Curriculum Resources in Chicano Studies: Undergraduate and Graduate || The Mexican Cultural Heritage...

Bilingual Press / Editorial Bilingüe

The Mexican Cultural Heritage of the ChicanoAuthor(s): Luis LealSource: Bilingual Review / La Revista Bilingüe, Vol. 15, No. 1/3, Curriculum Resources inChicano Studies: Undergraduate and Graduate (JANUARY-DECEMBER 1989/1990), pp. 14-29Published by: Bilingual Press / Editorial BilingüeStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25745016 .

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I. Course Title: The Mexican Cultural Heritage of the Chicano

II. Prepared by: Luis Leal

III. Institutional Affiliation of Preparer: Department of Chicano Studies, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106

IV. Type of Institution for Which Syllabus Has Been Designed: Large Public University (Both Strong Undergraduate and Graduate

Programs)

V. Description of Course, Including Goals and Objectives

Course surveys the cultural heritage of the Chicano. Present-day Chicano traditions are analyzed from a Mexican cultural heritage perspective in order to comprehend and appreciate the uniqueness and difference of present day Chicano culture. A knowledge of the Mexican background of Chicano culture is indispensable for understanding, analyzing, and teaching other Chicano courses.

The course surveys Mexican culture from the pre-Hispanic period to the present, emphasizing the

aspects that have been preserved in Chicano culture. Pre-Hispanic concepts, myths, symbols, and

legends present in Chicano culture are traced to their Mexican origins. The concept of the Fifth Sun, Luis Valdez's "pensamiento serpentino," the myths of Quetzalcoatl, Huitzilopochtli, and

Coyolxauhqui are examined, as well as the tradition of muralism, which is traced back to Teotihuacan and Bonampak.

The period of the conquest of Mexico by Spain is examined, both as presented by historians and as

interpreted by Octavio Paz in his book The Labyrinth of Solitude. The nineteenth century and the

contemporary development of Mexico in the fields of history, economics, and politics are studied, with the purpose of better understanding the reasons why so many Mexicans have chosen to come to the United States.

Also examined are the origins of the stereotypes of the Mexican found in American society, such as the pocho, the cholo, and the pachuco. A comparison is made with the stereotypes created in

Mexico about the lepero and the pelado. In the field of literature preference should be given to texts that combine the two cultures.

VI. Level of Course

Upper Division. Lower division students can be admitted with consent of instructor.

VII. Course Format

The course format consists of lectures by the instructor, occasional guest speakers, screening of a few films, and class discussions based on the assigned readings. A short term paper (not to exceed ten pages) is a course requirement. This research paper should be on a topic illustrating the influence of Mexican culture upon Chicano culture. Oral presentations are accepted in lieu of a written paper.

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VIII. Readings

A. Required

Michael C. Meyer and William L. Sherman, The Course of Mexican History. Second Edition. New York: Oxford University Press, 1983. This book has been selected because it offers a comprehensive survey of Mexican history from the pre-Columbian period to the present. It also includes chapters on social and cultural history, as well as relations between Mexico and the United States, including information about the

problem of the undocumented workers. It is suggested that students be required to

purchase this book, which is available in a paperback edition.

Octavio Paz, The Labyrinth of Solitude. New York: Grove Press, 1985. This text has been selected because it gives the student an excellent overview of Mexican history and culture as interpreted by one of the world's foremost writers, whose analysis of

Mexican society and United States-Mexican relations has yet to be equalled. It is

suggested that students be required to purchase the text, which is available in a

paperback edition.

B. Suggested Additional Recommended Readings

1. On Pre-Colombian Cultures:

Ignacio Bernal, Mexico Before Cortez. Art, History, Legend. Revised edition. Translated by Willis Barnstone. Garden City, New York: Anchor Books, 1975. This book by the former director of the National Museum of Anthropology is selected because it gives the student a vivid and precise history of the origins and

development of pre-Hispanic Mexican cultures, as well as a description of their remarkable achievements. This book is available in a paperback edition.

Alfonso Caso. The Aztecs. People of the Sun. Translated by Lowell Dunham. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1958. This is a brilliant account of the Aztec people, giving emphasis to their religion, art, and customs. It explains in

simple terms their concept of the world, society, life, and death.

2. On Contemporary Indian Cultures:

Ricardo Pozas. Juan the Chamula. An Ethnological Re-creation of the Life of a Mexican Indian. Translated by Lysander Kemp. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1962. This book is selected because it complements Bernal's study by giving the student a graphic description of life in Mexico among contemporary Indians who find themselves between two cultures. This text is available in a paperback edition.

3. On Colonial Life:

Colin M. MacLachlan and Jaime E. Rodriguez O. The Forging of the Cosmic Race. A Reinterpretation of Colonial Mexico. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980. In this book the authors analyze the evolution of a new mestizo society through an examination of the colonial institutions, economy, and social

organization.

