COURSE SEMINAR

on

By

Pradeep Yadav

Id. No. A- 7535/13

DEPARTMENT OF GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING

NARENDRA DEVA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE & TECHNOLOGY

KUMARGANJ, FAIZABAD -224229(U.P.)

Chairman – Dr. Kalpana Srivastava

Professor/ H.O.D GPB

Major Advisor - Dr. Rajesh Kumar

Assot. Professor/Pulses Breeder

“Current status and future prospects of mungbean research

in India”

HIGHLIGHTS

Introduction

Floral Biology

Nutritional value of mungbean

Area, Production and productivity

Status of mungbean

Mungbean Varieties (released)

Varietal description

Research Centers in India

Breeding Objectives

Recommendation for Strengthening Mungbean Breeding programme

Achievements

Major Concern & Strategy

Uses

Future prospects

Conclusion

References

Mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek), is also known as green gram.

It is one of the important pulse crops of India. India alone accounts for 65% of its world

acreage and 54% of the production.

Mungbean (2n=2x=22) belongs to the family Leguminocae and subfamily fabaceae and botanically

recognized as Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek.

Vigna radiata var. sublobata is the probable progenitor of mungbean. It is essentially a self-pollinated

crop.

It is an important grain legume crop, grown mainly in South Asian countries, which offers many

nutritional and economic benefits.

In India it is predominantly grown in the states of Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Rajasthan,

Tamil Nadu, Bihar, Utter Pradesh etc.

The genus Vigna has been broadened to include about 150 species; twenty-two species are native to India

and sixteen to Southeast Asia, but the largest number of species are found in Africa (Polhill and van der

Maesen, 1985).

INTRODUCTION

CONT....

It’s low requirement of inputs and its ability to restore soil fertility through symbiotic

nitrogen fixation make it particularly important to resource poor farmers (Ali et al.,

2012).

It is an ancient and well known leguminous crop of Asia, on account of its

nutritional quality and the suitability to cropping system.

It is a good source of vitamin C (8 mg per 100 g), can be produced year-round at

home.

It supplies a substantial quantity of easily digestible protein (25%) to the cereal-

based diet of rural households.

Mungbean is one of the crops that can be targeted for improvement of

micronutrient content.

It is grown generally in all three season kharif ,rabi and zaid.

FLORAL BIOLOGY

Inflorescence: Racemose, bears 10-25 flowers.

Flowers: Greenish to bright yellow with a gray tinged keel, 1-1.

Calyx: 5 sepals more or less united in a tube and persistent,

aestivation imbricates.

Corolla: 5 petals, papilionaceous

Androecium: 10 stamens, diadelphous, usually (9)+1.

Gynaecium: Monocarpellary ;ovary superior, unilocular ;ovules

numerous; marginal placentation; style and stigma simple.

Fruit: Pod.

Seed: Small, slightly flattened, globular with green, yellow,

tawny brown, black.

Inflorescence

Reproductive organs

Gynoecium

NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF MUNGBEAN

Mature seeds, raw

Nutritional value per 100 g

Energy 1,452 kJ (347 kcal)

Carbohydrates 62.62 g

Sugars 6.6 g

Fiber 16.3 g

Fat 1.15 g

Protein 23.86 g

Starch 46-54 %

Trace metals

Calcium(13%) 132 mg

Iron(52%) 6.74 mg

Magnesium(53%) 189 mg

Manganese(49%) 1.035 mg

Phosphorus(52%) 367 mg

Potassium(27%) 1246 mg

Zinc(28%) 2.68 mg

In India the mungbean crop is grown in an area of about 3.43 million hectares with

the total production of 0.946 millions tones of grain (Anonymous 2013).

Uttar Pradesh covering an area of 0.077 million hectare with a total production of

0.201 million tones and the average productivity of 584 kg/ha.

