. 1996. Experiments in Microbiology, Plant pathology, Tissue cultureand Mushroom cultivation. Vishwa Prakasan, Delhi.

3. Bilgrama K. S & Saha L. C 1996, Text Book Of Algae, C B S Publishers & Distributors



4. Carpenter P. L., 1967. Microbiology. W. B. Saunder & Co, Philadelphia 5. Chapman V. J. 1962. The Algae. Macmillan & Co. Ltd, London 6. Cynthia McKenney, Amanda Chau and Ursula Karoline Schuch 2014.

Introductory Plant Science: Investigating the Green World. Mixed media product, UK

7. Fritsch F. E. 1945. Structure and Reproduction of Algae. Vol.1: Cambridge University Press, London.

8. Hans G. Schlegel 1995. General Microbiology. Cambridge University Press, London.

9. Jane Goodall and Gail Hudson 2014. Seeds of Hope: Wisdom and Wonder fromthe World of Plants. Grand Central Publishing Company, New York

10. Krishnamurthy K. V. 2004. An Advanced Text Book on Biodiversity Principlesand Practice. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.

11. Mamatha Rao, 2009, Microbes and Non flowering plants- impact andapplication Ane Books Pvt. Ltd.

12. Norman H. Russell 1958. An Introduction to the Plant Kingdom. Southwestern Association of Naturalists, USA

13. Prescott S .C. 2009. Industrial Microbiology. Agrobios, Meerut. 14. Robert Edward Lee 2008. Phycology. Cambridge university press, London 15. Round F. E. 1996. The ecology of algae. UMI books on demand, USA 16. Sharma O.P. 2004, Text Book of Algae, Tata Mc. Graw Hill Co. 17. Sharma P. D. 2005. Microbiology and Plant Pathology. Rastogi publications

Meerut. 18. Valtre Evangelista, Laura Barasanti, Anna Maria Frassanito, Passarelli

Vincenzo, Paolo Guatieri (Eds.) 2008. Algal toxins: nature, occurrence, effectsand detection. Springer- Verlag New York Inc., New York

19. Vasishta B. R., Sinha A.K , and Singh V.P. 2004. Botany For Degree Students .Algae, S. Chand& Co. Ltd., New Delhi.

20. Wonders 2013. Wonders of the Plant-World. Rarebooksclub.com, USA


SEMESTER II



CORE COURSE 02

BO2B02TB: MYCOLOGY, LICHENOLOGY AND PLANT PATHOLOGY

COURSE CODE BO2B02TB TITLE OF THE COURSE MYCOLOGY, LICHENOLOGY AND

PLANT PATHOLOGY SEMESTER IN WHICH THE COURSE 2 IS TAUGHT NO. OF CREDITS THEORY- 2

PRACTICAL-1

NO. OF CONTACT HOURS THEORY- 36

PRACTICAL-36

AIM OF THE COURSE

• To introduce the learners to the diversity existing in fungal kingdom and make

them understand the unique features of the different classes of fungi • To unveil the fascinating world of lichens and enlighten them regadrding the role

they play in environmental monitoring • To make the learners aware of the different types of plant disease prevalent in our

country, the agroeconomic loss caused by these diseases, and acquaint them with the effective ecofriendly control measures of the diseases

• To introduce them to the common fungal diseases that affect man and the preventive and remedial measures

OBJECTIVES

• The course will help the learner to understand the rich diversity in fungi and their

economic importance which will be of value in daily life • They will become competent in identifying different types of fungi and lichens

using their unique features • It will enable the students to identify various common fungal diseases and

understand their effective control measures


This course is focused on the diversity in the world of fungi and lichens. It also deals with the various types of common plant diseases, their causative organisms and effective control measures. Ecological and economic significance of fungi and lichens are also included in the course. All aspects dealt in this course is having importance in the daily life situation



CORE COURSE 02

BO2B02TB: MYCOLOGY, LICHENOLOGY AND PLANT PATHOLOGY

MYCOLOGY 22 hours

MODULE 1 19 hours

Introduction. Classification based on Ainsworth (1973) Distinguishing characters of different classes of fungi with special reference to reproductive structures and life history of the genera mentioned in each group.

a. Myxomycotina – General Characters b. Mastigomycotina – Albugo c. Zygomycotina - Rhizopus d. Ascomycotina: Hemiascomycetes – Saccharomyces. e. Plectomycetes - Pencillium f. Pyrenomycetes – Xylaria. g. Discomycetes - Peziza h. Basidiomycotina: Teliomycetes – Puccinia; Hymenomycetes- Agaricus i. Deuteromycotina : Fusarium

MODULE 2 3 hours

Applied mycology: Economic importance of Fungi –useful and harmful aspects. Mycorrhiza –diversity, function and significance. Mushrooms : Cultivation of Oyster mushroom.

LICHENOLOGY 2 hours

MODULE 3 2 hours

General account, economic and ecological importance of lichen. Structure, reproduction and life cycle of Parmelia.

PLANT PATHOLOGY 4 hours

MODULE 4 4 hours

History of plant pathology, Classification of plant diseases on the basis of causative organism and symptoms, Host parasite interaction, Defense mechanism in host, Mechanism of infection, Transmission and dissemination of diseases.

MODULE 5 8 hours

Control of plant diseases, Prophylaxis - quarantine measures, seed certification.



Therapeutics – physical therapy, chemotherapy, biological control

Study of following diseases with emphasis on pathogen, symptoms, disease cycle and control

a. Bunchy top of Banana. b. Bacterial blight of Paddy. c. Root wilt of Coconut. d. Abnormal leaf-fall of Rubber.

Fungicides

a. Bordeaux mixture b. Tobacco decoction c. Neem decoction (Brief account only)

Medical mycology- Fungal allergens, Athelet’s foot, aspergillosis, candidiosis, aflatoxin

PRACTICAL 36 hours

1. Students are expected to identify the following types by making suitable

microprepartions and make labeled sketches Rhizopus , Albugo , Saccharomyces,Pencillium , Xylaria, Peziza, Puccinia, Fusarium and Parmelia.

2. Oyster mushroom cultivation 3. Identification of the diseases mentioned in the syllabus with respect to causal

organisms and symptoms 4. Students should be trained to prepare the fungicides mentioned in the syllabus


1. The course will help the students in acquiring knowledge about the diversity of

fungal world and its significance. 2. It will familiarize the students with the cultivation practices of oyster mushroom

and will relate the importance of edible mushrooms to the wellbeing of man 3. Makes them aware of the diversity of lichens and their significance in

environmental monitoring 4. Creates awareness regarding the various plant diseases prevalent in Kerala, the

mechanisms of infection, transmission and dissemination, various measures adopted to control plant diseases and the impact of plant diseases on agriculture.

5. Helps them to develop knowledge about the common types of fungal diseases affecting human beings and their prevention and control measures



REFERENCES

1. Alexopaulos C. J., Mims, C. W. and C.W. Blackwell M. 1996.

IntroductoryMycology. John Willy and sons, Inc., New York. 2. Bilgrami K. S. and Dube H. C. 1976. A Text book of Modern Plant pathology ,:

Vikas publishers, New Delhi 3. Campbell R . 1987. Plant Microbiology. ELBS Edward Arnold, London . 4. Frank Randall 2012. The mushroom book for beginners. Pub. Createspace 5. Geoffrey Clough Ainsworth 2009. Introduction to the history of mycology.

Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 6. Greth Jones D. 1989. Plant Pathology–Principles and Practice. Aditya books,

New Delhi. 7. Gupta V. K. and Paul T. S. 2004. Fungi & Plant diseases. Kalyani publishers ,

New Delhi 8. Hale M. E. 1983. The Biology of Lichen, 3rd edition. Edward Arnold, London. 9. Heritage J., E. G. V. Evans and R. A. Killington 2014. Microbiology in action.

Cambridge University Press 10. Jim Deacon 2007. Fungal Biology , 4th edition , Blackwell Publishing, Ane Books

Pvt. Ltd. 11. Malhotra and Agarwal Ashok 2003. Plant Pathology. Tata Mc Graw Hill Pub. Co. 12. Mamatha Rao 2009. Microbes and Non flowering plants- impact and application

Ane Books Pvt. Ltd. 13. Mangala Rai and Paul B. Bridge (Eds.) 2010. Applied mycology. CABI publishing

company, Wallingford 14. Nair M. C. (Eds.) 1990. Mushroom Technical Bulletin 17. Kerala Agricultural

University, Mannuthy 15. Nita Bahl 2002. Hand book on Mushrooms. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt.

Ltd., New Delhi. 16. Sharma P. D. 2004. The Fungi , 2nd Edition , Rasthogi publication, Meerut 17. Thomas S. Nash 2008. Lichen biology. Cambridge university press, Cambridge 18. Tripati D. P. 2005. Mushroom Cultivation, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.,

New Delhi. 19. William W. Yotis 2012. Fundamentals of medical microbiology and immunology.

Outskirts Press



SEMESTER III



CORE COURSE 03 BO3B03TB - ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY OF ANGIOSPERMS

COURSE CODE BO3B03TB TITLE OF THE COURSE ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY OF

ANGIOSPERMS SEMESTER IN WHICH THE COURSE 3 IS TAUGHT

NO. OF CREDITS THEORY – 3

PRACTICAL - 1 NO. OF CONTACT HOURS THEORY – 54

PRACTICAL – 36

AIM OF THE COURSE

• To educate the learners on the internal structure of vascular plants and its functional significance in the development and phylogeny of the plant tissues and organs.

• To enable students understand the life cycles and mode of reproduction in plant

groups.

OBJECTIVES

• To impart an insight into the internal structure and reproduction of Angiosperms.

• To help in differentiating plant groups based on anatomical features • To aid analysis of the life cycle pattern of Angiosperms • To understand the morphology and development of reproductive parts • To be aware of the mechanism of seed formation and germination


Thiscourse provides a detailed account on the structure, development and functions of the different tissues and organs in plants. It emphasizes on the need for anatomical studies as an identification tool aiding phylogenetic and evolutionary analyses of plants. It also covers the aspects of plant reproduction and development enhancing the ability of the student to analyze the relationship between structure and function in plants at different organizational levels.



CORE COURSE 03 BO3B03TB - ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY OF ANGIOSPERMS

ANATOMY 36 hours

MODULE 1 9 hours

Introduction, objectives and scope of plant anatomy. General structure of cells of higher plants. Study of cell wall: Gross structure of primary and secondary cell walls, simple and bordered pits. Structure and function of plasmodesmata. Submicroscopic structure of cell wall- cellulose, micelle, micro fibril and macro fibril. Growth of cell wall- apposition and intussusception. Extra cell wall thickening materials: - Lignin, cutin, suberin and callose. Cavities & ducts, schizogenous & lysigenous developments Non living inclusions in plant cell: - Reserve food materials -carbohydrate (starch), protein (aleurone grain); lipids and fats. Metabolic byproducts: - tannin, gums, resins, essential oils, mucilage, latex, mineral crystals

MODULE 2 15 hours

Tissues: Meristematic tissue- definition, structure, function and classification Apical organization and theories; Shoot apex- Apical cell theory, Histogen theory and Tunica-Corpus theory. Root apex - Histogen theory and Korper- Kappe theory. Permanent Tissue: - Simple tissues – parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, - fibres and sclereids- structure occurrence and function; Plant fibres- economic importance. Complex tissues – structure and function of xylem & phloem Epidermal tissue system- epidermis, cuticle, trichome, stomata, bulliform cells, cork and silica cells. Ground tissue system- cortex, endodermis, pericycle, pith Vascular tissue system- different types of vascular bundles and their arrangement in root and stem Secretory tissues: - a) External secretory tissue- glands and nectaries b) Internal secretory tissues- laticifers.

MODULE 3 12 hours

Primary structure – root, stem and leaf (Monocot and Dicot); normal secondary growth in dicot stem and root. Formation of vascular cambial ring - structure and activity of cambium - storied and nonstoried, fusiform and ray initials. Periderm- structure and development- phellum, phellogen, phelloderm, bark, polyderm, rhytidome and lenticel.



Wood anatomy- basic structure, heart wood, sap wood, hard wood, soft wood, growth rings and dendrochronology, porous and non porous wood, ring porous and diffuse porous wood, tyloses, knots. Anomalous secondary structure: Bougainvillea stem, Bignonia stem and Dracaena stem.

EMBRYOLOGY 18 hours

MODULE 4 9 hours

Introduction: - General account and interdisciplinary relevance of embryology Life cycle of Angiosperms Floral morphology- parts of flower; androecium-morphology and types of anthers; gynoecium- morphology and types of carpel and types of placentation. Structure and development of anther, microsporogenesis, development of male gametophyte, dehiscence of anther, structure of pollen. Pollination mechanisms and agencies of pollination, pollen germination, pollen tube entry and pollen viability.

MODULE 5 9 hours

Structure and development of ovule, megasporogenesis, embryosacs-monosporic(Polygonum type), bisporic(Allium type) and tetrasporic(Peperomia type) development. Structure of mature embryo sac. Fertilization- syngamy, double fertilization and triple fusion. Development and types of endosperm. Development of embryo – Dicot (Capsella); Monocot (Sagittaria) . Polyembryony, apomixis. Seed germination.

PRACTICAL 36 hours

1. Cell types and tissues. 2. Non living inclusions – starch grains, cystolith, raphides, aleurone grains. 3. Primary structure of stem, root and leaf- Dicots and Monocots. 4. Stomatal types: - anomocytic, anisocytic, paracytic, diacytic and grass type. 5. Normal secondary structure of dicot stem and root. 6. Anomalous secondary structure of Bougainvillea stem, Bignonia stem and Dracaena

stem. 7. Identification of section of anther and embryo. 8. Identification of anther types-monothecous, dithecous 9. Identification of placentation types. 10. Observation of pollen 11. Pollen germination study




1. Students understand the structure of the plant cell and the cell wall and nature and

importance of the non-living inclusions in the cell. 2. Enables students to identify the various tissues and tissue systems in plants and

recognize their role in plant growth and development. 3. Students are able to identify and differentiate monocots, dicots and plants with

normal and anomalous secondary growth based on the anatomical features. 4. The students gain knowledge on the reproductive development and life cycle of

plants, the methods of pollination, fertilization, development of embryo and seed germination.

REFERENCES

1. Beck C. B. 2010. An introduction to plant structure and development:

plantanatomy for the twenty-first century. Cambridge University Press. 2. Bell A. D. 1991. Plant form. An illustrated guide to flowering plant morphology.

Oxford University Press. 3. Bhojwani S. S. & Bhatnagar S. P.1978. The embryology of angiosperms. Vikas

Publishing House, New Delhi. 4. Bhojwani S. S. & Soh W. Y. (Eds.). 2001. Current trends in the embryology

ofangiosperms. Springer Science & Business Media. 5. Cronquist A. 1981. An integrated system of classification of flowering plants.

Columbia University Press. 6. Dickison W. C. 2000. Integrative plant anatomy. Academic Press. 7. Eames A.J. 1961. Morphology of Angiosperms Mc. Graw Hill, New York. 8. Eames A. J. & MacDaniels L. H. 1947. An introduction to plant anatomy. (2nd ed).

Mc. Graw Hill, New York. 9. Evert R. F. 2006. Esau's Plant anatomy: meristems, cells, and tissues of the plant

body: their structure, function, and development. John Wiley & Sons 10. Fahn A. 1982. Plant Anatomy (3rd edition) Pergamon Press Oxford. 11. Foaster A.S and Giffad E.M. 1962. Comparative Morphology of VascularPlants,

Allied Pacific Pvt. Ltd., Bombay 12. Foster A. S. & Gifford E. M. 1989. Morphology and evolution of vascular plants.