4. On the Mexican Revolution:

Ronald Atkin. Revolution! 1910-20. New York: The John Day Company, 1970. A standard reference work on the armed conflict.

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James W. Wilkie and Albert L. Michaels, eds. Revolution in Mexico: Years of Upheaval 1910-1940. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1969. A rich collection of essays and texts about the Revolution.

George Wolfskill and Douglas W. Richmond, eds. Essays on the Mexican Revolution. Revisionist Views of the Leaders. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979. Essays on Madero, Villa, Carranza, Obregon, and Cardenas.

John Womack, Jr. Zapata and the Mexican Revolution. New York: Vintage Books, 1968. A definitive study of Emiliano Zapata.

5. On Contemporary Mexico:

Pablo Gonzalez Casanova. Democracy in Mexico. Translated by Danielle Salti. Second Edition. New York: Oxford University Press, 1970. This is a standard reference on Mexican politics.

Tommie Sue Montgomery, ed. Mexico Today. Philadelphia: Institute for the Study of Human Issues, 1982. Collection of essays on cultures, the nineteenth century, the Revolution, political parties, the economy, U.S.-Mexican relations, undocumented immigration, and an introduction by Octavio Paz on Mexico and the United States.

L. Vincent Padgett. The Mexican Political System. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1966. A book about several keys to the nature of the Mexican political system.

6. On Intellectual History:

Patrick Romanell. Making of the Mexican Mind. A Study in Recent Mexican

Thought. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1952. First paperback edition, 1967. Examines the philosophies of Antonio Caso, Jose Vasconcelos, and other Mexican thinkers.

It is suggested that these titles be placed on reserve, as they will be needed as reference texts and as aids for writing term papers.

IX. Suggested Method of Evaluating Students and Procedure for Awarding Grades

It is suggested that students be evaluated on the basis of class participation, written assignments, and tests. Grades should be assigned on the basis of a midterm examination, a final examination, and a short term paper (8 to 10 pages) on a topic related to the subject of the course, that is,

Mexican culture. The midterm should consist of some identification items and a limited number

(not more than three) of essay questions. The final should be equally patterned, but with more identifications and essay questions. The term paper should be on a precise topic, so that the student

may be able to cover it adequately in the limited number of pages assigned. A bibliography should be appended.

X. Course Outline

I. The Indigenous Presence: Origins and Development A. Definition and meaning of culture and civilization, in the context of pre-Columbian,

colonial, nineteenth century, and contemporary Mexico. 1. The First Mexicans 2. TheOlmecs 3. Teotihuacan

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4. The Maya 5. Tula and the Toltecs 6. The Aztec Empire

II. Colonial Symbols and Motifs A. The Spanish Conquest

1. Cort6s and Moctezuma 2. The Fall of Tenochtitlan

B. The Colonization 1. The Encomienda System 2. Southwestern Explorers

C. The Spiritual Conquest 1. The Virgin of Guadalupe 2. The Colonial Church 3. Palafox y Mendoza 4. The Inquisition

D. Race and Social Classes 1. TheCriollos 2. The Indians 3. The Mestizos

E. Culture and Daily Life 1. Education 2. The Arts 3. Literature 4. SorJuana

III. The Birth of a Nation A. The Wars of Independence

L Miguel Hidalgo 2. El Grito de Dolores 3. Morelos 4. Iturbide

B. From Empire to Republic 1. Iturbide's Empire 2. The First Republic, 1824-33 3. The Constitution of 1824 4. Guadalupe Victoria, First President

IV. From Santa Anna to Diaz A. The Santa Anna Era

1. The Loss of Texas 2. War with the United States 3. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

B. The Revolution of Ayutla 1. Benito Juarez 2. The Laws of Reform

C. The French Intervention 1. Ignacio Zaragoza 2. El Cinco de Mayo 3. Maximiliano y Carlota 4. The Republic Restored 5. Educational and Social Reforms

D. The Porfiriato 1. Porfirio Diaz Rises to Power 2. Order and Progress 3. Economic Development 4. Dictatorship by Force 5. The Haciendas

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6. The Rurales 7. The Cientfficos 8. Cultural and Intellectual Life

V. The Revolution of 1910-1920 A. The First Phase, 1910-1913

1. Ricardo Flores Magon 2. Francisco I. Madero 3. El Plan de San Luis

B. The Victoriano Huerta Counterrevolution 1. Madero's Assassination 2. Venustiano Carranza 3. Francisco Villa 4. Alvaro Obregon 5. Emiliano Zapata 6. U. S. Intervention 7. Huerta's Defeat 8. The Aguascalientes Convention 9. Eulalio Gutierrez's Presidency

C The Carranza Presidency, 1917-1920 1. The Constitution of 1917 2. Villa's Activities 3. Pershing's Expedition into Mexico 4. Zapata's Death