The important mungbean growing states are Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Madhya

Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Odisha, Bihar, and annual

production of mungbean is about 1.8 million tons (Soren et. al. 2012).

Area, Production and Productivity

MUNGBEAN GROWING ZONES

Zones Area covered

Northern Hills Zone (NHZ) Himachal Pradesh, j& k, Hills of Uttarakhand and

NEH state

North Western Plains Zone

(NWPZ)

Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Delhi, West U P Plans

of Uttarakhand

North Eastern Plains Zone

(NEPZ)

East U P, Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Assam

Central Zone (CZ) MP, Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat,

Bundelkhand region of U.P.

Southern Zones (SZ) Andhra Pradesh, Karnatak, Tamli Nadu, Odisha

North Eastern Hills Zones Imphal, Tripura and A.D. Nagar

Tarai

Central Western

Semi Arid Plain

Western Plain

Central Plain

Central Plain

Bundelkhand

Eastern Plain

Northern Eastern

Plain

Vindhyan

ZONE-WISE CONTRIBUTION OF MUNGBEAN

0% 1%1%

8%

19%

69%

0%2% 0%

Tarai

W P

M W P

S W P

C P

Bundelkhand

N E P

E P

Vindhyan

Total Production in 2012-13 - 19457 MT

Mungbean is grown on about 3.43 mha in thecountry mainly in Rajasthan, Maharashtra,Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Odisha, UttarPradesh and Bihar.

A phenomenal increase in area, production andproductivity as occurred since 1964-65.

The area has increased from 1.99 mha in1964-65 to 3.43 mha in 2012-13.

The production has increased from 0.60million tonnes to 1.71 million tonnes.

Status of mungbean

S.

No.

Name of

variety

Centre

Responsible

for

developing

Year of

release

Average

yield

q/ha

Special attributes Area

of

Adapt

atio

1. PDM 11 IIPR, Kanpur 1987 8.33 Res. To MYMV,Plant

eract bushy, Spring

Season

CZ

2. Narendra

Mung-1

NDUA&T,

Faizbad

1992 10.0 Res. To

MYMV,suitable to

kharif & Spring

UP

3. Jawahar Mung

721

JNKVV, Indore 1995 12.4 Tol. to

PM

MP

4. PDM 84-178 IIPR/Kathalgeri 1996 8.1 Tol. to

MYMV &

PM

AP

5. SML 134 PAU, Ludhiana 1996 11.0 Tol. to

MYMV

Panjab

6. Pant Moong 4

(UPM 92-1)

Pantnagar 1997 7.1 Res. To

MYMV,suitable to

kharif

NEPZ

7. HUM 1

(Malviya jyoti)

BHU, Varanasi 1999 9.4 Res. To

MYMV,suitable to

kharif

CZ&

SZ

8. Pusa 9531 IARI, New Delhi 2000 9.0 Res,. To CZ

9 Pusa Vishal IARI, New Delhi 2000 11.0 Res. To MYMV, summer

season

NWPZ

10 Ganga 8 ARS,

Sriganganagar

2001 9.2 Mod. Res. to MYMV,CLS NWPZ

11 OUM 11-5 OUAT,

Berhampur

2002 7.3 Mod. Res. PM,MYMV,CLS SZ

12 HUM 2 BHU, Varanasi 2000 10.5 Mod. Res. To MYMV,

spring/summer

U P& Utaranchal

13. HUM 6 BHU, Varanasi 2001 10.0 Mod. Res. To MYMV, spring

season

UP

14 HUM 12 BHU, Varanasi 2003 11.2 Mod. Res. To MYMV,CLS,

summer season

NEPZ

15 SML 668 PAU, Ludhiana 2002 11.3 Tol. To MYMV, spring/summer Panjab

16 TMB 37 BARC, Mumbai 2005 11.0 Mod. Res,. to YMV NEPZ

17 CO 6 TNAU,

Coimbatore

1999 10.0 Res,. To

MYMV, CLS

TN

18 COGG 912 TNAU,

Coimbatore

2005 8.0 Res,. To

MYMV, CLS

SZ

19 MH 2-15

(Sattaya)

Hisar 2007 10.55 Res,. To

MYMV,CLS

NWPZ

20 Pant Mung 6 GBPUA&T,Pa

ntnagar

2007 10.52 Res,. to

MYMV,CLS,B

LS and Leaf

Crinckle.