San Francisco, USA: WH Freeman and Company. 13. Johri B. M.Ed.. 1984. Embryology of angiosperms. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. 14. Larson P. R. 1994. The vascular cambium: development and structure. Springer-

Verlag. 15. Lersten N. R. 2008. Flowering plant embryology. John Wiley & Sons. 16. Maheshwari P. 1971. An introduction to the Embryology of Angiosperms. Tata Mc

Graw- Hill Publishing Company Ltd., New Delhi. 17. Metcalfe C. R. & Chalk L. 1950. Anatomy of the dicotyledons, Vols. 1 & 2. John

Wiley & Sons. Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards


18. Naumova T. N. 1992. Apomixis in angiosperms. CRC press. 19. Romberger J. A., Hejnowicz Z. & Hill J. F. 1993. Plant structure: function

anddevelopment. A treatise on anatomy and vegetative development with special reference to woody plants. Springer-Verlag GmbH & Co. KG.

20. Shivanna K.R. & Joshi B.M. 1985. The Angiosperm Pollen Structure &Function. Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi.

SEMESTER IV



CORE COURSE 04

BO4B04TB - BRYOLOGY AND PTERIDOLOGY


TITLE OF THE COURSE BRYOLOGY AND PTERIDOLOGY

SEMESTER IN WHICH THE 4 COURSE IS TAUGHT


PRACTICAL – 1 NO. OF CONTACT HOURS THEORY – 54

PRACTICAL - 36

AIM OF THE COURSE

• To familiarize students on the lower plant groups, the Bryophytes and Pteridophytes based on their morphology, anatomy and reproduction and understand their ecological and economic importance.

• To enable students understand the interrelatedness and phylogenetic relationships of these lower forms.

OBJECTIVES

• To identify and understand the diversity, classification, distribution, morphology, anatomy and life cycle of Bryophytes with special reference to Riccia, Marchantia, Anthoceros and Funaria

• To help explore the economic and ecologic importance of Bryophytes. • To identify and understand the diversity, classification, distribution,

morphology, anatomy and life cycle of Pteridophytes with special reference to Psilotum, Lycopodium, Selaginella, Equisetum, Pteris and Marselia

• To understand the evolutionary relationships and economic aspects of Pteridophytes


This course familiarizes the lower groups of plants, the Bryophytes and Pteridophytes, their classification, phylogenic and evolutionary analyses and interrelatedness. It aids in identification of these plants and its effective utilization for various economic purposes. The context is to enable the students identify the Bryophytes and Pteridophytes in their natural habitats and recognize their ecological and economic significance.



CORE COURSE 04

BO4B04TB - BRYOLOGY AND PTERIDOLOGY

BRYOLOGY 27 hours

MODULE 1 16 hours

Introduction, general characters, diversity, distribution and classification of Bryophytes. Morphology, anatomy, reproduction and life cycle of the following types:

1. Riccia 2. Marchantia 3. Anthoceros 4. Funaria.

MODULE 2 11 hours

Origin of bryophytes- Relationship with algae and pteridophytes. Evolution of bryophytes- progressive and retrogressive evolution theories Importance of bryophytes- prevention of soil erosion, pollution monitoring and control, source of antibiotics, horticultural importance.

PTERIDOLOGY 27 hours

MODULE 3 3 hours Introduction, general characters, diversity, distribution and classification of Pteridophytes.

MODULE 4 18 hours

Structural organization of sporophyte and gametophyte (development of sex organs not necessary) of the following types:

1. Psilotum 2. Lycopodium 3. Selaginella 4. Equisetum 5. Pteris 6. Marsilea

MODULE 5 6 hours

Apogamy and apospory; stelar evolution; heterospory and seed habit; economic importance of pteridophytes with special reference to biofertilizers. Affinities of pteridophytes.



PRACTICAL 36 hours

1. Study of the morphology, anatomy and reproductive structures of the bryophyte types mentioned in the syllabus.

2. Study of the morphology, anatomy and reproductive structures of the pteridophyte types mentioned in the syllabus.


1. The learner understands the diversity in habit, habitat and organization of the

Bryophytes and Pteridophytes. 2. Analyzes the anatomical features of the various parts of these plants 3. Learns the ecological adaptations of Bryophytes and Pteridophytes to their habitats 4. Gains knowledge on the reproductive features of these lower groups 5. Relates the evolutionary trends among these groups of plants.

REFERENCES

1. Bower F.O. 1935. Primitive Land Plants. Cambridge, London. 2. Chopra R.N & Kumar P. K.1988. Biology of Bryophytes.Wiley Eastern Ltd.,New

Delhi. 3. Chopra R. N. & Bhatla S. C. 1990. Bryophyte development: physiology

andbiochemistry. CRC Press. 4. Crum H. A. 2001. Structural diversity of bryophytes. University of Michigan

Herbarium. 5. Hallingbäck T. (Ed.). 2000. Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts: status survey

andconservation action plan for bryophytes (Vol. 53). World Conservation Union. 6. Nayar B. K. & Geevarghese K. K. 1993. Fern flora of Malabar. Indus Publishing

Company. 7. Parihar N.S. 1965. An Introduction to Bryophyta. Central Book Depot, Allhabad. 8. Rasheed A. 1999. An Introduction to Pteridophyta, Vikas Publishing House, New

Delhi. 9. Rasheed A. 2000, An Introduction To Bryophyta, Vikas Publishing House, New

Delhi. 10. Schneckenburger S. 2003. Systematics of the Pteridophytes. In Progress in Botany

(pp. 323-346). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. 11. Shaw J.A. & Goffinet B. 2000. Bryophyte Biology. Cambridge University Press. 12. Singh V. 2010. A text book of Botany. Rastogi Publications. 13. Smith G.M. 1938. Crytogramic Botany Vol.II. Bryophytes and pteridophytes. Mc

Graw Hill Book Company, London. 14. Smith A. J. E. (Ed.). 1982. Bryophyte ecology. Chapman & Hall. 15. Tuba Z. Slack N. G. & Stark L. R. (Eds.). (2011). Bryophyte ecology and

climatechange. Cambridge University Press.



16. Vanderpoorten A. & Goffinet B. (Eds.). (2009). Introduction to bryophytes (Vol.

1). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 17. Vashista B. R. 1993. Bryophyta. S Chand & Company, New Delhi. 18. Vashista B. R. 1993. Pteridophyta. S Chand & Company, New Delhi.

SEMESTER V



CORE COURSE 05

BO5B05TB - GYMNOSPERMS, PALEOBOTANY AND EVOLUTION


TITLE OF THE COURSE GYMNOSPERMS,PALAEOBOTANY AND EVOLUTION SEMESTER IN WHICH THE COURSE 5 IS TAUGHT NO. OF CREDITS THEORY- 3

PRACTICAL-1


PRACTICAL-36

AIM OF THE COURSE

• To Introduce the learners to the world of gymnosperms and make them

understand their origin, diversity, distribution, classification, evolutionary role, characteristic features and economic importance of the group.

• To create an awareness regarding the formation of fossils, processes of fossilization and importance of fossil study.

• To make understand the principles and processes of evolution.

OBJECTIVES

• To help students to develop proper awareness regarding the origin and significance of the primitive group Gymnosperms.

• To enable them to realize the importance of extinct plants, the geological periods and the line of evolution.

• To understand the various theories and processes of formation of life and the pattern of evolution.


The course deals with the detailed study of gymnosperms, a primitive group of plants that connect the lower and higher plant forms. It also includes the science of extinct plants, the processes of fossilization and the significance of fossil studies. The process of origin of life, theories, evidences, methods and aspects of formation of new species by the process of evolution is also discussed in detail.



CORE COURSE 05

BO5B05TB - GYMNOSPERMS, PALEOBOTANY AND EVOLUTION

GYMNOSPERMS 36 hours

MODULE 1 9 hours

Introduction, general characters, diversity, distribution, classification, origin and evolutionary trends of gymnosperms. Affinities of Gymnosperms with Pteridophytes and Angiosperms. Economic importance and ecological significance of Gymnosperms.

MODULE 2 18 hours

Study of morphology, anatomy and reproductive features with special reference to the following types:

• Cycadales - Cycas • Coniferales - Pinus • Gnetales - Gnetum

PALAEOBOTANY 9 hours

MODULE 3 9 hours

Introduction. Study of geological time scale. Theories of fossilization. Fossil types. Techniques of fossil study. Fossil fuels.

Detailed study of fossils – Rhynia (Pteridophyte), Williamsonia (Gymnosperm) and Palmoxylon (Angiosperm) Indian contribution to palaeobotany.

EVOLUTION 18 hours

MODULE 4 9 hours

Introduction of evolution. Progressive, retrogressive, parallel and convergent evolution. Theories of evolution - Lamarck’s theory, Darwin’s theory, Weismann’s theory & DeVries theory.

MODULE 5 9 hours

Neo-Darwinism. Reproductive Isolation. Mutation. Genetic Drift. Speciation. Variation, Hybridization, Polyploidy and Mutation in relation to Evolution.



PRACTICAL 36 hours

1. Study of morphology, anatomy and reproductive structures of Cycas, Pinus and Gnetum.

2. Study of fossils mentioned in the syllabus. 3. Study of important evolutionary processes and contributions of relevant

Evolutionarists.


1. Introduce students to the diversity and features of the primitive group

Gymnosperms. 2. Helps to study the morphological, anatomical and reproductive characters of

various types, their phylogeny and affinities. 3. Enables students to learn the aspects of fossils, their formation and significance. 4. Helps to understand the various theories that explain the processes of evolution. 5. Makes students aware about the modern theories and aspects of evolutionary

process.

REFERENCES

1. Agashe S.N. 1995. Palaeobotany. Oxford and IBH Publishing House, New Delhi. 2. Arnold H.N. 1967. Introduction to Palaeobotany, Tata Mc Graw-Hill, New Delhi. 3. Andrews H.N. 1961. Studies in Palaeobotany. John Wiley and Sons. 4. Bhatnagar S.P. & Moitra A. 2000. Gymnosperms. New Age International Ltd. 5. Biswas C. & John B.M. 2004 Gymnosperms. Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi. 6. Coulter J.M. & Chamberlein C.J. 1958. Morphology of Gymnosperms. Central Book

Depot, Allahabad. 7. Delevoryas T. 1962. Morphology and Evolution of Fossil Plants. Holt, Rinehart and

Winston. 8. Dutta S.C. 1991. An Introduction to Gymnosperms. Kalyan Publishing Company,

New Delhi. 9. Vashista B.R. 1993. Gymnosperms. S. Chand & Company, New Delhi. 10. Dobzhansky B. 1961. Genetic and Molecular Origin of Species. Columbia Uty Press,

New York. 11. Jha A.P. 1993. Genes and Evolution, MacMillan India Ltd., New Delhi. 12. Paul Ames Moody 2002. Introduction to Evolution, Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi. 13. Sharma O.P. 2002 Gymnosperms. Pragathi Prakashan, New Delhi. 14. Sporne A.R. 1974. The Morphology of Gymnosperms. Hutchinson Uty. 15. Stebbins G.L. 1965. Variation and Evolution in Plants. Oxford Book Co, New Delhi.


CORE COURSE 06

BO5B06TB - CELL BIOLOGY AND GENETICS


TITLE OF THE COURSE CELL BIOLOGY AND GENETICS

SEMESTERINWHICHTHE 5 COURSE IS TAUGHT


PRACTICAL – 1 NO. OF CONTACT HOURS THEORY – 54

PRACTICAL – 36

AIM OF THE COURSE

• To familiarize the students on the cell as the basic unit of life and its structural and functional importance

• To enable students understand and analyze the genetic aspects of heredity and variation in organisms

OBJECTIVES

• To understand the ultra structure and functioning of cell at the sub-microscopic and molecular level.

• To be aware of the cytological aspects of growth and development. • To understand the basic principles of heredity and DNA as the basis of heredity

and variation. • To familiarize with Mendelian principles and its modified versions • To understand the inheritance pattern of nuclear and extra nuclear genes


This course provides an insight into the relationship between structure and function of cell organelles at the molecular level and how organisms grow, develop, and differentiate during their lifetime based on interplay between genetics and the environment. It elucidates the principles of genetics and describes the structure and functions of DNA as the source of heredity and variation in living systems. This course also enables the learner to understand that physical and behavioral characteristics of an organism are influenced to varying degrees by heritable genes.



CORE COURSE 06

BO5B06TB - CELL BIOLOGY AND GENETICS

CELL BIOLOGY 33 hours

MODULE 1 9 hours

Historical account of cell biology, cell theory, protoplasm theory. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The ultra structure of plant cell, the physio-chemical nature of plasma membrane and cytoplasm; brief description of the following organelles-endoplasmic reticulum, plastids, mitochondria, ribosomes, dictyosome, microbodies, lysosomes, vacuole and nucleus.

MODULE 2 12 hours

Chromosomes: Morphology and fine structure; karyotype and idiogram. Special type of chromosomes - Polytene, Lampbrush and B chromosome. Cell cycle, mitosis and meiosis: significance. Numerical aberrations of chromosomes -Aneuploidy and Euploidy. Structural aberrations of chromosomes: deletion, duplication, inversions and translocations. Mutations: Spontaneous and induced. Mutagens- physical and chemical mutagens. Chromosomal and point mutations. Molecular mechanism of mutation - Transition, Transversion and Substitution.

MODULE 3 12 hours

Nucleic acids - structure of DNA and RNA - basic features, alternate forms of DNA - types and structure of RNA. Replication of DNA - Meselson-Stahl experiment; semiconservative replication of DNA. Gene expression - concept of gene, definitions - the central dogma; transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; RNA processesing; translation; genetic code features. Control of gene expression; positive and negative control;operon model–lac operon, trp operon.

GENETICS 21 hours

MODULE 4 11 hours

Origin of Genetics- Mendelian era; basic laws of inheritance, Mendelian ratios; Modified Mendelian ratios; incomplete dominance-flower color in Mirabilis: Interaction of genes-comb pattern in poultry (9:3:3:1): Epistasis- Dominant epistasis- fruit color in summer



squash (12:3:1): complementary genes- flower color in Lathyrus (9:7). Multiple alleles-ABO blood group in man Quantitative inheritance - kernel color in wheat Linkage - complete and incomplete linkage; importance of linkage

MODULE 5 10 hours

Sex determination- sex chromosomes and autosomes- chromosomal basis of sex determination; XX-XY, XX-XO mechanism; sex determination in higher plants (Melandrium album); sex chromosomal abnormalities in man- Down’s syndrome, Klinefelter’s syndrome, Turner’s syndrome- Sex linked inheritance- eye color in Drosophila, Haemophilia in man; Y-linked inheritance. Extra nuclear inheritance- general account- maternal influence- plastid inheritance in Mirabilis, cytoplasmic male sterility in plants

PRACTICAL 36 hours

1. Make acetocarmine squash preparation of onion root tip to identify mitotic stages.

2. Study the Mitotic Index of onion root tip cells

3. Demonstration of meiosis in any flower bud by smear preparation of PMC’s

4. Work out elementary problems based on DNA structure and replication

6. Work out the problems on monohybrid, dihybrid and back crosses.

7. Work out problems related to modified Mendelian ratios mentioned in the syllabus.

8. Study of human karyotype and study of characteristic karyotypes and symptoms of

the syndromes mentioned in the syllabus


1. The student understands the ultra structure and functioning of cell at the

submicroscopic and molecular level. 2. Recognizes the cytological aspects of growth and development. 3. Identifies DNA as the basis of heredity and variation. 4. Demonstrates Mendelian principles and analyzes the basic principles of heredity. 5. Understands the inheritance pattern of nuclear and extra nuclear genes



REFERENCES

1. Alberts B., Bray D., Hopkin K., Johnson A., Lewis J., Raff M. & Walter P. 2013.

Essential cell biology. Garland Science. 2. Avinash & Kakoli U. 2005. Basic Molecular Biology. Himalaya Publishing

House, Mumbai. 3. Cohn N.S.1964. Elements of Cytology. Brace and World Inc., New Delhi. 4. De Robertis E.D.P. and Robertis E.M.P.1991. Cell and molecular biology.