D. The Obregon Presidency 1. Adolfo de la Huerta 2. The Labor Unions 3. Los Tratados de Bucareli 4. Economic Development 5. Intellectual Life 6. Jose Vasconcelos 7. Educational Reform 8. The Muralistas

VI. Post-Revolutionary Mexico: Social Changes and Upheavals A. The Calles Presidency, 1924-1928

1. Economic Development 2. The Cristero Revolt 3. The Birth of the PRI 4. Constitutional Reforms

B. From Calles to Cardenas 1. Emilio Portes Gil, 1928-1930 2. Pascual Ortiz Rubio, 1930-1932 3. Abelardo Rodriguez, 1932-1934

C. The Cardenas Presidency 1. Land Reform 2. The Oil Wells Expropriation 3. The Spanish Civil War 4. Primer Congreso Indigenista

D. Society and Culture 1. TTie Arts Renaissance 2. Popular Culture 3. The Novel of the Revolution

VII. Contemporary Mexico: 1940 to Present A. Avila Camacho's Presidency, 1940-1946

1. Economic and Industrial Development 2. World War II

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3. The Bracero Program 4. Social Security Established

B. Miguel Aleman's Presidency, 1946-1952 1. Economic Development 2. Tourism 3. La Ciudad Universitaria

C. Adolfo Ruiz Cortines's Presidency, 1952-1958 1. Women's Suffrage 2. Economic Development 3. Military Reform

D. Adolfo Lopez Mateos's Presidency, 1958-1964 1. Economic Development 2. Labor Problems 3. Free Text Books

E. The Gustavo Diaz Ordaz Presidency, 1964-1970 1. The Tlatelolco Massacre 2. The Olympic Games 3. The Building of the Metro

F. The Luis Echeverria Alvarez Presidency, 1970-1976 1. Economic Crisis 2. Mexico and the Third World 3. Social Reforms

G. Jose Lopez Portillo's Presidency L U.S.-Mexico Relations 2. The Economic Crisis 3. The Undocumented Workers Problem

H. The Miguel de la Madrid Presidency, 1928-1988 1. Economic Development 2. Intellectual and Artistic Life

a. OctavioPaz b. Carlos Fuentes c. Tamayo and Cuevas

3. Carlos Salinas de Gortari 4. The 1987 Devaluation of the Peso 5. U.S.-Mexico Economic and Political Relations

Conclusions: Mexican history and its impact on the Mexican population of the United States.

Suggested Assignments and Requirements

A. Required Assignments

It is suggested that the student be required to take a mid-term and final examination and to answer orally a list of study questions related to each of the periods of Mexican history and culture discussed during the course. The student should be encouraged to take notes of the class lectures.

B. Optional Assignments

It is suggested that the student be given the option of doing brief oral reports instead of either the written paper or the mid-term. The students may also do, instead of the oral reports, written reports on the study questions; a review of a book read outside of class; or a review of an aspect of the assigned readings.

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XII. Pedagogical Comments and Advice to Colleagues

The student should be given appropriate guidance on each of the periods to be discussed in class. See the model study questions listed under XV below.

A. The First Mexicans

1. What are the five stages of pre-Hispanic Indian development? 2. When did agriculture appear in Mexico? 3. What characterizes the Formative or Pre-Classic Period? 4. When did ancient Mexican civilization flourish? 5. What are the characteristics of the Classic Period? 6. What are theocratical societies? 7. What were the most important plants cultivated in ancient Mexico? Is any of them in

use today? 8. What social changes were made possible by the introduction of agriculture? 9. What are chinampas?

B. The Olmecs

1. Where did the Olmecs appear? 2. Why is it said that they had a civilization? 3. What type of constructions were found at their ceremonial centers? 4. What features characterize Olmec sculpture? 5. What type of religion did they have? 6. What caused the Olmec civilization to decline?

C. Teotihuacan

1. In the context of ancient Mexico, what is meant by the Golden Age? 2. What made possible the development of precise calendars? 3. What features characterized the civilization of the people of Teotihuacan? 4. Who was Haloc? Why was he important? 5. Who was Quetzalcoatl? 6. What forces caused the fall of Teotihuacan? 7. Why was Cholula famous? 8. What city represented a transition culture? 9. What does ollama mean? 10. Where is Monte Alban and what culture does it represent?

D. The Maya

1. Why were the Maya considered the most brilliant people of the Classic Period? 2. Name some of the Maya cultural centers. 3. What kind of popular arts did the Maya have? 4. Why are the Maya called "the premier scientists of ancient America?" 5. How do the Maya pyramids differ from those of the Teotihuacanos?

E. Tula and the Toltecs

1. Who were the Chichimecas? 2. What was the origin of the Toltecs? 3. Who was Mixcoad? 4. What legend from Tula haunted the Aztecs? 5. Who was Tezcatlipoca? 6. What drink is associated with the history of Tula? 7. What happened in the year Ce Acatl?

