Current status of wheat research and production in Nigeria - implications for food security
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Transcript of Current status of wheat research and production in Nigeria - implications for food security
CURRENT STATUS OF
WHEAT RESEACH AND
PRODUCTION IN NIGERIA
– IMPLICATIONS FOR
FOOD SECURITY
BY
M. D. MAGAJI,
B. Y. ABUBAKAR AND
O.G. OLABANJI
Introduction In Nigeria, wheat cultivation dates back to the
16th century, when wheat was cultivated on
small plots and pockets of inland valley soils
(fadama), using local cultivars that were tall
(1.2m), late maturing (150 DAS) and low
yielding (300 – 600 kg/ha).
Wheat is presently produced commercially in
Nigeria under irrigation conditions within
latitudes 10o – 14oN where night temperatures
during most of the growing period (November –
March) range from 15oC to 20oC M A G A J I E T A L . , 2 0 1 2 2
INTRODUCTION
The mean maximum temperature
ranges from 30o to 35oC during the
growing period of November to
March each year.
The wheat areas cover mainly
Sudan/Sahelian zones of Borno,
Yobe, Bauchi, Jigawa, Kano,
Zamfara, Katsina , Sokoto, Kebbi
and Adamawa States M A G A J I E T A L . , 2 0 1 2 3
POLITICAL MAP OF NIGERIA
M A G A J I E T A L . , 2 0 1 2 4
ectects
To increase wheat Production, there is the need to expand
areas under production and increase the yield of varieties
through breeding and management
Other potential avenue for increasing the area under wheat
production is production under rain-fed conditions on the
highland areas of the Country: Mambila-Plateau in
Taraba, Jos- Plateau in Plateau and Obudu in Cross
Rivers States, respectively.
• Rain-fed wheat on the highlands of Nigeria could increase
the much desired output as well as reduce production cost
to a greater extent and shorten the breeding cycle for
developing irrigated wheat varieties as two or more crops
can be grown annually under irrigated and rain fed
conditions.
M A G A J I E T A L . , 2 0 1 2 5
In s
Despite of the bright prospects and enormous potential of
wheat production in Nigeria, there are challenges such as,
changes in agricultural policies by different regimes, poor
marketing channels and inadequate remuneration to
farmers for their produce.
The first major government intervention in Nigeria’s
agricultural development was in 1959 when irrigation
schemes were developed in the Northern parts of the
country, which attracted appreciable number of farmers to
start to grow wheat on any scale; and scientists to develop
improved wheat varieties that are short, early maturing,
high yielding and of good bread-baking qualities to cope
with increasing local demand.
M A G A J I E T A L . , 2 0 1 2 6
Between 1971 and 1981, agricultural import bills, including
those of wheat increased 13-fold from US $192 million to
US $450 million.
Decline in wheat importation began in 1987 when
Government launched Accelerated Wheat Production
Programme (AWPP) in order to stimulate local production
and encourage backward integration, which gradually led
to outright ban on importation of wheat into the Country.
With the lifting of the ban on importation of wheat in 1993,
the production figures declined to 50,000 tones from a total
area of 40,000 hectares.
M A G A J I E T A L . , 2 0 1 2 7
Economic Importance of Wheat
Wheat in Nigeria is mainly used for bakery and confectionery; it is also
used for domestic pastries and local dishes. Wheat meals are recently
gaining popularity in our restaurants. Recently, Nigerian grown wheat
is being imported by its neighboring countries of Cameroun and Chad
as cash crop.
Since the ban on wheat importation in 1987, production figures
and area planted with wheat increased considerably.
During this period, wheat production increased from 400, 000 to 600,
000 tones of from 215, 000 hectares.
The estimated local demand for wheat stands at about 3.7 million
metric tones annually, while its current annual production ranges from
50, 000 – 60, 000 metric tones.
M A G A J I E T A L . , 2 0 1 2 8
RESEARCH FOR DEVELOPMENT
• Some of the challenges confronting wheat
production in Nigeria are :
• Development of heat tolerant wheat
varieties that are high yielding
• Development of rain-fed wheat cultivars
that are tolerant/resistant to high
temperatures, humidity, pests and
diseases
• The promotion of wheat as a staple food
and market outlets for surplus produce. M A G A J I E T A L . , 2 0 1 2 9
Wheat research dates back to 1959, when
local germplasm materials were collected by
scientists .
These materials were evaluated and some
promising lines identified.
Introductions from CIMMYT were found to
be more promising than the local cultivars
as they matured early, were short in stature
and yielded higher (Table 1).