Scientific American books. 5. Gardner E.J. and Snustad D.P. 1984. Principles of Genetics. John wiley, New

York. 6. Gerald Karp 1985. Cell Biology. Mc Graw Hill company. 7. Gupta P.K. 1994. Genetics. Rastogi Publications. 8. Jha A.P. 1993. Genes and evolution. Macmillan, India Ltd. 9. Lewin B. 1999. Genes. Oxford University Press, New York 10. Lodish H. (2008). Molecular cell biology. Macmillan, India Ltd. 11. Roy S.C. & Kalayan K. D. 1997. Cell biology. New central Boos Calcutta. 12. Sandhya M. 1998. Elements of Molecular biology. Macmillan, India Ltd. 13. Sharma A.K. & Sharma A. 1980. Chromosome technique theory and

practice Aditya Books, New York. 14. Twymann R.M. 1998. Advanced molecular biology. Viva books New Delhi. 15. Rastogi V.R. 2008. Fundamentals of Molecular Biology Ane Books Pvt. Ltd. 16. Wayne M., Beecker L.J, Klein S. & Jeffharden. 2004. The World of

Cell. Pearson Education.

CORE COURSE 07

BO5B07TB - ANGIOSPERM MORPHOLOGY, SYSTEMATIC

BOTANY ANDECONOMIC BOTANY

AIM OF THE COURSE

• Acquaint the students to identify the common species of plants growing in

Kerala and their systematic position. • To master the technique of herbarium preparation. • To develop awareness of the plants having immense economic importance. • To create an interest in students on the ethno botanical uses of plants.

OBJECTIVES

• To acquaint the students to with the aims, objectives and significance of

taxonomy. • To help the students to develop inductive and deductive reasoning ability


This course finds, identifies, describes, classifies, and names the plants, thus making it one of the main branches of botany. The context is the study of identification, taxonomy and nomenclature of plants, with regard to their natural relationships and the study of variation and the evolution of taxa, and also to study the medicinal properties of plants having immense economic importance.


COURSE CODE BO5B07B TITLE OF THE COURSE ANGIOSPERM MORPHOLOGY,

SYSTEMATIC BOTANYAND ECONOMIC BOTANY

SEMESTER IN WHICH THE 5 COURSE IS TAUGHT NO. OF CREDITS THEORY- 3

PRACTICAL-1 THEORY- 54 NO. OF CONTACT HOURS PRACTICAL-36


CORE COURSE 07

BO5B07TB - ANGIOSPERM MORPHOLOGY, SYSTEMATIC BOTANY AND ECONOMIC BOTANY

ANGIOSPERM MORPHOLOGY 45 hours

MODULE 1 9 hours

Morphology of leaf: Leaf types, phyllotaxy, venation

Inflorescence:

a) Racemose types-simple raceme, panicle, corymb, umbel, spike, spadix and head. b) Cymose types-simple cyme, monochasial- scorpoid and helicoid, dichasial c) Special type- cyathium, hypanthodium, verticillaster, thyrsus.

Morphology of flower:

a) Flower as modified shoot b) Description of flower and its parts in technical terms, aestivation types. c) Hypogyny, perigyny and epigyny, actinomorphy, zygomorphy. d) Placentation types. e) Floral Diagram and Floral Formula.

Fruits: Simple-Fleshy, dry- dehiscent, indehiscent, aggregate, multiple (sorosis and syconus)

SYSTEMATIC BOTANY 36 hours

MODULE 2 36 hours

Aim, scope and significance. Types of Classification- artificial (brief account), natural – Bentham and Hooker (detailed account), phylogenetic (brief account) and APG system.

Binomial Nomenclature, ICN, interdisciplinary approach in taxonomy- cytotaxonomy and chemotaxonomy (brief account).

Herbarium technique- Preparation of herbarium, preservation methods. major herbaria, (national and international), Botanical gardens and BSI.



Study of the following families according to Bentham and Hooker’s system of classification. Special attention should be given to common and economically important plants within the families .

Annonaceae, Malvaceae, Rutaceae, Anacardiaceae, Leguminosae ( Mimosaceae, Caesalpiniaceae and Fabaceae), Myrtaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Apiaceae, Rubiaceae, Compositae (Asteraceae), Apocynaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Solanaceae, Convolvulaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Acanthaceae, Lamiaceae (Labiatae), Amarantaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Orchidaceae, Arecaceae, Graminae (Poaceae)

ECONOMIC BOTANY 9 hours

MODULE 3 7 hours

Study of the following groups of plants based on their uses with special reference to the botanical name, family and morphology of the useful part

Cereals- Rice, Wheat

Millets- Ragi

Pulses- Green gram, Bengal gram, Black gram

Sugar yielding plants – Sugarcane

Fruits- Apple, Pineapple, Orange, Mango and Banana

Vegetables- Bittergourd, Ladies finger, Carrot and Cabbage.

Timber yielding plants- Teak wood and Jack wood

Beverages- Tea, Coffee

Fibre yielding plants- Coir, Jute, Cotton

Oil yielding plants- Ground nut, Gingelly

Rubber yielding plants- Para rubber

Gums and Resins- White damer, Gum Arabic, Asafoetida

Spices – Cardamom, Pepper, Cloves, Ginger, Cumin, Coriander.

Insecticide yielding Plants- Tobacco and Neem

MODULE 4 2 hours

Ethnobotany and its significance: Study of the following plants used in daily life by tribals and village folks for food, shelter and medicine.



Food - Artocarpus hirsutus, Spondias mangifera, Setaria italica.

Shelter – Bamboosa arundinacea, Ochlandra travancorica. and Calamus rotang.

Medicine – Curcuma longa, Ocimum sanctum and Alpinia galanga.

PRACTICAL 36 hours

1. Identify the following inflorescence and fruits:-

a. Inflorescence - Simple raceme, Spike, Corymb, Head, Dichasial cyme and Cyathium.

b. Fruits - Simple: - Nut, Legume, Berry and Drupe; Multiple and Aggregate 2. Identify the families mentioned in the syllabus by noting their key, vegetative and

floral characters. 3. Description of the floral parts, diagram of the L.S., floral diagram and the floral

formula of at least one flower from each family. 4. Study the finished products of plants mentioned in the syllabus of economic

botany with special reference to the morphology, botanical name and family. 5. Prepare herbarium of 25 plants representing families included in the syllabus with

field notes. 6. Conduct field trip for a minimum of 2 days under the guidance of a teacher 7. Identify and describe the ethnobotanical uses of the plants mentioned in the

syllabus.


1. The learner understands the aims, objectives and significance of taxonomy. 2. Identifies the common species of plants growing in Kerala and their systematic

position. 3. Demonstrates skill in the preparation of herbarium. 4. Relates the economically important products from the plants with their source. 5. Students are able to explore the hidden potentialities of various underutilized

plants by applying the principles of ethnobotany.

REFERENCES

1. Ashok Bendra and Ashok Kumar, 1980. Economic botany. Rastogi publications, Meerut.

2. Cornquist A. 1968. The evolution and classification of flowering plants. 3. Davis P.H and Heywood V.H. 1967. Principles of Angiosperm Taxonomy. Oliver

and Boyl, Edinburgh.



4. Eames A.J. 1961. Morphology of Angiosperms. Mc Graw Hill, New York. 5. Foaster A.S. and Giffad E.M. 1962. Comparative Morphology of Vascular Plants.

Allied Pacific Pvt. Ltd. Bombay. 6. Henry and Chandra Bose 2001. An Aid to the International Code of

BotanicalNomenclature. Botanical Survey of India. Coimbatore. 7. Heywood V.H. 1967. Plant Taxonomy. London: Edward Arnold. 8. Hill A.F. 1982. Economic Botany. Mc Graw Hill ,New York. 9. Jain S K. 2004. A Manual of Ethnobotany, Scientific Publishers, India 10. Jain S. K. 1981. Glimpses of Indian Ethnobotany. Oxford and IBH. New Delhi 11. Jain S. K. 1987. A Manual of Ethnobotany. Jodhpur Scientific Publishers. 12. Jain S.K. and Rao R.R. 1976. A hand book of field and herbarium technique.

Today and Tomorrow’s Publishers, New Delhi. 13. Jeffery C. 1968. An Introduction to Plant Taxonomy, J and A Churchill. London. 14. Maheshwari P. and Umaro Singh. 1965. Dictionary of Economic Plants in India,

ICAR. New Delhi. 15. Naik V.N. 1984. Taxonomy of angiosperms. Tata Mc Graw- Hill Publishing

Company, New Delhi. 16. Pandey & Misra. 2008. Taxonomy of Angiosperms. Ane Book Pvt. Ltd 17. Rendle A.B. 1979. Classification of flowering plants. Vikas Publishing House,

U.P. Vols. I & II. 18. Singh V. and Jain D. K. 1989. Taxonomy of Angiosperms. Rastogi Publication,

Meerut. 19. Sivarajan V.V. 1982. Introduction to Principles of Taxonomy, Oxford and IBH

Publication. New Delhi 20. Sreemali J.L. 1979. Economic Botany. Kitab Mahal, Allahabad.

CORE COURSE 08

BO5B08TB - RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND STATISTICS


TITLE OF THE COURSE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND STATISTICS SEMESTER IN WHICH THE COURSE 5 IS TAUGHT

NO. OF CREDITS THEORY- 3

PRACTICAL-1


PRACTICAL-36

AIM OF THE COURSE

• To study the methodology of scientific research. • To develop awareness of the basic biophysical instrumentation. • To create awareness about computer application • To help the students to know the various statistical tools. • To develop skills in statistical analysis of biological data

OBJECTIVES

• To acquaint the students to with the aims and objectives of research methodology. • To make familiar with various biophysical instruments • To develop skill in data handling using computers • To help the students to develop inductive and deductive reasoning ability • To analyze data using statistical tools and techniques


This course finds, identifies and describes various methodologies of scientific research and statistics. The context is to study of stages of researches to solve a biological problem and also to study various tools and techniques for research and data analysis.



CORE COURSE 08

BO5B08B - RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND STATISTICS

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 27 hours

MODULE 1 9 hours

Concepts of research: Introduction, definition and need for research. Types of research

Research methods – identifying and defining research problem, formulation of objectives and research hypothesis, experimentation, analysis and interpretation of results.

Scientific literature: Library - structure of a scientific library, Journals - research journals, e-journals. INFLIBNET, INSDOC.

Scientific documentation and communication: Reporting of research findings – structure of scientific paper, scientific style of writing research reports, outline of dissertation and thesis- (i) Preliminaries - title page, certificates, acknowledgements, and contents page; (ii) The text - introduction, review of literature, materials and methods, results, discussion, summary (iii) Bibliography - methods of citing references.

MODULE 2 9 hours

Biophysical Instrumentation: Parts of microscope, principles applications of different types of microscopes - Simple microscope, Compound light microscope, Phase contrast microscope, Fluorescent microscope and Electron microscope.

Basic principles and applications of the following: pH meter, Colorimeter, spectrophotometer, Centrifuges, Chromatography – paper chromatography, thin layer chromatography and column chromatography.

MODULE 3 9 hours

Computer applications: Types of computers, Digital number systems- binary, octal and hexadecimal. Computer organization.

Hardware basics: Functional components of a computer – Input unit, central processing unit(CPU), output unit, the memory.

Software basics: (a) System software - operating system- windows, language processor-assembler, interpreter, compiler. Machine and high level languages. (b) Application software - customized, general.



Introduction to windows based programmes, M. S. word, Excel, Power point, Internet and Email.

BIOSTATISTICS 27 hours

MODULE 4 9 hours

Introduction and definition of Biostatistics, statistical terms and symbols, Classification of data, Presentation of data- Frequency distribution tables, graphs and diagrams.

Population and sampling techniques: Methods of collection of data - Census and sampling methods.

MODULE 5 18 hours

Frequency distribution- Definition and characteristic features. Measures of central tendency: Mean (b) Mean (c) Mode. Measures of dispersion: Range, Quartile deviation, Mean deviation and Standard deviation. Variance, co-efficient of variation, standard error.

Probability - Definition, mutually exclusive events – sum rule, independent events – product rule. Probability of unordered combination of events.

Tests of significance – Formation of a hypothesis, test of hypothesis - t-test.

PRACTICAL 36 hours

1. Prepare an outline of a dissertation

2. Preparation of molar, molal and percentage solutions and their dilutions

3. Measurement of pH using pH meter

4. MS Excel: Preparation of table

5. MS Excel: Preparation of graph

6. MS Power point: Preparation of a presentation with minimum 5 slides based on

topics related to the syllabus of the programme

7. Classify a given data based on frequency and represent it graphically. 8. Analyze data for mean, median, mode, and standard deviation

9. Work out problems of probability.

10. Test the significance of a given data using t-test.




1. Understand the importance and scope of Scientific research

2. Develop interest in scientific research

3. Skill in practical work, experiments, handling equipments and laboratory tools

4. Expertise in computer applications

5. Attain knowledge in collection and interpretation of biological data

REFERENCES

1. Anderson J., Durston B. and Poole H. 1970. Thesis and assignment writing.

Wiley Eastern, USA. 2. Anitha Goel 2010. Computer fundamentals, Pearson Education, India. 3. Chandel S.R.S. 1999. A handbook of agricultural statistics. Anchal Prakashan

mandir, Kanpur. 4. Cotteril R. 2002. Biophysics an Introduction. John Wiley and Sons, USA. 5. Dany S. A. 2004. Lab Math. I.K. International Private Limited, New Delhi. 6. Day R. A. 1998. How to Write and Publish a Scientific Paper, University Press

Cambridge, UK. 7. Dhanapalan and Biju 2012. Scientific research methodology, Narosha publishing

house, New Delhi. 8. Gupta S. P. 2014. Statistical methods. Sultan Chand and sons educational

publishers, New Delhi. 9. Holmes D. Moody P. and Dine D. 2006. Research Methods for the Biosciences.

Oxford University Press, London. 10. Jasra P. K. and Gurdeep Raj 2000. Biostatistics. Krishna Prahkashan media

private limited, Meerut. 11. Joseph Gibaldi 2000. MLA Handbook for writers of research papers. Affiliated

east west press private limited. 12. Kothari C.R. 2010. Research methodology- Methods and techniques, New Age

International publishers, New Delhi. 13. Krishnakumar K. 1981. An introduction to cataloguing practiceI. Vikas

publishing house, New Delhi. 14. Norman T. J. and Bailey 2008. Statistical Methods in Biology, University press,

Cambridge. 15. Pradeep Sinha and Priti Sinha 2010. Ccomputer fundamentals. BPB Publications,

New Delhi. 16. Prasad S. Elements of Biostatitics. 2003. Rastogi Publications, Meerut. 17. Subramanian N. 1986. Introduction to computers: Fundamentals of

computerscience. Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi.