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F. The Aztecs

1. What is Aztlan? 2. What god was worshiped by the Aztecs? 3. Why did the Aztecs settle in Tenochtitlan? When? 4. Who was Netzahualcoyotl? 5. With what purpose did the the Aztecs practice human sacrifices? 6. Why is Moctezuma II called "the ill-starred king?" 7. What led to his downfall? 8. What was the nature of the Aztec religion? 9. How can Aztec society be characterized? 10. What was the nature of the Aztec political system? 11. What characteristics are reflected in Aztec art and literature?

G. The Spanish Conquest

1. What motivated Hernan Cortes? 2. How was Cortes received by Moctezuma? 3. What was Dona Marina's role during the Conquest? 4. Why did the Tlaxcalans side with Cortes? 5. What happened at Cholula when Cortes stopped there? 6. What is meant by La Noche Triste? 7. How would you characterize Cuauhtemoc's participation in the defense of

Tenochtitlan?

H. New Spain

1. What was the encomienda system? 2. Why was Cortes discredited? 3. How was New Spain administered? 4. What was the contribution of the friars during the Conquest? 5. Who explored what is now the Southwest of the United States? 6. What characterized Viceroy Mendoza's rule? 7. How did the Virgin of Guadalupe help the spiritual conquest of Mexico? 8. What type of economy did New Spain have? 9. What was the role of the Church during the Colonial period? 10. Why is Palafox y Mendoza remembered? 11. What was the function of the Inquisition? 12. What racial groups predominated in New Spain? 13. What was the nature of education in New Spain? 14. Why do we admire Sor Juana?

I. The Wars of Independence

1. What was the nature of the criollo and clerical discontent? 2. What led Hidalgo and others to fight for independence? 3. What was the contribution of Morelos to the Wars of Independence? 4. What was Iturbide's participation in that event? 5. What did the Plan de Iguala provide? 6. What was the nature of the First Mexican Empire? 7. How can the first Mexican Constitution be described? 8. Who was Guadalupe Victoria?

J. The Age of Santa Anna

1. How did Santa Anna rise to power? 2. What was his legacy? 3. Why did Mexico lose Texas?

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4. What was Santa Anna's participation in the recognition of the Lone Star Republic? 5. What were the causes of the war with Mexico? 6. What were the main provisions of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo? 7. Why was that name given to the Treaty? 8. How can Santa Anna's age be best characterized?

K. The Revolution of Ayutla

1. What is meant by the Revolution of Ayutla? 2. What is the nature of the Reform Laws? 3. How did the Constitution of 1857 differ from that of 1824? 4. What caused the Wars of Reform?

L. The French Intervention

1. What circumstances led to the French intervention? 2. What were the causes of Maximilian's fall? 3. How was Juarez able to restore the Republic? 4. What was the aftermath of the Republican victory? 5. What reforms did Juarez introduce during his third term in office? 6. What educational reforms were introduced? Social reforms? 7. What is El Plan de la Noria? 8. What characterized Lerdo's presidency?

M. The Porfiriato

1. What is meant by El Porfiriato? 2. How did Porfirio Diaz rise to power? 3. What rural and social problems prevailed during Diaz's regime? 4. How did Diaz keep law and order? 5. Who were the cientificos? 6. What was the nature of intellectual life in Mexico during the Porfiriato? 7. What were the contributions of Gabino Barreda?

N. The Revolution

1. Who were some of the early revolutionaries? 2. Why was there labor unrest during the first decade of the century? 3. How did Madero conduct his political activities? 4. What did the Plan de San Luis Potosi provide? 5. Why were there divisions among the revolutionaries? 6. What was Zapata's position? 7. Why did Madero fail as a president? 8. What characterized the Huerta government? 9. Why did the United States intervene? 10. What were the results of the Convention of Aguascalientes? 11. What was Villa's role in the Revolution? 12. What innovations did the Constitution of 1917 introduce?

O. The Carranza and Obregon Presidencies

1. How did Carranza react when the Constitution of 1917 was approved? 2. What was the CROM? 3. What was Zapata's attitude towards Carranza's reforms? 4. Why was Zapata assassinated? 5. What was the impact of the Revolution on the masses? 6. Who were the principal intellectuals of the period? 7. Were they for or against the Revolution?

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8. How did the artist help the revolutionary cause? 9. How did Obregon implement the Constitution? 10. What were Obregon's relations with the United States? 11. Why was Obregon assassinated?

P. Plutarco Elias Calles

1. What kind of domestic program did Calles have? 2. What kind of relations with the United States did his government have? 3. What were the causes of the Cristero Revolt? 4. What is meant by El Maximato?

Q. Lazaro Cardenas

1. How was Cdrdenas able to reach the presidency? 2. What reforms did he introduce? 3. Why did he nationalize the oil wells? 4. Why is it said that Cardenas introduced "a change of orientation?" 5. What was C?rdenas's position regarding the Spanish Civil War? 6. What was his attitude towards the problems faced by the Indians? 7. What was the nature of the arts and literature during his presidency?