M A G A J I E T A L . , 2 0 1 2 10
TABLE1: WHEAT VARIETIES RELEASED AND REGISTERED
IN NIGERIA
Name of Variety Original Name Origin/Sourc
e
Developing
Institution
Outstanding
Characteristics
Year of
Release
SAM-WHIT-1 TOUSSON CIMMYT,
Mexico
I.A.R., Zaria Wide adaptability & High
yield.
1965
SAM-WHIT-2 Florence Aurore 8193 - Do - - Do - High yield and good bread
making qualities. 1965
SAM-WHIT-3 Sonora-9.63 - Do - - Do - Good grain qualities and bread
making qualities. 1971
SAM-WHIT-4 LEEX (GB-55) - Do - - Do - High yielding, good bread
making qualities 1971
SAM-WHIT-5 Siette Cerros - Do - - Do - High yielding, general
adaptability. 1975
SAMWHIT-6 PAVON - Do_ -Do- High yield anfd quality 1976
LACRI-WHIT-1 SERI M82 - Do - LCRI, Maiduguri High yielding and good baking
quality. 1997
LACRI-WHIT-2 CEttia - Do - - Do - Early maturing, heat tolerant,
high yielding and good baking
quality.
2005
LACRI-WHIT-3 Linfen - Do - - Do - High yielding, golden yellow
grain 2005
LACRI-WHIT-4 Atilla /Gan/ Atilla - Do - - Do - Medium maturity, heat
tolerant, high yielding and
good bread making quality
2008
M A G A J I E T A L . , 2 0 1 2 11
Lake Chad Research Institute, in
collaboration with CIMMYT has
developed and released improved
wheat varieties that are early
maturing, heat tolerant, high
yielding and better bread baking
qualities (Table 2).
M A G A J I E T A L . , 2 0 1 2 12
ACHIEVEMENTS AND CONTRIBUTION TO NATIONAL ECONOMY
Serial
No
Crop & Name Year of
release
Yield potential
(t/ha)
Adoption rate
(%)
Wheat
1 LACRIWHT-1 (Seri-M82) 1997 3.0 45
2 LACRIWHT-2 (Cettia) 2005 4.0 40
3 LACRIWHT-3 Linfen) 2005 4.0 35
4 LACRIWHT-4 (Atilla-Gan-
Attila)
2008 4.5 50
5 Rainfed Wheat (YD’S’) Proposed 2012 2.5
M A G A J I E T A L . , 2 0 1 2 13
COLLABORATORS
• CIMMYT: Wheat Germplasm exchange
• ICARDA : Barley Germplasm exchange
• ICRISAT: Pearl Millet Germplasm Exchange and
Capacity Building
• NARIs: IAR, NSPRI, IAR&T: Conduct and
supervise multi-locational research projects.
• ADPs/CBARDP: Extension services delivery
• Universities: Conduct and supervise multi-locational
research
• NACGRAB: Registration and release of new
varieties.
M A G A J I E T A L . , 2 0 1 2 14
CETTIA SERI M82
SERI M 82 CETTIA ATILLA GAN ATILLA
M A G A J I E T A L . , 2 0 1 2 15
WHEAT PRODUCTION TREND
Periods Areas cultivated
(ha)
Yield
(kg/ha)
Total production
(MT)
Consumption
(MT)
Early
2000BC
Small plots of
Fadama
300-600
< 1987 25,000 2000 50,000
1988-92 215,000 2700 400,000-600,000
2005 70,000 1250 85,000
2006 63,000 1130 71,000
2007 40,000 1250 50,000 3.7 million
Source FAO 2006 & USDA 2007
Periods Areas cultivated
(ha)
Yield
(kg/ha)
Total production
(MT)
Consumption
(MT)
Early
2000BC
Small plots of
Fadama
300-600
< 1987 25,000 2000 50,000
1988-92 215,000 2700 400,000-600,000
2005 70,000 1250 85,000
2006 63,000 1130 71,000
2007 40,000 1250 50,000 3.7 million
M A G A J I E T A L . , 2 0 1 2 16
M A G A J I E T A L . , 2 0 1 2 17
AVAILABLE TRANSFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES
Serial
No
Crop & Name Yield potential (t/ha)
Wheat
1 LACRIWHT-4 (Atilla-Gan-Attila) 4.5
2 Borlogue 5
Pearl millet
3 LCICMV-3 (SUPERSOSAT) 4.0
4 LCICMH-1 (Hybrid) 4.5
Sorghum
5 Hybrid 3.8
Crop & Name Yield
potential (t/ha)
Wheat 1
LACRIWHT-4
(Atilla-Gan-Attila)
4.5
2
Norman 4.0
M A G A J I E T A L . , 2 0 1 2 18
TRANSFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES
Management practices that
ensures efficient use of water
for irrigation
Measures that mitigate the effects
of heat stress
Evaluation of more heat tolerant
germplasm
M A G A J I E T A L . , 2 0 1 2 19
INPUTS REQUIRED TO ACHIEVE PRODUCTION TARGETS
Land : Expand existing hectarage
Adequate supply of improved quality seeds
Provision of sufficient and quality inorganic and
organic fertilizers
Rapid expansion of irrigation facilities and
resuscitating of existing ones for irrigated crops
Provision of marketing corporations to support
value chains M A G A J I E T A L . , 2 0 1 2 20
SEED PRODUCTION
Lake Chad Research Institute produces high
quality breeder and foundation seeds for seed
companies, state agricultural development
projects (ADPs) and lead farmers, who
produce certified seeds for farmers.