18. Subramanian N. and Chithra S., 1995. Computers:Genesis, programming

andapplications in fortran77, basic and cobol. Wheeler publishing company limited,New Delhi.

19. Sundar Rao P.S.S. and Richard J. 2008. Introduction to Biostatistics andresearch methods, Prentice Hall of India private limited, New Delhi.

20. Thiravia Raj S. 2005. Biophysics.Saras publications, Nagercoil.

SEMESTER VI



CORE COURSE 09

BO6B09TB- ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ECOTOURISM


TITLE OF THE COURSE ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ECOTOURISM



PRACTICAL-1


PRACTICAL-36

AIM OF THE COURSE

• To introduce the learners to the significance of environmental science and make them understand the various anthropogenic activities which degrade the environment

• To create an awareness regarding the importance of environmental protection, conservation of nature, natural resources and biodiversity as a whole.

• To make them understand the necessity of sustainable development

OBJECTIVES

• The course will help the students to develop a proper awareness regarding the significance of a healthy environment for the very existence of human beings

• It will enable them to identify the various anthropogenic causes of environmental depletion and the measures to curb such activities

• Through this course they will learn to respect nature and natural resources and how these can be sustainably utilized and managed for the future generation

• Awareness creation regarding environmental protection is the most important objective of the course


This course deals with the significance of environment. Proper protection and management of nature and natural resources is dealt in detail. How a stabilized ecosystem controls the proper functioning of the whole biosphere is explored in the course. Environmental degradation caused by human beings, global environmental problems and climate change are also dealt in detail. The need for proper management of natural recourses for sustainable development is clearly revealed through this course Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards


CORE COUSE 09

BO6B09TB- ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ECOTOURISM

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 54 hours

MODULE 1 15 hours

Environmental science: Introduction, definition, relevance and its multidisciplinary nature.

Ecosystems: Structure and function of ecosystem. Ecosystem components: abiotic and biotic. Productivity: primary, secondary, gross and net. Decomposition in nature. Homeostasis in ecosystems. Ecological energetics: energy flow, trophic levels, food chain and food web, ecological pyramids. Nutrient cycles: Water cycle, biogeochemical cycles of C, N and S Natural Resources: Types of resources: renewable and non renewable. Forest resources: over exploitation, deforestation, MFP (Minor Forest Products). Water resources: surface and ground water. Dams: benefits and problems. Rain water harvesting, water shed management. Food resources: Causes of food shortage, food security and world food problems. Energy resources: Energy plantation: Jatropha. Land resources: Land use, land degradation, desertification,

MODULE 2 11 hours

Population and Community ecology: Population characteristics: density, natality, mortality, growth, age. Community characteristics: species diversity and species richness, dominance, stratification. Association of communities: plant association, ecotypes, ecotone, edge effect, ecological indicators. Ecological succession: types: primary, secondary, autogenic, allogenic. Causes: climatic, topographic, biotic. Processes: migration, ecesis, colonization, stabilization and climax community. Hydrosere, xerosere, lithosere. Plants and environment: Ecological complexes and factors affecting plant growth and response: Climatic factors: temperature and pressure; water: precipitation, humidity. Light.Topographic factors. Edaphic factors: soil profile, physical and chemical properties of soil, water holding capacity of soil. Biotic factors: interactions: positive and negative. Habitat, ecological niche, microclimate. Adaptation of plants to environment: Morphological and anatomical adaptive features of xerophytes, hydrophytes, epiphytes and halophytes

MODULE 3 13 hours

Environmental pollution and Management: Definition and general introduction. Air pollution: Causes and sources, types of pollutants-particulates-aerosol, mist, dust, smoke, fume, plume, fog, smog. Effect of air pollution on plants and animals, Bhopal Gas Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards


Tragedy. Water pollution: Sources and types of pollutants. Water quality standards, water quality assessment. Ground water pollution-blue baby syndrome. Eutrophication, BOD, Minamata disease, Biological magnification. Soil pollution: Causes and sources-waste dumps, solid waste management-vermi composting. Noise pollution: Sources, standards and measurements, effect on health, control techniques. Thermal pollution: Sources and effects.Nuclear hazards: Sources and impacts. Ecological foot print

MODULE 4 12 hours

Social issues and the environmental conservation: Climate change, green house gases and global warming Acid rain, ozone layer depletion, nuclear accidents and nuclear holocaust.

Environmental legislation and laws (brief study): Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, Air (Prevention and control of pollution) Act, 1981, Water (Prevention and control of pollution) Act, 1974, Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980.

Endemism: Definition, types, hotspots of endemism, hotspots in India, western ghats. IUCN threat categories. Red data book. Biodiversity loss: causes, alien species: negative and positive impacts. Conservation measures: In situ and ex situ conservation methods. Rio Earth Summit.

Organizations, movements and contributors of conservational efforts: Organizations: BNHS, WWF, CSE, NEERI, , MoEF. Famous contributors of Ecology in India: Salim Ali, M.S. Swaminathan, Madhav Gadgil, M.C. Mehta, Anil Agarwal, Medha Patkar, John C. Jacob, Sunderlal Bahuguna

ECOTOURISM 3 hours

MODULE 5 3 hours

Ecotourism: Definition, concept, introduction, history, relevance and scope. Components of ecotourism, forms and types of ecotourism, ecotourism resources: biological, historical, cultural, and geographical. Positive and negative impacts of ecotourism. Ecotourism centers in Kerala.

PRACTICAL 36 hours

1. Estimation of CO2 content, chloride content and salinity of water samples (Titremetry)

2. Determination of pH of water



3. Assessment of abundance and density of plant species by quadrat method

4. Identification of the impact of anthropogenic activities on the environment.

5. Study of the anatomical and morphological adaptations of plants to the

environment (xerophytes, hydrophytes, epiphytes, halophytes).


1. Through this course the students will be acquainted with the significance of Environmental Science.

2. It will help the students to develop an awareness regarding the structure and functions of ecosystem, ecological energetics and various biogeochemical cycles

3. It will help to create awareness regarding the importance of conservation of nature and natural resources, the threat of depletion of natural resources and to design novel mechanisms for the sustainable utilization of natural resources.

4. Enables the students to learn about the types of interactions among populations in the ecosystems

5. It will help the students to identify various types of plant groups, the environmental factors affecting their growth performances and their adaptive features

REFERENCES

1. Bharucha, Erach 2003. The Biodiversity of India. Mapin Publishing Co., New

Delhi 2. Bhatacharya, A.K. 2005. Ecotourism and Livelihoods. Concept Publishing Co.,

New Delhi 3. Botkin Daniel and Keller, Edward 2010. Environmental Science: A

globalconcern. McGraw Hill Company, New York 4. Ceballos-Lascurian Hector 1996. Tourism, Ecotourism and Protectedareas.

IUCN, Cambrige, UK. 5. Darold P. B. and Rebecca R. Sharitz (editors) 2015. Ecology of fresh water

andestuarine wetlands. University of California Press, Berkley 6. Enger Eldon and Smith Bradley 2009. Environmental science: A study

ofinterrelationships. Mc Graw Hill Company, New York 7. Garg M. R., Bansal V. K. and Tiwana N. S. 2007. Environmental Pollution

andProtection. Deep and Deep Publishers, New Delhi 8. IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Available at:

http://www.iucnredlist.org. 9. Khopkar S. M. 1995. Environmental Pollution Analysis. New Age International

(P.) Ltd., New Delhi 10. Kreg Lindberg and Deonal E. Hawkins 1999.Ecotourism: A guide for

plannersand managers. Natraj Publishers, Dehradun.



11. McConnell Robert and Abel Daniel 2008. Environmental issues: An

introductionto sustainability. Pearson Prentice Hall 12. Miller G. Tyler and Spooliman Scott 2012. Sustaining the earth: An

integratedapproach. Cengage Learning, USA 13. Nayar M.P. and Sastry A. R. K. 1987, 1988, 1990. Red Data Book of

IndianPlants, Vols. I-III. Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta. 14. Odum, E. P. 2005. Fundamentals of Ecology.(5th edition). Cengage learning,

USA 15. Rachel Carson 2002. Silent Spring. Boston : Houghton Mifflin, USA, 40th

anniversary edition 16. Ravikumar K., Ved, D. K. 2000. 100 Red-Listed Medicinal Plants of

ConservationConcern in Southern India. FRLHT, Bangalore. 17. Ravindranath N. H. and Sudha P. 2004. Joint Forest Management:

Spreadperformance and Impact. Universities Press, Delhi

18. Richard Wright 2009. Environmental Science Towards a Sustainable Future. Pearson Prentice Hall Education. New Jersey

19. Shizuyo Sutou 2015. Fukushima Nuclear Accident. Nova Science Publishers, Inc. New York

20. Wright Richard and Boorse Dorothy 2011. Environmental science: Toward asustainable future. Pearson Prentice Hall Education, New Jersey

COURSE 10

BO6B10TB - PLANT BREEDING AND HORTICULTURE


TITLE OF THE COURSE PLANT BREEDING AND HORTICULTURE

SEMESTER IN WHICH THE COURSE 6 IS TAUGHT


PRACTICAL - 1

NO. OF CONTACT HOURS THEORY - 54

PRACTICAL 36

AIM OF THE COURSE

• To introduce the learners to the objectives of plant breeding and to give them a proper understanding of the important methods of breeding and to make the learners competent in plant breeding techniques.

• To introduce the learners to the disciplines of horticulture, make the learners competent in plant propagation and cultivation techniques of horticultural plants.

OBJECTIVES

• The course will enable the learner to understand the principles and techniques

of plant breeding and develop the skill to carry out different types of propagation methods.

• Develop competency not only in the cultivation strategies of vegetables, fruits

and ornamental plants but also to understand the principles underlying the propagation of horticultural plants.


This course examines the core concepts, objectives of plant breeding and methods of breeding self and cross pollinated plants. It goes on to explore achievements of breeding methods for crop improvement. The learner is introduced to the various disciplines of horticulture, gardens, cultivation of vegetables, fruits and ornamental plants and its prospects.



COURSE 10

BO6B10TB - PLANT BREEDING AND HORTICULTURE

PLANT BREEDING 18 hours

MODULE 1 4 hours

Introduction and objectives of plant breeding. Centres of origin and diversity of crop plants, primary and secondary centres, Vavilovian concept. Plant introduction - procedure of plant introduction, quarantine regulations, acclimatization, agencies of plant introduction in India, major achievements. Maintenance of germplasm (gene bank, pollen bank, seed bank, NBPGR) agencies in India.

MODULE 2 5 hours Methods of breeding self and cross pollinated plants - Selection, mass, pure line and clonal. Genetic basis of selection - achievements.

Hybridization – procedure - intergeneric, interspecific and intervarietal hybridization with examples - composite and synthetic varieties - heterosis in plant breeding, inbreeding depression; single cross, pedigree method, bulk population method, multiple cross, back cross. Role of distant hybridization in plant breeding.

MODULE 3 9 hours

Mutation breeding - definition, spontaneous and induced mutations, physical and chemical mutagens, methods - achievements of mutation in crop improvement. Polyploidy breeding - euploidy and aneuploidy, autopolyploids and allopolyploids, Applications of polyploidy breeding in crop improvement. Use of apomixis in plant breeding. Breeding for pest, disease and stress resistance.

HORTICULTURE 36 hours

MODULE 4 14 hours

Introduction to horticulture - definition, classification and disciplines of horticulture. Garden tools and implements. Irrigation methods - surface, sub, drip and spray irrigations, mist chambers - advantages and disadvantages.

Soil - Classification of soil, soil types, soil pH, soil liming, soil preparation, soil treatment, soil amendments, role of micro organisms and humus.



Propagation of horticultural plants: Seed age seed viability, seed dormancy, seed testing and certification, seed bed preparation, seedling transplanting, hardening of seedling; advantages and disadvantages of seed propagation. Vegetative propagation - organs used in propagation - natural methods artificial vegetative propagation methods - cutting, layering, grafting and budding. Advantages and disadvantages of vegetative propagation.

MODULE 5 22 hours

Gardening : ornamental gardens, indoor gardens, kitchen gardens - terrestrial and aquatic gardens - garden adornments; garden designing - garden components - lawns, shrubs and trees, borders, hedges, edges, walks, drives - famous gardens of India. Landscape architecture - home landscape design, parks. Physical control of plant growth - training and pruning; selection of plant for bonsai, bonsai containers and method of bonsai formation.

Cultivation of vegetables, fruits and ornamental plants: Olericulture - Types of vegetable growing - home gardens and market gardens; cultivation practices of leafy vegetable (Amarathus), tuber (potato), fruit (tomato), flower (cauliflower). Packing and transporting of vegetables. Pomology - organic farming of fruit crops – packing and transporting of fruits. Importance of fruits, cultivation of banana, pineapple and mango. Floriculture - concept, components, scenario and advantages in India, production and post harvest practices for tuberose, gladiolus and rose. Problems and prospects of floriculture in Kerala. Induction of flowering and weed control.

Manures and Fertilizers - Organic manures and fertilizers, composition of fertilizers. common organic manures – bone meal, cow dung, poultry waste, oil cakes, organic mixtures and compost. Preparation of compost. Vermicompost - preparation. Biofertilizers – definition and preparation of different types – Trichoderma, Rhizobium, PGPR, PSB, mycorrhiza. Application of biofertilizers. Biopesticides – tobacco and neem decoction.

PRACTICAL 36 hours

1. Emasculation and bagging. 2. Comparison of percentage of seed germination and the effect of any one chemical

on the rate of elongation of radicle in any three crop seeds. 3. Pollen studies – pollen viability/pollen germination. 4. Practice different types of grafting/budding/layering (approach and tongue

grafting, T and patch budding, air layering). 5. Identification of different garden tools and their uses.



6. Identification of common pesticides and insecticides. 7. List out the garden components in the photograph of the garden. 8. Preparation of potting mixture in the given proportion.


1. Understand the basic principles of plant breeding. 2. Identify the breeding methods of crop improvement for sustainable development. 3. Acquire the theoretical knowledge and practical skills about plant breeding

techniques. 4. Understand the importance of horticulture in human welfare. 5. Implement the knowledge of horticulture in their career prospects.

REFERENCES

1. Adams C. R. Early M .P. 2004. Principles of Horticulture. Elsevier, N. Delhi. 2. Baker, R. J. 1986. Selection indices in plant breeding. CRC Press, Inc. 3. Barton West. R. 1999. Practical Gardening in India. Discovery Pub. House, New

Delhi. 4. Chahal, G. S., & Gosal, S. S. (2002). Principles and procedures of plant

breeding:Biotechnological and conventional approaches. Alpha Science Int'l Ltd. 5. Edmond J.B. Senn T.L. Andrews F.S. Halfacre P.G. 1975. Fundamentals of 6. Horticulture. 4thEdn.TMH. N. Delhi. 7. Fageria, N. K., Baligar, V. C., & Clark, R. B. (2006). Physiology of

cropproduction. Haworth 8. Press Inc. 9. Hayward, M. D., Bosemark, N. O., & Romagosa, I. (1993). Plant

breeding:principles and 10. prospects. Chapman and Hall Ltd. 11. John Weathers 1993. Encyclopedia of Horticulture. Discovery Pub. House. New

Delhi. 12. Jules Janick 1979. Horticultural Science. Surjeet publications, Delhi. 13. Kumar N. 1994. Introduction to Horticulture. Rajalakshmi Pub. Nagercoil. 14. Manibhushan Rao K. 2005. Text Book of Horticulture. Macmillan India pvt. Ltd,

New Delhi. 15. Randhawa G.S. and Mukhopadhyay. A. 1986. Floriculture in India. Allied

Publishers Pvt. Ltd., Ahamedabad. 16. Sadhu M. K. 1996. Plant propagation. New age international publishers, N. Delhi. 17. Schilletter J.C. Richey H.W. 1999. Text Book of General Horticulture.