R. Mexico from 1940 to 1970

1. What important events took place during the presidency of Avila Camacho? 2. To what extent did Mexico participate in World War II? 3. What change took place in internal development during Avila Camacho's presidency? 4. What were the principal reforms introduced by Miguel Aleman? 5. By Adolfo Ruiz Cortines? 6. By Adolfo Lopez Mateos? 7. What two important events took place during Diaz Ordaz's presidency?

S. Mexico Since 1970

1. What caused the economic crisis during Luis Echeverria's presidency? 2. What was the position of the Mexican government under Echeverria towards the Third

World? 3. What social reforms did Echeverria introduce? 4. What important events took place during the presidency of Lopez Portillo? 5. How was the problem of the undocumented Mexican workers in the United States

treated by the government of Miguel de la Madrid? 6. Who are the intellectual leaders and artists in contemporary Mexico? 7. What is their attitude towards the government? 8. Who is Carlos Salinas de Gortari? 9. What is the state of the relations between Mexico and the United States at present?

Students should be helped to take the midterm and the final examinations by providing them with

samples of such examinations.

To the Student: The samples of the midterm and final examinations that follow are provided to help you prepare to take these examinations. The sample questions found here will be similar to those that will actually be on the test.

Section 1: Midterm. In the midterm there will be a series of names of people, places, etc., that you will be asked to identify briefly. Do not use more than two or three sentences to do so. Then there will be two or three sets of topics out of which you will be asked to write about one topic in each set.

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A. Identify briefly ten (10) of the following:

1. Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz 2. Tlaloc 3. Juan Diego 4. encomienda 5. Jose Vasconcelos 6. Lazaro Cardenas 7. Ignacio Zaragoza 8. Guadalupe Victoria 9. Adolfo de la Huerta 10. Josefa Ortiz de Domfnguez 11. PlandeAyala 12. Tlatelolco 13. Bonampak 14. Guadalupe Hidalgo 15. Jose Clemente Orozco 16. losrurales

B. Write about one of the following topics:

1. The principal contributions of the Toltecs 2. The Aztecs at the time of the Conquest

C. Write about one of the following topics:

1. The criollos and the Independence of Mexico 2. Juarez and the Laws of Reform

D. Write about one of the following topics:

1. Mexico's economic and political situtations during the Porfiriato 2. Arts and letters under Porfirio Diaz

E. Write about one of the following topics:

1. The armed revolt against Porfirio Diaz 2. Huerta's counterrevolution

F. Write about one of the following topics:

1. Mexico's political development since 1940 2. The relations between Mexico and the United States as interpreted by Octavio Paz

XIII. Bibliography

A. Pre-Columbian Mexico

Adams, Richard E. W.,ed. The Origins of Maya Civilization. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1977.

Anton, Ferdinand. Women in Precolumbian America. New York: Abner Schram, 1973. Bernal, Ignacio. The Olmec World. Trans, by Doris Heyden and Fernando Horcasitas.

Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969. Brundage, Burr C. A Rain of Darts: The Mexican Aztecs. Austin: University of Texas

Press, 1972. Burland, Cottie A. The Gods of Mexico. New York: Capricorn Press, 1968.

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Cancian, Frank. Economics and Prestige in a Maya Community. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1965.

Caso, Alfonso. The Aztecs: People of the Sun. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1958.

Chaison, Joanne Danaher. "Mysterious Malinche: A Case of Mistaken Identity." The Americas 32 (1976): 514-23.

Coe, Michael D. The Maya. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1966.

Collis, Maurice. Cortes and Montezuma. London: Faber and Faber, 1954.

Covarrubias, Miguel. Indian Art of Mexico and Central America. New York: Alfred A.

Knopf, 1957. Davis, Nigel. TheToltecs: Until the Fall of Tula. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press,

1977. Diaz del Castillo, Bernal. The True History of the Conquest of New Spain, 1517-1521.

Trans, by A.P. Maudslay. Introd. by Irving Leonard. New York: Farrar, Strauss and

Giroux, 1966. Durfn, Fr. Diego. The Aztecs: The History of the Indians of New Spain. Trans, by Doris

Heyden and Fernando Horcasitas. New York: Orion Press, 1964.

Garibay K., Angel M. Historia de la literatura ndhuatl. 2 vols. Mexico: Editorial Porrua, 1953-1954.

Gates, William. An Outline Dictionary of Maya Glyphs. New York: Dover Publications, 1978.

Gibson, Charles. The Aztecs Under Spanish Rule. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1964.

Gillmor, Frances. Flute of the Smoking Mirror: A Portrait ofNezahualcoyotl. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1949.

Helfritz, Hans. Mexican Cities of the Gods: An Archeological Guide. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1970.

Keen, Benjamin. The Aztec Image in Western Thought. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1971.