In 2011 and 2012 cropping seasons, about 3
and 7.5 metric tones of breeder and
foundation seeds of wheat were produced,
respectively.
M A G A J I E T A L . , 2 0 1 2 21
EXTENSION SERVICE DELIVERY
• Research-Extension-Farmer-Inputs-Linkage-System (REFILS) provides a platform for linkages among researchers, extension workers, farmers and service providers;
• Agricultural Research Outreach Centres (AROC) is an adopted village concept that aims at strengthening linkages between researchers and their immediate farming communities.
M A G A J I E T A L . , 2 0 1 2 22
The Institute also disseminates its
developed technologies through
annual training, annual research
review and planning meetings.,
radio and television broadcasts,
publication of extension guides,
and bulletins for farmers,
developers and NGOs. M A G A J I E T A L . , 2 0 1 2 23
CHALLENGES
• In spite of the prospects and enormous potentials for wheat production in Nigeria, challenges militating against increased local production for food security are as follows:
• Weak research-extension-farmer linkage system (REFILS) to improve farmers technologies in the agronomy of wheat production.
• Inadequate skill on the use of biotechnological tools for development of improved wheat varieties tolerant to heat, biotic and abiotic stresses.
• Inadequate high yielding heat tolerant varieties
• Inadequate water and inputs management
• Weak training programme for extension agents and farmer which results in application of low level of the technology at farmers level.
M A G A J I E T A L . , 2 0 1 2 24
• Inadequate supply of good quality seeds.
Poor market arrangement and remuneration to
farmers in Nigeria.
• Policy impediments that undermine adoption of
new technologies.
• Lack of micro credit facilities to the farmers
frustrates timely field operations and procurement
of necessary inputs.
• Inadequate farm equipments notably tractor and
combine harvester.
M A G A J I E T A L . , 2 0 1 2 25
Policy Issues •Nigeria requires 3.7 million metric tons of wheat
annually and spends about 635 billion Naira (USD
3.91 Billion ) annually, amounting to about 1.7 billion
Naira daily to import the commodity. Yet, current
local production stands at a meager 50, 000 - 60,
000 metric tones. Consequently, Nigeria is the
world’s largest importer of all classes of U.S. wheat.
•In the short run, Government has put legislation in
place to replace 20% of wheat flour by good quality
cassava flour for bread-baking, thus saving the
country’s foreign exchange by N127 billion annually,
hoping to increase the percentage substitution to
40%, saving up to N354 Billion/annum.
M A G A J I E T A L . , 2 0 1 2 26
•In the long run, Government has made
wheat production one of her priority crops
in its Agricultural Transformation Agenda
(ATA). Effective from 2013, Government
intended to support wheat production and
its value-chain.
Imposition of tariff on wheat importation
by 5% (about N32 Billion),
•As part of the Government’s efforts, the
Research – Extension – Farmer – Input-
Linkage - System (REFILS) shall be
strengthened to improve farmers’
technologies in wheat production.
M A G A J I E T A L . , 2 0 1 2 27
CONCLUSION
• There is great potential for irrigated and rain-fed wheat production in Nigeria, but particularly for the former.
• A large number of wheat lines obtained from CIMMYT is being evaluated to identify adaptable materials.
• Studies on enhancement of wheat production through improved technology development and impacts of innovations on livelihood is currently under way.
• This will not only increase the total wheat output in the country but will enhance national food and nutritional security and generate employment.
M A G A J I E T A L . , 2 0 1 2 28
THANK YOU
M A G A J I E T A L . , 2 0 1 2 29