BiotechBooks, New Delhi. 18. Shukla R.S. and Chandel P.S. 2004. Cytogenetics Evolution and Plant breeding. S.

Chand & Co. Ltd, New Delhi.



CORE COURSE 11

BO6B11TB - PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY


TITLE OF THE COURSE PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND

BIOCHEMISTRY SEMESTER IN WHICH THE COURSE 6 IS TAUGHT


PRACTICAL - 1

NO. OF CONTACT HOURS THEORY- 54 PRACTICAL- 36

AIM OF THE COURSE

• To introduce the learners to basic functions in plants and to give them a proper

understanding of the important cell components and its functions. • To make the learners competent in carrying out experiments in physiology.

OBJECTIVES

• The course will enable the learner to understand the various metabolic pathways underlying the cell functioning, aspects of plant growth and development, the techniques underlying it and chemistry of biological molecules.

• Develop competency not only to understand the various bio-chemical pathways

and the organic molecules involved but also to infer their importance in the operation of physico - chemical system in the cell. It enables the student to acquire practical skills to detect and estimate the presence of major organic compounds.


This course examines the core concepts of, mineral nutrition, photosynthesis, translocation of solutes, respiration and mechanism of absorption. It goes on to explore the physiology of growth and development. The context is also to introduce the students to chemistry and role of biological molecules, water and pH.



CORE COURSE 11

BO6B11TB - PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 36 hours

MODULE 1 9 hours

Water relations - Physical aspects of absorption - diffusion, imbibition, osmosis, OP, DPD, TP, WP, concept of water potential, solute potential.

Absorption of water (active & passive), ascent of sap - cohesion adhesion theory.

Transpiration – types – mechanism – theories - (starch - sugar, proton - K+ ion exchange) -significance – anti transpirants, guttation. Factors affecting transpiration.

Mineral nutrition - essential and non essential elements – macro and micro – role and deficiency symptoms. Absorption of minerals– active & passive-ion exchange, carrier concept.

MODULE 2 18 hours

Photosynthesis - History - photosynthetic pigments, photo excitation - fluorescence, phosphorescence - absorption and action spectra, red drop and Emerson enhancement effect, concept of photo systems, cyclic & non cyclic photophosphorylation, carbon assimilation pathways - C3, C4, CAM. Photorespiration, factors affecting photosynthesis.

Translocation of solutes - Pathway, phloem transport – mechanism - pressure flow - phloem loading and unloading.

Respiration - aerobic and anaerobic, glycolysis, krebs cycle, electron transport system & oxidative phosphorylation, ATPases - chemi osmotic hypothesis - RQ – significance - factors affecting respiration.

MODULE 3 9 hours

Plant responses to environment – allelochemicals – herbivory.

Physiology of growth and development - Physiological effects and practical application of hormones - auxins, giberillins, cytokinins, ABA, ethylene.

Physiology of flowering – phytochrome, photoperiodism, vernalisation.



BIOCHEMISTRY 18 hours

MODULE 4 4 hours

Water & pH: Physical and chemical properties of water, acid and bases, pH definition, significance, measurement, pH indicators, buffer action, pH and life.

MODULE 5 14 hours

Chemistry of biological molecules:

Carbohydrates - structure and function of mono, di & polysaccharides, common sugars seen in plants.

Proteins - peptide bond, essential and non essential amino acids, primary structure, physiologically important proteins.

Lipids - general features and their role, types and structure of fatty acid, glycerol, fatty acid derivatives, fats and oils - structure and functions , compound lipids.

Enzymes - nomenclature, characteristics, mechanism and regulation of enzyme action, enzyme kinetics, factors affecting enzyme action.

PRACTICAL 36 hours

Core Experiments

1. Determination of osmotic pressure of plant cell sap by plasmolytic method. 2. Compare the stomatal indices of hydrophytes, xerophytes and mesophytes. 3. Separation of plant pigments by paper chromatography. 4. Measurement of photosynthesis by Wilmott’s bubbler. 5. Estimation of plant pigments by colorimeter.

Demonstration experiments

1. Plant membrane osmoscope. 2. Demonstration of tissue tension. 3. Relation between transpiration and absorption. 4. Necessity of chlorophyll, light and CO2 in phytosynthesis. 5. Simple respiroscope. 6. Respirometer and measurement of R.Q. 7. Fermentation. 8. Measurement of transpiration rate using Farmer’s Potometer. 9. General test for carbohydrates- Molischs test, Benedicts’s tests, Fehling’s test. 10. Colour test for starch – lodine test 11. Colour tests for proteins in solution. Biuret test, Xanthoproteic test. 12. Detect the presence of any one major organic compounds in the given sample.



COMPETENCIES

1. Understand the basic principles and metabolism related to various physiological

functions in plant life. 2. Familiarize with the basic skills and techniques related to doing experiments in plant

physiology. 3. Understand the role, structure and importance of the bio molecules associated with

plant life. 4. Familiarize with the recent trends in the field of plant physiology. 5. Apply the knowledge of physiology in other fields like agriculture and career

prospects.

REFERENCES

1. Datta S.C.1989. Plant Physiology. Central book depot, Allahabad. 2. Dayananda B. 1999. Experiments in Plant Physiology. Narosa Publishing House,

New Delhi. 3. De Robertis E.D.P. and De Robertis E.M.F.Jr. 2002. Cell and Molecular Biology,

Lipponcott Williams and Wilkins, USA. 4. Hopkins W.G. 1999. Introduction to Plant Physiology. John Wiley and sons, New

York. 5. Jain J., L. Sanjay Jain & Nitin Jain 2005. Fundamentals of Biochemistry. S. Chand

& Company Ltd, New Delhi. 6. Jain V. K. 1996. Fundamentals of Plant Physiology. S Chand and Company, Delhi . 7. Kochar P. L. 1964. A Text Book of Plant Physiology. Atmaram & Sons, Delhi. 8. Lehninger A. L. 1961. Biochemistry. Kalyan Publishers, Ludhiana. 9. Leopald A.C. and Kriedemann P.E. Plant Growth and Development. Tata McGraw

Hill, New Delhi. 10. Malik P.C. 1990. Plant Physiology, Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi. 11. Nelson D.L. and Cox M. M. 1993. Principles of Biochemistry. MacMillan Worth

Publications, UK. 12. Pandey S. N. and Sinha B. K. 1986. Plant Physiology. Vikas Publishing house Pvt.

Ltd, New Delhi. 13. Plummer D.T. 1988. An Introduction to Practical Biochemistry. Tata Mc Graw-Hill

Publishing Company, New Delhi. 14. Sadasivam S & Manickam A. 1996. Biochemical Methods. New Age

International (P) Ltd, New Delhi. 15. Salisbury F.B. & Ross C.W. 1985. Plant Physiology, CBS Publishers and

Distributers, Delhi. 16. Srivastava H.S. 2005. Plant Physiology. Rastogi Publications, Meerut. 17. Taiz L and Zeiger E. 2003. Plant Physiology (3rd Edition). Panima Publishing

Corporation, New Delhi.



CORE COURSE 12

BO6B12TB - BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS


TITLE OF THE COURSE BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS


NO. OF CREDITS THEORY - 3

PRACTICAL - 1


PRACTICAL- 36

AIM OF THE COURSE

• To introduce the learners to the concept of biotechnology, bioinformatics and to give them a proper understanding into the scope, underlying technology and its relevance.

• To make the learners competent in carrying out practical related to plant tissue culture.

OBJECTIVES

• The course will enable the learner to understand the principles and techniques in

biotechnology and acquire skill with which tools in bioinformatics is exploited. • Develop competency to apply techniques in biotechnology in human welfare. • Understand the application of bioinformatics in Information retrieval from

biological database and sequence alignment types and tools


This course examines the core concepts of biotechnology. It goes on to explore the principles and techniques plant tissue culture , recombinant DNA technology. The context also introduces the recombinant DNA technology, application of biotechnology, relevance of the following technologies and their ethical issues ,genomics , proteomics and biological data bases.



CORE COURSE 12

BO6B12TB - BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS

BIOTECHNOLOGY 36 hours

MODULE 1 20 hours

Introduction – The concept of biotechnology, landmarks in biotechnology. Plant tissue culture – Principles and techniques. Cellular totipotency, in vitro differentiation – de differentiation and re - differentiation, callus induction, organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis. Tissue culture medium – basic components in tissue culture medium – solid and liquid medium – suspension culture. Murashige and Skoog medium – composition and preparation. Aseptic techniques in tissue culture – sterilization – different methods – sterilization of instruments and glass wares, medium, explants, working principle of laminar air flow and autoclave; preparation of explants – surface sterilization. Inoculation, incubation, subculturing. Micropropagation - different methods – axillary bud proliferation, direct and indirect organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis. Different phases of micropropagation – hardening, transplantation and field evaluation – advantages. Methods and applications of tissue culture - brief account of meristem culture, synthetic seed production, embryo culture, protoplast isolation, culture and regeneration, somatic cell hybridization- cybrids. In vitro production of haploids – anther and pollen culture, In vitro preservation of germplasm.

MODULE 2 11 hours

Recombinant DNA technology: Gene cloning strategies – recombinant DNA construction – cloning vectors – plasmids pBR322, bacteriophage based vectors, Ti plasmids. Restriction endonucleases and ligases – ligation techniques, transformation and selection of transformants – using antibiotic resistances markers, southern blotting, PCR.

Different methods of gene transfer – chemically stimulated DNA uptake by protoplast, transduction, electroporation, microinjection, microprojectiles, Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer gene library, gene banks.

MODULE 3 5 hours

Application of Biotechnology as (a) Medicine - Production of human insulin, human growth hormone and vaccines, gene therapy, monoclonal antibodies, biopharming. Forensics -DNA finger printing. (b) Agriculture -Genetically modified crops – BT crops, Golden rice, Flavr Savr, Tomato, Virus herbicide resistant crops, Edible vaccines. Social and ethical issues, biosafety , biowar, patenting and IPR issues. Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards


BIOINFORMATICS 18 hours

MODULE 4 7 hours

Introduction to bioinformatics, scope and relevance, genome, transcriptome, proteome. Biological data bases. Nucleotide sequence database – NCBI, GenBank, DDBJ. Protein sequence database – PDB, SWISS PROT. Organismal database – Saccharomyces genome database. Biodiversity database – Species 2000. Information retrieval from Biological database, sequence alignment types and tools- multiple sequence alignment, use of BLAST, FASTA.

MODULE 5 11 hours

Genomics: DNA sequencing - Sanger,s procedure - automation of DNA sequencing, genome sequence assembly, Genome projects – Major findings of the following genome projects – Human, Arabidopsis thaliana, rice, Haemophilus influenza, application of genome projects.

Proteomics - protein sequencing - Edman degradation method, automation of sequencing, protein structure prediction and modeling (Brief account only)

A brief account on

• Molecular phylogeny and phylogenetic trees. • Molecular visualization – use of Rasmol. • Molecular docking and computer aided drug design.

PRACTICAL 36 hours

1. Preparation of nutrient medium – Murashige and Skoog medium, sterilization,

preparation of explants, inoculation. 2. Extraction of DNA from plant tissue. 3. Immobilization of whole cells or tissues in sodium alginate. 4. Determination of appropriate flower bud containing uninucleate pollen for anther

culture using cytological techniques 5. Study of genetic engineering tools and techniques using photographs/diagram

(Southern blotting, DNA finger printing, PCR) 6. Visit a well equipped biotechnology lab and submit a report along with the

practical record. 7. Familiarizing with the different data bank mentioned in the syllabus. 8. Molecular visualization using Rasmol. 9. Blast search




1. Understand the fundamental principles of biotechnology, various developments

in biotechnology and potential applications. 2. Make aware that the life forms and activities can be exploited for human

advancement. 3. Impart an introductory knowledge about bio informatics to the students. 4. Use computers to handle biological data base. 5. Familiarize with the different data banks mentioned in the syllabus.

REFERENCES

1. Attwood T.K. & Parry Smith D.J. 2003. Introduction to Bioinformatics. Pearson

Education. New Jersey. 2. Balasubramanian D., Bryce C. F. A., Dharmalingam K., Green J., Kunthala

Jayaraman 2007. Concepts in Biotechnology. University Press India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

3. Becker J. M., Coldwell G.A. and Zachgo E.A. 2007. Biotechnology – A Laboratory Course Academic Press.

4. Brown T.A. 2010. Gene cloning and DNA analysis. Black Well publishing Ltd., UK.

5. Colin Ratledge and Bjorn Krishansen. 2008. Basic Biotechnology, Cambridge University Press, UK.

6. Dixon R.A. 2003. Plant Cell Culture. IRC Press, Oxford. 7. Dubey R.C. 2006. A Text Book of Biotechnology. S.Chand and Company, New

Delhi. 8. Gupta P.K. 2006. Biotechnology and Genomics. Rastogi Publications, Meerut. 9. Jeremy W. Dale and Malcolm Von Schantz 2003. From Genes to Genomes. John

Wiley & Sons, Ltd., New York. 10. Jin XIong 2009. Essential Bioinformatics, Cambridge. 11. John E. Smith. 2006. Biotechnology, Cambridge University Press, UK. 12. Kalyan De Kumar 2006. Plant Tissue Culture. New Central Book Agency,

Calcutta. 13. Lewin B. 2008. Gene IX. Jones and Barlett Publications, US. 14. Narayana Swami S. 2005. Plant Cell & Tissue culture. Mc Graw Hill

Company,New York. 15. Prasad S. 2004. Impact of Plant Biotechnology on Horticulture. Agrobios, India 16. Purohit. S. S. 2004. A Laboratory Manual of Plant Biotechnology. Agro bios

India. 17. Rastogi S. C., Mendiratta M. and Rastogi P. 2004. Bioinformatics: concepts,Skills

and Application. CBS Publishers and Distributors, New Delh 18. Singh B. D. 2007. Biotechnology. Expanding Horizon, Kalyani Publications,

Ludhiana. Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards


19. Sobti R.C and Suparna S. Panchauri 2009. Essentials of Biotechnology, Ane

Books Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. 20. Timir Baran Jha and Biswajith Ghosh 2007. Plant Tissue Culture, University

Press, New Delhi.


CHOICE BASED CORE

COURSES



CHOICE BASED CORE COURSE 13

BO6B13(a)TB - PHYTOCHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOGNOSY

COURSE CODE BO6B13(a)TB

TITLE OF THE COURSE PHYTOCHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOGNOSY




PRACTICAL - 0

AIM OF THE COURSE

• To introduce the learners to the principles of phytochemistry and to give them

a proper understanding of the important components of officinal drugs in medicinal plants.

• To make the learners competent to apply the knowledge of ayurveda as an effective form of medicine.