Leon-Portilla, Miguel. Thought and Culture: A Study of the Ancient Nahuatl Mind. Trans.

by Jack Davis. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1963. _. Pre-Columbian Literatures of Mexico. Trans, by Grace Lovanov and the author.

Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1969. _. The Broken Spears: The Aztec Account of the Conquest of Mexico. Trans, by

Lysander Kemp. Boston: Beacon Press, 1972. Nicholson, Irene. Firefly in the Night: A Study of Ancient Mexican Poetry and Symbolism.

London: Faber and Faber, 1959. Padden, Robert C. The Hummingbird and the Hawk: Conquest and Sovereignty in the Valley

of Mexico, 1503-1541. New York: Harper, 1970. Sejourne, Laurette. Burning Water: Thought and Religion in Ancient Mexico. New York:

Grove Press, 1960. Sodi M., Demetrio. La literatura de los mayas. Mexico, Joaquin Mortiz, 1964. Vaillant, George. The Aztecs of Mexico: Origin, Rise, and Fall of the Aztec Nation. Garden

City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1962. Von Hagen, Victor W. World of the Maya. New York: Mentor, 1960. Westheim, Paul. The Sculpture of Ancient Mexico. Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Books,

1963. Whitecotton, Joseph W. TheZapotecs: Princes, Priests and Peasants. Norman: University

of Oklahoma Press, 1977. Wicke, Charles R. Olmec: An Early Art Style of Precolumbian Mexico. Tucson: University

of Arizona Press, 1971.

B. New Spain

Anderson, Arthur, et al., eds. Beyond the Codices: The Nahua View of Colonial Mexico. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973.

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Bannon, John F. The Spanish Borderland Frontier, 1513-1821. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970.

Benitez, Fernando. The Century After Cortes. Trans, by Joan MacLean. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965.

Chevalier, Francois. Land and Society in Colonial Mexico: The Great Hacienda. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1963.

Frank, Andre Gunder. Mexican Agriculture, 1521-1630: Transformation of the Mode of Production. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1979.

Hanke, Lewis. Bartolome de las Casas: Bookman, Scholar, and Propagandist. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 1952.

Israel, J. I. Race, Class, and Politics in Colonial Mexico, 1610-1670. London: Oxford

University Press, 1975.

Lafaye, Jacques. Quetzalcoatl and Guadalupe: The Formation of Mexican National Consciousness, 1531-1813. Trans, by Benjamin Keen, Introd. by Octavio Paz. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976.

Leonard, Irving. Baroque Times in Old Mexico: Seventeenth Century Persons, Places, and Practices. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1971.

Liss, Peggy Korn. Mexico under Spain, 1521-1556: Society and Origins of Nationality. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1975.

McAndrews, John. The Open-Air Churches of Sixteenth-Century Mexico. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1965.

Palmer, Colin A. Slaves of the White God: Blacks in Mexico. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976.

Reyes, Alfonso. Letras de la Nueva Espana. Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Economica, 1948. Ricard, Robert. The Spiritual Conquest of Mexico. Berkeley: University of California Press,

1966. Robertson, Donald. Mexican Manuscript Painting of the Early Colonial Period. New Haven:

Yale University Press, 1959. Roman, Charles E. Francisco Javier Clavijero: His Life and Works. Chicago: Loyola


Simpson, Lesley B. The Encomienda in New Spain. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1960.

Toussaint, Manuel. Colonial Art in Mexico. Trans, by Elizabeth W. Weismann. Austin:

University of Texas Press, 1967. White, Jon Manchip. Cortes and the Downfall of the Aztec Empire. New York: St. Martin's

Press, 1971.

C. Political Independence

Almaraz, Felix D. Tragic Cavalier: Governor Manuel Salcedo of Texas, 1808-1813. Austin:

University of Texas Press, 1971. Fisher, Lillian Estelle. The Background of the Revolution for Mexican Independence.

Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1966. Flores Caballero, Romero. Counterrevolution: The Role of the Spaniards in the

Independence of Mexico. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1974. Hale, Charles A. Mexican Liberalism in the Age of Mora, 1821-1853. New Haven: Yale

University Press, 1968. Ladd, Doris M. The Mexican Nobility at Independence, 1780-1826. Austin: University of

Texas Press, 1976. Lieberman, Mark. Hidalgo: Mexican Revolutionary. New York: Frederick A. Praeger,

1970. Lombardini, John V. The Political Ideology of Fray Servando Teresa de Mier, Propagandist

for Independence. Cuernavaca: Centro Intercultural de Documentacion, 1968. Robertson, William S. Iturbide of Mexico. Durham: Duke University Press, 1952. Timmons, Wilbert H. Morelos: Priest, Soldier, Statesman of Mexico. El Paso: Texas

Western College Press, 1963.

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D. From Santa Anna to Diaz

Barker, Nancy Nichols. The French Experience in Mexico, 1821-1861: A History of Constant Misunderstanding. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1979.