OBJECTIVES

• The course will enable the learner to understand the principle compounds in

medicinal plants used to prepare drugs.

• Develop competency in the common separation and characterization techniques used in phytochemistry.


This course examines the core phytochemical approaches, extraction procedures and study of the drug and aromatic plants. It goes on to study the common medicinal plants , its extraction and chacterisation techniques and the ayurvedic formulations using these plants.




BO6B13(a)TB - PHYTOCHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOGNOSY

PHYTOCHEMISTRY 54 hours

MODULE 1 18 hours

Introduction to phytochemical approaches – morphological – organoleptic – microscopic - to study drug and aromatic plants.

Extraction and chacterisation techniques: cold extraction, hot extraction, steam distillation –soxhlet and clevenger apparatus; solvents - petroleum ether, chloroform, ethanol, water. Separation techniques -TLC, column chromatography, HPLC and HPTLC. Characterization techniques - GC, UV Spectra and IR Spectra.

MODULE 2 12 hours

Study of active principles of drug plants:

• Alkaloids – introduction, properties, occurrence, structure, classification,

functions, and pharmacological uses. • Triterpenoids - Introduction, properties, occurrence, classification, functions and

pharmacological uses. • Phenolics - Quinines - benzoquinones, napthoquinones, anthraquinone, and

coumarins.

MODULE 3 24 hours

Study of the following plants with special reference to:

• Habit, habitat and systematic position and morphology of the useful part. • Organoleptic, anatomical and chemical evaluation of the officinal part. • Phytochemistry and major pharmacological action of plant drugs. • Ayurvedic formulations using the plants

Tinospora cordifolia, Papaver somniferum, Aegle marmelos , Punica granatum, Plumbago rosea, Adhatoda vasica, Withania somnifera, Achyranthes aspera, Asparagus racemosus, Kaempheria galanga, , Sida acuta, Carica papaya, Azadirachta indica, Glycirrhiza glabra, Phyllanthus amarus, Datura stramonium, , Hemidesmus indicus, Aloe veera, Tylophora indica, , Acorus calamus.

Plant defense mechanism, role of surface protectants - cutin, suberin and waxes.

Biopesticides - sources, chemical principles and uses



PHARMOCOGNOSY 18 hours

MODULE 4

Introduction, tools for identifying adulteration; methods in pharmocognosy - microscopy,

phytochemical methods - study of starch grains of maize, wheat, rice, potato, curcuma.

Cultivation practices, active principles and medicinal properties of the following medicinal plants

• Andrographis paniculata • Bacopa monneiri • Piper longum • Rauwolfia serpentina • Vinca rosea

Classification of crude drugs: morphological classification, chemical classification, pharmacological classification.

Study of the following aromatic plants – volatile oils and methods of extraction - Vetiveriazizanoides, Cinnamomum zeylanica, Sysygium aromaticum, Santalum album, Eucalyptus, Ocimum bacilicum, Rosa, Mentha piperita

COMPETENCIES OF THE COURSE 1. Understand the structure and function of basic secondary metabolites in medicinal

and aromatic plants. 2. Familiarize with the common separation and characterization techniques used in

phytochemistry. 3. Understand the basic officinal part present in the common medical plants and their

use in ayurvedic formulations 4. Knowledge of Ayurveda as an effective form of medicine. 5. Preparation of a home garden with medicinal plants.

REFERENCES

1. Ashutosh Kar 2006. Pharmacognosy and Pharmacobiotechnology, New Age

International, New Delhi. 2. Atal C.K. and Kapur B. M. 1982. Cultivation and Utilization of Medicinal Plants.

Regional Research Laboratory, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research Jammu-Tawi.

3. Bhattacharjee S. K. 2003. Hand Book of Medicinal Plants, Pointer Publishers, Jaipur

4. Daniel M. 1991. Methods in Plant Chemistry and Economic Botany, Kalyani publishers, New Delhi.



5. Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants with Active Principles Part I & II. 1980. CSIR

,New Delhi. 6. Indian Medicinal Plants (5Vols) 1994. Arya Vaidya Sala Kottackal,

Orientlongman ,New Delhi. 7. Irfan Ali Khan 2008. Medicinal and Aromatic plants of India. Ukaaz Publishers,

Hyderabad. 8. Jain S. K. 2004. A Manual Of Ethnobotany, Scientific Publishers, India 9. Khory R. N. 1999. Materia Medica of India and their Therapeutics. Komal

Prakashan, Delhi. 10. Krishnaswamy N. R. 2003. Chemistry of Natural Products, Universities press,

Hyderabad. 11. Pushpangaden P. Nyman U.L.F. and George V. 2008. Glimpses of of IndianEthno

Pharmacology. The Royan Danish School of Pharmacy Copenhagen,Denmark.

12. Trivedi P. C. 2007. Medicinal Plants Utilisation and Conservation. Avishkar Publishers. Jaipur.

13. Upadhyaya R. C. 2008. The treatise on Aromatic plants, Anmol Publications, New Delhi

14. Wallis T.E . 1997. Text Book of Pharmacognosy. CBS Publication & distribution,New Delhi.

15. Wealth of India. (XI Vol ). 1985. CSIR publication.


BO6B13(b)TB - AGRIBUSINESS

COURSE CODE BO6B13(b)TB

TITLE OF THE COURSE AGRIBUSINESS

SEMESTERINWHICH THE 6 COURSE IS TAUGHT


NO. OF CONTACT HOURS THEORY - 72 PRACTICAL - 0

AIM OF THE COURSE

• To introduce the learners to the principles of agribusiness and to give them a

proper understanding of the need for sustainable development and organic farming

• To make the learners competent to apply the business opportunities in the field of plant sciences.

OBJECTIVES

• Enable the learner to understand the basics of entrepreneurship • Develop competency in composting techniques and sustainable agriculture

. COURSE OVERVIEW AND CONTEXT

This course examines the core basic qualities of an Entrepreneur. Financial assistance from banks, role of institutions like MSME training institute, Khadi and village industries board, self help groups, co-operative sector, Kudumbasree projects and microenterprises. It goes on to study the preparation and preservation techniques of value added food products, cultivation of vegetables, fruits and medicinal plants, floriculture and apiculture.




BO6B13(b)TB - AGRIBUSINESS

MODULE 1 18 hours

Entrepreneurship: Types, basic qualities of an Entrepreneur. Financial assistance from banks, role of institutions like MSME training institute, Khadi and village industries board, self help groups, co-operative sector, Kudumbasree projects and microenterprises.

Value added food products: preparation and preservation techniques. Causes of Spoilage of. Food. Principles of preservation – asepsis, removal of microorganisms, anaerobic situation and special methods – drying, thermal processing – pasteurization, sterilization and canning – low temperature, use of chemical preservatives and food additives. Preparation of wine, vinegar, pickles, jam, jelly, syrups, sauce, dry fruits, dairy products – (cheese, butter, yoghurt, paneer), candies, chocolates, payasam, kondattum

MODULE 2 18 hours

Processing techniques: Processing of latex – Centrifuged latex products and galvanized rubber products. Processing, storage and marketing of Cocoa, Coconut (Copra ,Coir and Tender coconut), Rice (par boiled, raw rice and rice flour), Pepper, Cardamom, Ginger, Arrowroot, Tapioca, Cashew, Mango, Jack fruit, Guava, Grapes, Lemon, Papaya, Musa, Garcinia. Basic principles of preparation of Lehyam and Decoction.

Nursery management: Preparation of potting mixtures, polybags. Plant Growth structures – green houses, shaded houses, polyshed, mist chamber, sprinkling system, drip irrigation. Modern strategies in propagation by root initiation of cutting, layering technique, budding and grafting technique – Micropropagation; Planting, Transplanting and Hardening of seedlings, After care of seedlings. Packing and transporting of seedlings.

MODULE 3 18 hours

Organic farming and composting techniques: Organic manures and fertilizers, Composition of fertilizers. NPK content of various fertilizers and preparation of fertilizer mixtures.Common organic manures – bone meal, cow dung, poultry waste, oil cakes, organic mixtures and compost. Preparation of compost –aerobic and anaerobic-advantages and limitations. Vermicompost – preparation - Vermiwash. – preparation. Biofertilizers – Definition and preparation of different types – Trichoderma, Rhizobium, PGPR, PSB, mycorrhiza. Application of Biofertilizers. Biopesticides – Tobacco and Neem decoction. Biological control of disease and pests. Organic traps – Natural dyes.



Cultivation of vegetables, fruits and medicinal plants: Types – Home gardening, Market gardening and Truck gardening, Packing and Transporting of Vegetables. Organic farming of fruit crops – Packing and Transporting of fruits. Induction of flowering and weed control. Cultivation of Medicinal and Aromatic plants of common use and great demand.

MODULE 4 18 hours

Floriculture and apiculture : Problems and prospects of Floriculture in Kerala. Scope of growing Anthurium, Orchids and Jasmine in Kerala. Common cut flowers – Rose, Gerbera, Gladiolus, Aster, Chrysanthemum, Daisys, Carnation, Golden rod, Anthurium, Orchids, Lilium and Limolium. Common leaves used in flower arrangement – Cyprus,Podocarpus, Asparagus, Palms, Cycads, Ferns and Eucalyptus. Apiculture–Scope andSignificance Structure, Installation and maintenance of an Apiarium.

Extraction, Processing, preservation and Marketing of Honey. Flower arrangement: Types - Western, Eastern (Japanese/ Ikebana) and Modern. Wases, Flower Holders and Floral Foam. Wase life of flowers and leaves. After care of flower arrangements – Bouquets. Packing and Maintenance of flowers and leaves.

Ornamental Garden designing: Use of different garden components. Lawn preparation by seeds, seedling and turfing. Maintenance of garden by irrigation, Pruning, re-potting. Disease and Pest control. Mushroom cultivation and Farming: Mushrooms – Significance – Nutritive value Types of Mushrooms – Button – Pleurotus, Volvorella. Spawn production, storage and marketing. Growth of Mushrooms on Paddy Straw and Saw dust by Poly bag. Mushroom growing structures and maintenance of humidity. Pests and defects of mushrooms. Storage, Transporting and Marketing of Mushrooms.

COURSE COMPETENCIES

1. Inculcate and impart an idea about the business opportunities in the field of plant sciences.

2. Develop an entrepreneurial mindset and also to stick on to the core subject among the botany students.

3. Give an idea about the need of sustainable development and organic farming. 4. Harness the opportunities and potentials in the field of ecotourism, processing

technology and food sciences. 5. Help the student to explore the potentialities of organic farming in the current

scenario.



REFERENCES

1. Adams M.R and M.O. Moss 1995. Food Microbiology. Panima Publishing. 2. Casida L.E. (Jr.). 2005. Industrial Microbiology. New Age International, New

Delhi. 3. Chandha K.L. 2003. Handbook of Horticulture. ICAR. New Delhi. 4. Frazier and Westhoff 1988. Food Microbiology. Tata McGraw – Hill. 5. George Acquciah 2004. Horticulture – Principles and Practices. II Edn.

Prentice Hall. India. 6. George J. Banwant 2004. Basic Food Microbiology. CBS Publishers and

Distributors. 7. Gopal Chandha De 2002. Fundamentals of Agronomy. Oxford and IBH

Publishing House, New Delhi. 8. Hudson T. Hartmann and Dale E. Kester 2001. Plant Propagation, Principlesand

Practices. 6thEdn. Prentice Hall. India. 9. James M. Jay 2005. Modern Food Microbiology. CBS Publishers and

Distributors, New Delhi. 10. Kalian Kumar De 1996. Plant Tissue Culture. New Central Book Agency (P)

Ltd., New Delhi. 11. Kaul T. N. 2002. Biology and Conservation of Mushroom. Oxford and IBH

Publishing Co. UK. 12. Kunte, Kawthalkar and Yawalker. 1997. Principles of Horticulture and

FruitGrowing. Agri–Horticulture Co. 13. Neshamani S. 2000. Pazhangal, Pazhavibhavangal (Malayalam). Kerala

Bhasha Institute.Trivandrum. 14. Pandey R. K. and S.K. Ghosh 1996. A Hand Book on Mushroom Cultivation.

Emkey Publications, New Delhi. 15. Prem Singh Arya 2004. Vegetable Seed Production Principles. Kalyani

Publishers, New Delhi. 16. Prince Alex, Rajani A. Nair. 2003. Ayurveda Avshodha Nirmanam–

Sidhanthavum Prayogavum Malayalam, Kerala Bhasha Institute, Trivandrum. 17. Purohit S.S. 2005. Plant Tissue Culture. Student Edition. ABD Publishers,

Jaipur. 18. Razdan M.K. 1995. Introduction to Plant Tissue Culture. 2nd Edn. Oxford and IBH

Publishing Co, New Delhi. 19. Rema L.P. 2006. Applied Biotechnology. MJP Publishers, New Delhi. 20. Sharma, R.R. 2005. Propagation of Horticultural Crops. Kalyani Publishers,

New Delhi.




BO6B13(c)TB - PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

COURSE CODE BO6B13(c)TB

TITLE OF THE COURSE PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

SEMESTERINWHICH THE 6 COURSE IS TAUGHT


NO. OF CONTACT HOURS THEORY - 72

PRACTICAL - 0

AIM OF THE COURSE

• To introduce the learners to the principles of plant genetic resources

management and to give them a proper understanding of the important aspects of conservation of genetic resources.

• To make the learners competent to apply the knowledge of ethnobotany its significance and scope with respect to food, shelter and medicine.

OBJECTIVES

• The course will enable the learner to understand ethnobotany in relation to

conservation of genetic resources. • Develop competency in mushroom cultivation and cultivation of fruits and

vegetables as a part of organic farming


This course examines the core plantation crops– scope and importance of plantation crops. It goes on to study the role of governmental and non- governmental organizations in plant genetic resources Management, exploration and collection of genetic resources, under - utilized plants and their importance, importance of fruits its classification, role of fruits in Indian economy, taxonomy and cultivation of banana, pineapple and mango.




BO6B13(c)TB - PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

MODULE 1 9 hours

Historical developments in crop botany. Centres of origin and diversity of crop plants, primary and secondary centres, Vavilovian concept.

Exploration and collection of genetic resources- importance of wild relatives of crop plants and their genetic diversity in crop improvement.

MODULE 2 9 hours

Conservation of genetic resources. (i) in situ: biosphere reserves, national parks and wild life sanctuaries; (ii) ex situ- (a) in vivo: botanic gardens, field gene banks; (b) in vitro: seed banks ( short term, medium term and long term storage of seeds), tissue culture storage and cryopreservation.

Role of governmental and non-governmental organizations in plant genetic resources Management: Governmental organisations– Regional – TBGRI and KFRI; National - BSI and NBPGR; International – IPGRI (IBPGR) and ICRISAT. Non Governmental Organizations – herbal gardens and nurseries.

MODULE 3 18 hours

Major threat to the genetic resources: human interference and deforestation, over exploitation of resources. Endemism and hot Spots. Documentation of endangered and threatened plants- red data book. Remote sensing : principle – concept of remote sensing and components of remote sensing. Application of remote sensing in conservation of endangered plants and habitat studies. IUCN- role and activities.

Ethnobotany its significance and scope with respect to food, shelter and medicine.

Ethnobotany in relation to conservation of genetic resources: mythology and conservation of eco-systems, sacred groves and their role in the conservation of gene pool; taboos for conservation of selected plant species.