Beals, Carleton. Porfirio Diaz: Dictator of Mexico. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1932. Calderon de la Barca, Fanny. Life in Mexico: The Letters of Fanny Calderon de la Barca.

Edited by Howard T. Fisher and Marion Hall Fisher. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1970.

Castaneda, Carlos E., ed. and trans. The Mexican Side of the Texas Revolution. Dallas: P.L Turner, 1928.

Cosfo Villegas, Daniel. The United States versus Porfirio Diaz. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1963.

Hale, Charles A. Mexican Liberalism in the Age of Mora, 1821-1853. New Haven: Yale

University Press, 1968. Johnson, Richard A. The Mexican Revolution of Ayutla. Rock Island, 111.: Augustana

College Library, 1939. Jones, Oakah L., Jr. Santa Anna. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1968.

Knapp, Frank A. The Life of Sebastian Lerdo de Tejeda: A Study of Influence and Obscurity Austin: University of Texas Press, 1951.

Lopez de Santa Anna, Antonio. The Eagle: The Autobiography of Santa Anna. Edited by Ann Fears Crawford, trans, by Sam Guyler and Jaime Platon. Austin: Pemberton Press, 1967.

Pletcher, David M. The Diplomacy of Annexation: Texas, Oregon, and the Mexican War. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1973.

Read, John Lloyd. The Mexican Historical Novel, 1826-1910. New York: Instituto de las

Espanas, 1939. Roeder, Ralph. Juarez and His Mexico. 2vols. New York: Viking Press, 1947. Ruiz, Ramon Eduardo. The Mexican War: Was It Manifest Destiny? New York: Holt,

Rinehart and Winston, 1963. Scholes, Walter V. Mexican Politics During the Juarez Regime, 1855-1872. Columbia:

University of Missouri Press, 1957. Sierra, Justo. The Political Evolution of the Mexican People. Trans, by Charles Ramsdell.

Austin: University of Texas Press, 1969.

Singletary, Otis. The Mexican War. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960. Sinkin, Richard N. The Mexican Reform, 1855-1876: A Study in Liberal Nation Building.

Austin: Institute of Latin American Studies, 1979. Smart, Charles Allen. /Viva Juarez! London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1964.

Warner, Ralph E. HistoriadelanovelamexicanaenelsigloXIX. Mexico: Antigua Librena Robredo, 1953.

E. Revolutionary and Post-Revolutionary Mexico (1910-1940)

Bailey, David C. Viva Cristo Rey: The Cristero Rebellion and the Church-State Conflict in Mexico. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1974.

Brown, Lyle C. The Mexican Liberals and Their Struggle Against the Diaz Dictatorship, 1900-1906. Mexico: Mexico City College Press, 1956.

Chariot, Jean. The Mexican Mural Renaissance, 1920-1925. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1967.

Cockcroft, James D. Intellectual Precursors of the Mexican Revolution, 1900-1913. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1968.

Cumberland, Charles. Mexican Revolution: Genesis under Madero. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1952.

Guzman, Martin Luis. Memoirs ofPancho Villa. Trans, by Virginia H. Taylor. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1965.

_. The Eagle and the Serpent. Trans, by Harriet de Onis. Gloucester: Peter Smith, 1969.

Haddox, John H. Vasconcelos of Mexico. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1967.

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Hall, Linda. Alvaro Obregon: Power and Revolution in Mexico, 1911-1920. College Station: Texas A and M University Press, 1981.

Henderson, Peter V. N. Felix Diaz, The Porfirians and the Mexican Revolution. Lincoln:

University of Nebraska Press, 1981. Johnson, William Weber. Heroic Mexico: The Violent Emergence of a Modern Nation.

Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday and Company, 1968.

Lopez y Fuentes, Gregorio. El indio. Mexico: Ediciones Botas, 1935. Quirk, Robert E. An Affair of Honor: Woodrow Wilson and the Occupation ofVeracruz.

New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1967. _.The Mexican Revolution, 1914-1915: The Convention of Aguascalientes. New

York: Citadel Press, 1963. Raat, W. Dirk. Mexico's Rebels in the United States, 1903-1923. College Station: Texas

A and M University Press, 1981. Reed, John. Insurgent Mexico. New York: International Publishers, 1969. Robe, Stanley L. Azuela and the Mexican Underdogs. Berkeley: University of California

Press, 1979. Ross, Stanley R. Francisco I. Madero, Apostle of Mexican Democracy. New York:

Columbia University Press, 1955. Rutherford, John. Mexican Society During the Revolution: A Literary Approach. New York:

Clarendon Press, 1971. Sanchez, George I. Mexico: A Revolution by Education. Foreword by Rafael Ramirez. New

York: The Viking Press, 1936. Schmidt, Henry C. The Roots ofLo Mexicano: Self and Society in Mexican Thought,

1900-1934. College Station: Texas A and M University Press, 1978.

Siqueiros, David Alfaro. Art and Revolution. London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1975. Skirius, John. Jose Vasconcelosy la cruzadade 1929. Mexico: Siglo Veintiuno Editores,

1978. Tannenbaum, Frank. Peace by Revolution: Mexico after 1910. New York: Columbia

University Press, 1966. Townsend, William Cameron. Ldzaro Cdrdenas: Mexican Democrat. Ann Arbor: George

Wahr Publishing Company, 1952. Tuck, Jim. Pancho Villa and John Reed: Two Faces of Romantic Revolution. Tucson:

University of Arizona Press, 1984.

Tyler, Ron, ed. Posada's Mexico. Washington: Library of Congress, 1979. Vasconcelos, Jose. A Mexican Ulysses: An Autobiography. Trans, by William Rex

Crawford. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1963. Wolfe, Bertram D. The Fabulous Life of Diego Rivera. New York: Stein and Day, 1969. Womack, John, Jr. Zapata and the Mexican Revolution. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1968.

F. Contemporary Mexico: 1940

Baird, Peter, and Ed McCaughan. Beyond the Border: Mexico and the United States Today. New York: North American Congress on Latin America, 1979.

Brandenburg, Frank. The Making of Modern Mexico. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1964.

Brenner, Anita. Idols Behind Altars: The Story of the Mexican Spirit. Boston: Beacon Press, 1970.

Brushwood, John S. Mexico in Its Novel: A Nation in Search of Identity. Austin: Texas


Caponigri, A. Robert, trans. Mexican Trends in Mexican Philosophy. Notre Dame, Indiana:

University of Notre Dame Press, 1966. Cline, Howard. Mexico: Revolution to Education, 1940-1960. New York: Oxford

University Press, 1963. Fernandez, Justino. A Guide to Mexican Art: From Its Beginnings to the Present. Chicago:

University of Chicago Press, 1969. Fuentes, Carlos. The Death of Artemio Cruz. Trans, by Sam Hileman. New York: Noonday

Press, 1966.

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_. Where the Air Is Clear. Trans, by Sam Hileman. New York: Ivan

Obolensky, 1960.

Gandy, Ross, and Donald Hodges. Mexico, 1910-1976: Reform or Revolution? London: Zed Press, 1980.

Galarza, Ernesto. Merchants of Labor: The Mexican Bracero Story. San Jose, CaL: Rosicrusian Press, 1964.

Gonzalez Casanova, Pablo. Democracy in Mexico. New York: Oxford University Press, 1970.

Johnson, Kenneth F. Mexican Democracy: A Critical View. New York: Praeger, 1978. Koslow, Lawrence E., ed. The Future of Mexico. Tempe: Arizona State University Press,

1977. Lanford, Walter M. The Mexican Novel Comes of Age. Notre Dame, Indiana: University of

Notre Dame Press, 1971. Lewis, Oscar. Five Families. New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1959.

Lipp, Solomon. Leopoldo Zea: From Mexicanidad to a Philosophy of History. Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1980.

McWilliams, Carey. North from Mexico: The Spanish-Speaking People of the United States. New York: Greenwood Press, 1968.

Padgett, L. Vincent. The Mexican Political System. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1966.

Paz, Octavio. The Labyrinth of Solitude; The Other Mexico; Return to the Labyrinth of Solitude; Mexico and the United States; The Philanthropic Ogre. Trans, by Lysander Kemp. New York: Grove Press, 1985.

Poniatowska, Elena. Massacre in Mexico. New York: Viking Press, 1975. Reed, Alma. Orozco. New York: Oxford University Press, 1956. Rojas, Pedro. The Art and Architecture of Mexico, from 10,000 B.C. to the Present.

Reltham, Middlesex: Hamlyn Publishing Group, 1968. Ross, Stanley R., ed. Is the Mexican Revolution Dead? New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1966. Sanders, Thomas G. Mexico in the 70s. Hanover, N.H.: American University Field Staff,

1976. Scott, Robert E. Mexican Government in Transition. Urbana: University of Illinois Press,

1959.

Shapira, Yoram. Mexican Foreign Policy Under Echevema. Beverly Hills, CaL: Sage Publications, 1978.

Simmons, Merle E. The Mexican Corrido as a Source for Interpretive Study of Modern Mexico (1870-1950). Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1957.

Smith, Bradley. Mexico: A History in Art. Garden City, N.J.: Doubleday and Company, 1968.

Sommers, Joseph. After the Storm: Landmarks of the Modern Mexican Novel. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1968.

Stevens, Evelyn P. Protest and Response in Mexico. Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, 1974.

Stevenson, Robert. Music in Mexico: A Historical Survey. New York: Thomas C. Crown well, 1971.

Wilkie, James W. et al., eds. Contemporary Mexico. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976.

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Curriculum Resources in Chicano Studies: Undergraduate and Graduate || The Mexican Cultural Heritage...

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