MODULE 4 18 hours

Important food, medicinal and aromatic plants of Kerala state – taxonomy, cultivation and uses of rice, tapioca, elephant foot yam, cow pea, bitter gourd, ginger, black pepper, nutmeg, cardamom, coffee, vasaka, Aloe and lemon grass.



MODULE 5 18 hours

Plantation crops– scope and importance of plantation crops; taxonomy, cultivation and useful products of rubber, cashew, coconut and tea.

Importance of fruits: classification of fruits, role of fruits in Indian economy, taxonomy and cultivation of banana, pineapple and mango.

Under utilised plants and their importance - future food requirements. Botany and uses of the following under exploited edible plants.

Vegetable; winged bean, sword bean, cluster bean, ridge gourd, bottle gourd, little gourd, lesser yam, Chinese potato. Fruits; Artocarpus heterophyllus , Artocarpus hirsutus,Anona, Rambutan, Rose apple.

Mushroom cultivation and spawn production – paddy straw, oyster and milky mushrooms.


1. Acquaint the student with the history and evolution of crop plants, and their

diversity. 2. Familiarize the student with the available plant genetic wealth and the measures

adopted for the conservation of these resources. 3. Help the student to identify the crop plants and their wild relatives. 4. Help the student to explore the potentialities of various underutilized plants to

project as the future food prospects. 5. Understand the significance of modern technology to locate the distribution of

endangered species.

REFERENCES

1. Amal Kumar Mondal. 2005. Advanced Plant Taxonomy-chapter XI. Remotesensing Technology and Vegetation Classification pp.391 - 406, New Central Book Agency, Kolkata.

2. Arora R. K. & E. R. Nayar 1984. Wild Relatives of Crop Plants in India, NBPGR, New Delhi.

3. Chang S.T. & Miles P.G. 1979. Edible Mushrooms and their Cultivation, Boca Raton, CRC Press.

4. Erich Hoyt 1998. Conserving Wild Relatives of Crops, Rome, IPGRI. 5. FAO .1989. Plant Genetic Resources: their Conservation for Human use, Rome

Italy.



6. Frankel O.H. and E. Bennet 1970. Genetic Resources of Plants: their

Explorationand Conservation, Oxford, Blackwell. 7. Guarino Ramanatha Rao & Reid (eds). 1995. Collecting Plant Genetic Diversity:

Technical Guidelines; CAB International. 8. Harlan J.R. 1975. Crops and Man. Wisconsin: American Society of Agronomy. 9. ICAR .1969. Handbook of Agriculture, New Delhi. 10. Kirtikar K. R and B.D. Basu 1991. Indian Medicinal Plants, Dehra Dun. 11. Nair M. C. (ed). 1990. Mushrooms Tech. Bulletin 17, Kerala Agri. Univ. Pub.

Mannuthy. Thrissur. 12. Panda B. C. 2008. Remote Sensing- Principles and Applications, Viva Books.

New Delhi. 13. Paroda R. S and R. K Arora 1991. Plant Genetic Resources Conservation

andManagement, NBPGR , New Delhi. 14. Patel D. P., V. D. Verma., T.R. Loknathan, M.N. Koppar and K.P.S. Chandel

(eds) 1997. Crop Improvement through Plant Genetic Resources (Evaluation, maintenance and documentation, NBPGR. New Delhi.

15. Peter K. V& Z. Abraham 2007. Biodiversity in Horticultural Crops Vol.1, Daya Publishing House. New Delhi.

16. Purseglove J.W. 1974. Tropical Crops Dicotyledons, Longerman Group Ltd, London.

17. Purseglove J.W. 1975. Tropical Crops Monocotyledons, Longerman Group Ltd., London.

18. Rana R. S., R. K. Saxena, R. K Tyagi, S. Saxena and V. Mitter .1994. ex -situconservation of Plant Genetic Resources, NBPGR, New Delhi.

19. Samba Murty A.V.S.S. and N.S. Subramanyam 1989. A text book of EconomicBotany. Wiley Eastern Ltd, New Delhi.

20. Simmonds N. W. 1976. Evolution of Crop Plants, Longman Group Ltd, London.


OPEN COURSE

(OFFERED FOR OTHER

BACHELOR’S PROGRAMME)



OPEN COURSE 01

BO5D01TB - HORTICULTURE AND NURSERY MANAGEMENT

COURSE CODE BO5D01TB

TITLE OF THE COURSE HORTICULTURE AND NURSERY MANAGEMENT

SEMESTER IN WHICH THE 5 COURSE IS TAUGHT NO. OF CREDITS THEORY- 4

PRACTICAL-0


PRACTICAL- 0

AIM OF THE COURSE

• To introduce the learners to the art of gardening, soil management, plant

propagation methods, irrigation and plant protection measures. • To make them competent in the various aspects of gardening, vegetable,

fruit and flower cultivation techniques, marketing procedures and enable them to apply this science for the betterment of human life.

OBJECTIVES

• To help the learners to understand the importance of horticulture in human

welfare. • To enable them to understand the impact of modern technologies of biology

on horticultural plants.


This course is focused to understand the significance of horticulture and nursery industry in human welfare. It provides deep knowledge regarding growing of plants on commercial scale, processing and marketing of plant products. The course also gives emphasis to the study the art and principles of establishing outdoor and indoor gardens, the various components of gardening, landscaping and its significance and beautification of public places and home gardens. The on hand training programme enables them to handle various garden tools, know in detail about soil and its characteristics, planting and propagation methods and develop practical skills to apply these techniques for betterment of society.



OPEN COURSE 01

BO5D01TB - HORTICULTURE AND NURSERY MANAGEMENT

HORTICULTURE 54 hours

MODULE 1 9 hours

Introduction to horticulture - definition, classification of horticultural plants, disciplinesof horticulture. Soil - types, texture, pH and fertility. Garden tools and implements. Preparation of nursery beds; manures and fertilizers - farm yard manure, compost, vermicompost, biofertilizers;- chemical fertilizers, NPK. Foliar spray. Irrigation methods - surface, sub, drip and spray irrigations - advantages and disadvantages.

MODULE 2 9 hours

Propagation of horticultural plants –Seed propagation - Seed development andviability, seed dormancy. Seed bed preparation and seedling transplanting. Advantages and disadvantages of seed propagation. Vegetative propagation – Methods of natural propagation. Methods of artificial vegetative propagation - cutting, layering, grafting and budding. Advantages and disadvantages of vegetative propagation.

MODULE 3 18 hours

Gardening - outdoor gardens, indoor gardens, kitchen gardens, aquatic gardens. Gardencomponents - lawn, shrubs, trees, climbers, foliage plants, flower beds, borders, hedges, edges, drives, walks, topiary, trophy, rockery. Garden adornments. Landscape gardening. Bonsai. Commercial floriculture – Cut flowers. Cultivation of Jasmine, Orchid and Rose. Flower arrangement – Fresh flower arrangement and Dry flower arrangement.

MODULE 4 18 hours

Olericulture - Types of vegetable growing - home gardens and market gardens.Cultivation practices of leafy vegetable (Amarathus), tuber (Potato), fruit (Tomato), flower (Cauliflower). Pomology- Cultivation of fruit crops - mango, banana and pine apple - preparation of land, spacing, planting, irrigation, hormones, harvesting and storage. Methods of vegetable and fruit preservation - temporary and permanent - agents for fruit preservation. Preparation of pickles, jams, jellies and squashes using locally available fruits.

Plant protection techniques –Plant pathogens and pests. Plant diseases - viral (bunchytop of banana), bacterial (canker in citrus) and fungal (damping off in chilly). Chemical means of disease control – common fungicides and pesticides. Biological means of disease



control. biopesticides and biological control. Hazards of chemical pesticides. Methods of application – spraying and dusting. Weeds and weed control.

NURSERY MANAGEMENT 18 hours

MODULE 5 18 hours

Nursery - definition, types, management strategies - planning, layout, budgeting -production unit, sales unit.

Plant growing structures –concept of modified climate for cultivation of vegetables andgarden plants. Green houses, fernery, orchidarium, arbetorium.

Hands on Training

• Preparation of potting mixture. • Working knowledge and identification of garden tools and implements. • Practical knowledge in different plant propagation techniques listed in

syllabus. • Visit a well established nursery and submit report.


1. Help in acquainting the students with scope and branches of horticulture, soil and

management of soil 2. Develop knowledge regarding the various methods of plant propagation. 3. Create awareness regarding gardening techniques, cultivation of flowers on

commercial basis, flower arrangement and principles of landscaping and its importance in society.

4. Acquire knowledge regarding the cultivation, preservation and marketing of vegetables and fruits and their products.

5. Know the various plant protection measures and application of agrochemicals.

REFERENCES

1. Adams C.R., Early M.P. 2004. Principles of Horticulture. Elsevier, New Delhi. 2. Baker, R. J. 1986. Selection indices in plant breeding. CRC Press, Inc. 3. Barton West R. 1999. Practical Gardening in India. Discovery Publishing

House, New Delhi. 4. Edmond J.B., Senn T.L., Andrews F.S., Halfacre P.G. 1975. Fundamentals

ofHorticulture. 4thEdn.TMH, New Delhi. 5. John Weathers. 1993. Encyclopaedia of Horticulture. Discovery Publishing

House, New Delhi



6. Jules Janick 1979. Horticultural Science. Surjeet publications, New Delhi. 7. Kumar N. 1994. Introduction to Horticulture. Rajalakshmi Publishers,

Nagarcoil. 8. Linda William 2005. Ornamental Science - Demystified, Tata McGraw Hill

Company. 9. Manibhushan Rao K. 1991. Text Book of Horticulture. Macmillan India Ltd. 10. Mazundar B.C. and P.M. Mukhopadhyay 2006. Principles & Practices ofHerbal

Garden. Daya Publishing House, Delhi. 11. Percy Lancasher 2004. Gardening in India. Oxford IBH Publishers, London. 12. Randhawa G.S., Mukhopadhyay A. 1986. Floriculture in India. Allied

Publishers, Ahamedabad. 13. Sadhu M.K. 1996. Plant Propagation. New Age International publishers, New

Delhi. 14. Schilletter J.C., Richey H.W. 1999. Text Book of General Horticulture. Biotech

Books, New Delhi. 15. Vishnu Swarup 1997. Ornamental Horticulture. Mac. Millan India Ltd.

COMPLEMENTARY

COURSES

(OFFERED FOR B. Sc. ZOOLOGY

PROGRAMME)



COMPLEMENTARY COURSE 01 BO1C01TB - CRYPTOGAMS AND GYMNOSPERMS

COURSE CODE BO1C01TB

TITLE OF THE COURSE CRYPTOGAMS AND GYMNOSPERMS



PRACTICAL-1


PRACTICAL-36

AIM OF THE COURSE

• To introduce the learners to the diversity existing in the plant world and to develop in them a keen interest in hidden treasures of the plant world.

• To make them understand the various aspects of microbiology, phycology, mycology, lichenology, bryology, pteridology and gymnosperms so that they will develop a research aptitude, which in turn will enable them to stride towards wider application of the learned topics.

OBJECTIVES

• To help the learners to understand the development of complexities in the plant

world from the lower organisms to the highly evolved forms • To enable them to develop an awareness regarding the unique features of

different groups of lower plants.


This course is focused on revealing the features of the five kingdom classification of plants by Whittaker. It introduces the learners to the general features and diversity of the plant world. It explores the world of microbes, their unique features, genetic recombination in them, industrial and other economic importance of microbes. The course also gives emphasis on the study of different classes of algae, fungi, lichens, bryophytes, pteridophytes and gymnosperms giving importance to their characteristic features, diversity and economic importance.



COMPLEMENTARY COURSE 01

BO1C01TB - CRYPTOGAMS AND GYMNOSPERMS

MODULE 1 5 hours

Viruses : General account, structure of Tobacco Mosaic Viruses ( TMV), Mode of infection - T phages.

Bacteria: Classification, structure, nutrition chemosynthesis, respiration, reproduction (binary fission). Economic importance- agriculture, industry, & medicine. Archaebacteria.

MODULE 2 18 hours

Algae (Phycology) classification, main features of structure, and life history of the following groups Cyanophyceae :Nostoc Chlorophyceae : Volvox, Oedogonium, Cladophora Phaeophyceae: Ectocarpus Rhodophyceae : Polysiphonia.

Economic importance of Algae.

Fungi (Mycology): Classification, main features of structure & life history of the following groups. Phycomycetes: Phytophthora Ascomycetes: Peziza Basidiomycetes: Puccinia. Economic importance of fungi.

MODULE 3 9 hours

Lichens ( Lichenology ) : Classification & general account . Type: Usnea

Bryophytes ( Bryology ): General account. Type : Riccia

Pteridophytes ( Pteridology ): General account. Type : Selaginella

MODULE 4 4 hours

Gymnosperms : Classification and general account. Type: Cycas

PRACTICALS 36 hours

Study the diagnostic features and identification of the following genera based on morphological, anatomical and reproductive structures.

Algae - Nostoc, Volvox, Oedogonium, Cladophora, Ectocarpus and Polysiphonia.

Fungi – Peziza and Puccinia. Lichens – Usnea. Bryophyte –Riccia.

Pteridophyte – Selaginella. Gymnosperms –Cycas.



COURSE COMPETENCIES

1. Acquaintance of students to the world of microbes. 2. Understand the diversity and characters of algae and fungi. 3. Understand the diversity of lichens, bryophytes and pteridophytes. 4. Develop knowledge regarding the diversity and characters of gymnosperms. 5. Knowledge about the lower forms of life.

REFERENCES

1. Ahamadjan B., Vernon S. & Mason H.E. 1973. Lichens. New Your Academic

Press. 2. Alexopaulose C.J. & Mims C.W. 1993. Introductory Mycology. New York. Wiley

Eastern. 3. Bhatia K.N. 1975. A Treatise on Algae. New Delhi. S. Chand & Company, New

Delhi. 4. Bhatnagar S.P. & Moitra A. 2000. Gymnosperms. New Age International Ltd. 5. Biswas C. & John B.M. 2004. Gymnosperms. Narosa Publishing House, New

Delhi. 6. Biswas S. B. & Biswas A. 1973. An Introduction to Viruses. Vikas Publishing

House. New Delhi. Bhatnagar S.P. & Moitra A. 2000. Gymnosperms. New Age International Ltd.

7. Datta S.C. 2008. An Introduction to Gymnosperms. Kalyan Publishing Company, New Delhi.

8. Fristch F.B. 1945. Structure and Reproduction of Algae – Vol. I & II. Cambridge Uty. Press, Cambridge.

9. Kanika Sharma 2009. Manual of Microbiology. New Books Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi. 10. Rashid A. 1999. An Introduction to Pteridophyta. Vikas Publishing House. New

Delhi. 11. Sharma O.P. 2002 Gymnosperms. Pragathi Prakashan, New Delhi. 12. Sharma P.D. 2003. Microbiology and Plant Pathology. Rastogi Publications.

Delhi. 13. Sharma P.D. 2003. The Fungi. Rastogi Publications. Delhi. 14. Sporne K.R. 1982. Morphology of Pteridophytes. Hutchinson University Press. 15. Vashishta B.R. and Sinha A.K. 2003. Bryophyta. S Chand & Company, New

Delhi.



COMPLEMENTARYCOURSE 02

BO2C02TB - PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND CROP PATHOLOGY


TITLE OF THE COURSE PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND CROP PATHOLOGY



PRACTICAL-1

NO. OF CONTACT HOURS THEORY- 36 PRACTICAL-36

AIM OF THE COURSE

• To introduce the learners to the various physiological processes in lower and higher plants.

• To introduce them to the common plant diseases that affect crops and their preventive and remedial measures.

OBJECTIVES • To help the learner to understand the different physiological phenomena

occurring in plants. • To understand the significance of various physiological processes to biosphere

as a whole. • To enable the students to identify common plant diseases and understand their

effective control measures.


This course is focused on the various physiological aspects occurring in lower and higher plants and the significance of each. It also deals with the common plant diseases, their causative organisms and effective control measures. All topics dealt in this course are having importance in the daily life situations and has scope for research.



COMPLEMENTARYCOURSE 02

BO2C02TB - PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND CROP PATHOLOGY

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY

MODULE 1 9 hours

Water relations of plants: (a) Physical aspects of water absorption – imbibition, diffusion and osmosis. Plant cell as an osmotic system. Diffusion pressure deficit, water potential, plasmolysis. (b) Mechanism of absorption of water. Active and passive absorption.

Transpiration – types, structure and mechanism of stomatal transpiration, (theories),significance and factors affecting transpiration, antitranspirants, Guttation.

MODULE 2 9 hours

Photosynthesis : structure of chloroplast, Pigments, Red drop and Emerson’s enhancement effect, Two pigment systems, Light and dark reactions, C3, C4 and CAM mechanisms. Factors affecting photosynthesis – external and internal. Photorespiration.

MODULE 3 14 hours

Translocation of organic solutes : Path and mechanism of Translocation, Munch massflow hypothesis.

Nitrogen fixation. Nitrogen cycle.

Seed dormancy, factors causing seed dormancy, photoblsatism, techniques to break seed dormancy, mechanism of seed germination, factors affecting seed germination, fruit development and process of fruit ripening.

Growth and Movements : Sigmoind curve, measurement of growth, growth hormones. Scenescence and abscission. Tropic and nastic movements. Photoperiodism and Vernalization.

CROP PATHOLOGY

MODULE 4 4 hours

Classification of plant diseases based of causative organisms and symptoms.

Study of the following diseases - name of disease, causative organisms, symptoms and control measures.

• Leaf mosaic of Tapioca. • Bacterial blight of Rice. • Nut fall of Arecanut.



PRACTICALS 36 hours

Students should be trained to carry out or demonstrate the following experiments

Core Experiments

1. Determination of osmotic pressure by plasmolytic method. 2. Separation of chlorophyll pigment by paper chromatography. 3. Effect of Carbon dioxide concentration on the rate of photosynthesis by Hydrilla

plants. 4. Demonstration of osmosis using plant membrane.

Demonstration Experiments

1. Determination of transpiration under different environmental conditions using

Ganong’s /Farmer’s Potometer. 2. Relation between transpiration and absorption. 3. Evolution of O2 during photosynthesis. 4. Ganong’s light screen experiment. 5. Mohl’s half leaf experiment. 6. Experiment with variegated leaf. 7. Measurement of growth using Arc Auxanometer. 8. Experiment with Klinostat.


1. Familiarize with the fundamental physiological processes occurring in plants. 2. Familiarize the process of plant metabolism and role of plants in sustaining nature.

3. Aware of the physiology of growth and development and relate the application of

plant physiology in different fields of science. 4. Awareness regarding the various plant diseases, their mechanism of infection,

transmission and dissemination, measures adopted to control plant diseases and impact of plant diseases on agriculture.

5. Knowledge about the plant diseases and their control measures.

REFERENCES

1. Bilgrami K.S. Dube H.C. 1976. A Text Book of Modern Plant Pathology. Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi.

2. Devlin P. Withan S. 1984. Plant Physiology. CBS Publications, New Delhi. 3. George N. Agrios 1988. Plant Pathology. Academic Press Ltd., London. 4. Gupta V.K. & Paul T.S. 2004. Fungi and Plant Diseases. Kalyani Publishers. New

Delhi.


5. Jain V.K. 2008. Fundamentals of Plant Physiology. S. Chand and Company, New Delhi.

6. Kochhar P.L. & Krishnamoorthy H.N. 1982. Plant Physiology. Atmaram & Sons. Lucknow. Delhi.

7. Malik C.P. 2002. Plant Physiology. Kalyani Publishers, Delhi. 8. Noggle G.R. & Fritz G.J. 1978. Introductory Plant Physiology. Prentice Hall.

India. 9. Pandey S.N. & Sinha B.K. 1989. Plant Physiology. Vikas Publishing House.

New Delhi. 10. Rangaswamy A.M. 1982. Diseases of Crop Plants in India. S.Chand and Co,.

New Delhi. 11. Salisbury F.B. & Ross C.W. 1984. Plant Physiology. Wadsworth Publishing Co.,

New Delhi. 12. Sinha A.K. 2004. Modern Plant Physiology. Narasa Publishing House, New Delhi. 13. Srivasthava H.S. 2004. Plant Physiology. Rastogi Publications. 14. Taiz L and Zeiger E. 2003. Plant Physiology (3rd Edition). Panima Publishing

Corporation, New Delhi. 15. Verma V. 2007. Text Book of Plant Physiology. Ane Books Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.



BO3C03TB – ANGIOSPERM TAXONOMY AND ECONOMIC BOTANY


TITLE OF THE COURSE ANGIOSPERM TAXONOMY AND ECONOMIC BOTANY



PRACTICAL-1


PRACTICAL-36

AIM OF THE COURSE

• Acquaint the students to identify the common species of plants growing in

Kerala and their systematic position. • To learn the preparation of herbarium. • To help them to know the plants having immense economic importance. • To study the plants of ethno botanical interest.

OBJECTIVES

• To acquaint the students to with the aims, objectives and significance of

taxonomy. • To help the students to develop inductive and deductive reasoning ability


This course finds, identifies, describes, classifies, and names the plants, thus making it one of the main branches of botany. The context is the study of identification, taxonomy and nomenclature of plants, with regard to their natural relationships and the study of variation and the evolution of taxa, and also to study the medicinal properties of plants having immense economic importance.




BO3C03TB - ANGIOSPERM, TAXONOMY AND ECONOMIC BOTANY

MODULE 1 36 hours

ANGIOSPERM TAXONOMY 18 hours

Importance of plant classification, types of classification, binomial nomenclature,ICN, Cytotaxonomy, Chemotaxonomy.

Herbarium techniques: Field study, field note, vasculum, plant press, disinfecting and mounting, labeling, importance of herbarium.

Bentham and Hooker’s system of classification.

Morphology of Angiosperms – flowers, inflorescence, fruits

Study of the following families according to Bentham and Hookers system of classification with special reference to major identifying characters and economic

importance : Annonaceae, Malvaceae, Rutaceae, Leguminosae, Apiaceae (Umbelliferae), Rubiaceae, Asteraceae, Apocynaceae, Lamiaceae (Labiatae), Euphorbiaceae,

Arecaceae (Palmae), Poaceae (Gramineae).

ECONOMIC BOTANY 14 hours

MODULE 2 14 hours

Classification of economic important plants based on their uses. (Cereals, legumes and pulses, tuber crops, spices, beverages etc.)

Study of the following plants with special reference to their botanical name, family, morphology of useful parts and economically important products.

Cereals : Paddy, Wheat.

Pulses : Green gram, Bengal gram.

Tuber crops : Tapioca.

Spices : Pepper, Cardamom.

Beverages : Tea, Coffee.

Oil yielding plants : Coconut, Groundnut



Fibre yielding plants : Cotton, Coir.

Timber yielding plants : Teak, Rose wood.

Latex yielding plants : Para rubber.

Bio pesticides : Neem, Tobacco.

Ornamental plants : Rose, Orchids, Anthurium.

ETHNOBOTANY 4 hours

MODULE 3 4 hours

Study of the following medicinal plants with special reference to their binomial, family, morphology of useful parts and uses.

1. Adhatoda, 2. Aloe, 3. Brahmi (Bacopa), 4. Catharanthus, 5. Eclipta, 6. Neem,7. Ocimum, 9.Phyllanthus amarus, 9. Rauvolfia, 10. Sida.

PRACTICAL 36 hours

1. Students should be able to identify typical plants belonging to the families

prescribed in the syllabus. They should be able to describe the floral parts in technical terms.

2. Students should study the botanical name, family, morphology of the useful part

and the uses of the plants listed in the syllabus.


1. Acquaint with the objectives and components of Taxonomy. 2. Understand the systems of classification of angiosperms. 3. Identify the common angiosperm species of Kerala. 4. Study the herbarium techniques 5. Aware of Bentham and Hooker’s system of classification

REFERENCES

1. Ashok Bendra and Ashok Kumar ,1980. Economic botany. Rastogi publications,

Meerut. 2. Cornquist A. 1968. The evolution and Classification of FloweringPlants. 3. Davis P.H and Heywood V.H. 1967. Principles of Angiosperm Taxonomy.

Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyl. 4. Eames A.J. 1961. Morphology of Angiosperms. New York: Mc Graw Hill.



5. Foaster A.S. and Giffad E.M. 1962 .Comparative Morphology of

VascularPlants. Allied Pacific Pvt. Ltd. Bombay. 6. Henry and Chandra Bose 2001. An Aid to the International Code of

BotanicalNomenclature. Botanical Survey of India. Coimbatore. 7. Heywood V.H. 1967. Plant Taxonomy. London: Edward Arnold. 8. Hill A.F. 1982. Economic Botany.: Mc Graw Hill ,New York. 9. Jain S. K. 1981. Glimpses of Indian Ethnobotany.: Oxford and IBH. New Delhi 10. Jain S. K. 1987. A Manual of Ethnobotany. Jodhpur Scientific Publishers. 11. Jain S.K. and Rao R.R. 1976. A hand book of field and herbarium technique.

Today and Tomorrows Publishers, New Delhi. 12. Jeffery C. 1968. An Introduction to Plant Taxonomy, J and A Churchill. London. 13. Maheshwari P. and Umaro Singh. 1965. Dictionary of Economic Plants in

India, ICAR. New Delhi. 14. Naik V.N. 1984. Taxonomy of angiosperms. Tata Mc Graw- Hill Publishing

Company, New Delhi. 15. Pandey & Misra. 2008. Taxonomy of Angiosperms. Ane Book Pvt.


BO4C04TB - ANATOMY AND APPLIED BOTANY


TITLE OF THE COURSE ANATOMY AND APPLIED BOTANY



PRACTICAL-1


PRACTICAL-36

AIM OF THE COURSE

• To make the students aware of different types of plant tissues. • To Understand the internal structure of different plant organs with reference to

their functions • Understand the applications of botanical knowledge in the field of crop

improvement for human prosperity

OBJECTIVES

• To learn about different plant tissues • To understand normal and abnormal patterns of thickenings in stems and roots. • To help them to know about different agricultural practices.


This course explores different tissues, anatomy of stems, roots and about secondary thickening, and ecological anatomy of different plant groups. Applied botany emphases on crop improvement methods. Laboratory practices reinforce lecture material by taking section of plant materials and by doing agricultural practices like budding, layering and grafting to learn about crop improvement programmes.




BO4C04TB - ANATOMY AND APPLIED BOTANY

ANATOMY 18 hours

MODULE 1 9 hours

Cell types, electron microscopic studies on plant cell – living and non living inclusions, cell wall ultra structure of cell wall (brief account only)

Tissues: simple and complex; meristems, secretary tissues.

Cambium: origin, structure, function, role in budding and grafting.

Primary structure of stem and root in dicots and monocots.

Anatomy of monocot and dicot leaves.

MODULE 2 9 hours

Secondary thickening in dicot stem and dicot root; growth rings, heart wood and sap wood; hard wood and soft wood; ring porous wood and diffuse porous wood, Anomalous secondary thickening in Bignonia.

Ecological anatomy: Study of the morphological and anatomical adaptations of the following groups; Hydrophytes (Nymphaea), Xerophytes (Nerium), Epiphytes (Vanda) and Halophytes (Avicinia/ Rhizophora).

APPLIED BOTANY 18 hours

MODULE 3 12 hours

Plant breeding: Objectives, sexual and asexual reproduction; apomixis, apogamy, apospory, amphimixis, parthenogenesis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony.

Methods of plant improvement: • Plant introduction, acclimatization plant quarantine.

• Selection: Mass selection; pureline selection and clonal selection.

• Hybridization; inter varietal, inter specific and inter generic; procedure of

hybridization.



Special methods of plant breeding:

• Mutation breeding. • Polyploidy breeding.

MODULE 4 6 hours

Horticultural practices- Propagation through cutting, layering, budding and grafting Tissue culture - Principles, techniques and applications; culture media, asepsis, callus, organogenesis, somatic embryogenesis, anther culture, artificial seeds.

PRACTICAL 36 hours

1. Types of tissue – simple and complex. 2. Primary structure of stem and root of dicots and monocots. 3. Structure of dicot stem and dicot root after secondary thickening. 4. Anomalous secondary thickening in Bignonia. 5. Anatomy of monocot and dicot leaf. 6. Morphological and anatomical adaptations of Hydrophytes (Nymphaea petiole),

Xerophytes (Nerium leaf), Epiphytes (Velamen root of Vanda), Halophyte (Pneumatophore and vivipary of Avicinia or Rhizophora).

7. Emasculation of pea or Caesalpinia flower. 8. ‘T’budding, approach grafting, air layering. 9. Demonstration of tissue culture techniques: culture media, callus induction and

organogenesis.


1. Student become aware of cell types 2. Understands Electron microscopic features of plant cells and tissues 3. Study the primary structure of stem, root and leaves of plants 4. Learn about the secondary thickening in dicot stems and dicot roots 5. Students are familiarized with the techniques of plant breeding and horticulture.

REFERENCES

1. Bhojwani,S.S., Bhatnagar,S.P. (1999). The Embryology of Angiosperms (IV Edn). Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd.

2. Christopher E.P. 1958. Introductory Horticulture. McGraw – Hill, New York. 3. Elizabeth ,G Cutter (1978). Applied Plant Anatomy. Clive and Arnald Lt 4. Esau K. 1977. Anatomy of seed plants. Wiley and sons. 5. Esau K. 1965. Plant Anatomy. Wiley, New York.



6. Esau, K. 1960. Anatomy of seed plants. Soil Science, 90(2), 149. 7. Esau, K. 196). Vascular differentiation in plants. Rirehant and Winston Inc. 8. Fah 1985. Plant Anatomy. Pergamon Press, Oxford. 9. Fahn ,A. 1997. Plant anatomy. Aditya Publishers. 10. Foster, A. S. 1950. Practical plant anatomy. 11. Geoffrey, A. Meek .1976. Practical electron microscopy. John Willey and sons. 12. Hartman H.T. and D.E. Kester. 1991. Plant Propagation – Principles and

Practices. Prentice–Hall of India, New Delhi. 13. KumarN. 1994. Introduction to Horticulture. Rajalakshmi Publications, Nagercoil.

14. Pandey B.P. 1984. Plant Anatomy. S. Chand and Company , New Delhi.

15. Vasishta V.C. 1978. Plant Anatomy. S. Nagin and Company, Jallundhur.

CURRICULUM & SYLLABUS BACHELOR’S PROGRAMME IN …OBJECTIVES OF THE PROGRAMME The curriculum for...

Documents

Transcript of CURRICULUM & SYLLABUS BACHELOR’S PROGRAMME IN …OBJECTIVES OF THE PROGRAMME The curriculum for...