NHZ

21 PKV AKM 4 PKV ,, Akola 2009 10.0 Res. To

MYMV

NHZ

22 Pusa 0672 IARI, New

Delhi

2009 10.0 Res. to

MYMV

NHZ For

Kharif

season

NHZ

23 IPM 02-14 IIPR, Kanpur 2010 11.0 Res. to

MYMV

SZ

Narendra Mung-1

Mungbean variety developed through pedigree selection from cross G. 65 x 4 UPM-70-3-4.

The variety matures in 65-70 days with yield potential of 12-15 q/ha.

It is resistant to YMV.

Plant erect, bushy, medium tall, remain green at maturity, seed shining green, medium bold

(3.2 g/100 seed), suitable for Kharif and summer season,

Narendra Mung-2 (NDM 97-1)

Mungbean variety developed through pedigree selection method.

The variety matures in 65-70 days with yield potential of 14-16 q/ha. It is resistant to YMV,

CLS and other diseases of NEPZ.

Plant semi erect, medium tall, remain green at maturity, seed shining green, medium bold

(3.1 g/100 seed).

It is suitable for Kharif and summer season.

The variety has established more than 25% yield superiority over best check on the basis of 4

years multilocation national yield data.

Varietal Description

SUMMER MOONG

Summer moong -

Bihar, Haryana,

Punjab , UP and MP

Short duration

varieties –SML -668,

SAMRAT, IPM 02-01,

Pusa Vishal etc. –

mature in 60-65 days

Intercrop with

Sugarcane

Samrat, Meha, IPM 02-3

IPM 2-14, HUM 16, Pusa Vishal

Varieties for spring / summer

RESEARCH CENTERS

Indian Institute of Pulses Research (IIPR), Kanpur

Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI)

Punjab Agricultural University (PAU), Ludhiana

G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology (GBPUAT), Pantnagar

Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar

Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU), Coimbatore

Rajasthan Agricultural University, Sriganganagar, Rajasthan

Avinashilingam Deemed Home Science University for Women, Coimbatore

Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj Faizabad

(Uttar Pradesh)

BREEDING OBJECTIVES

High grain yield

Different maturity durations

Resistance to shattering

Batter plant type

Resistance to diseases

a- Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus (MYMV)

b- Cercospora leaf spot

Resistance to insect-pest :

a- Pod Borer

b- Aphids and whitefly

Recommendation for Strengthening Mungbean

Breeding programme

S. No. Recommendation

1. The interspecific hybridization programme needs to be

strengthened and the derivatives of these crosses

should be shared among centers.

2. A new programme on the improvement of Sona

Mungbean variety may be initiated

3. Efforts should be made to identify donors for different

pests in order to develop resistant varieties

4. Corrective measures should be applied so that old

varieties may be replaced by new and improved

varieties

5. FLDs may be organized in a cluster approach.

AchievementsCrop Improvement

Total 50 munbean varieties has been released for cultivation in India.

A total of 3341 accessions of mungbean were maintained at 10 centres.

Promising accessions of early maturity, seed wt., pod length and synchronous

maturity were identified.

Breeder seed production was 936.69 q against the indent of 1033.49 q for 61

varieties(2012-13)

Crop Production

AKM 1012 and AKM-09-2 at Akola and MH 565 at Hisar were most suited

Mungbean genotypes in intercropping with Pigeon pea.

Kharif mungbean be sown up to 20th July and ML 818 (1345 kg/ha) at

Ludhiana, Meha (908 kg/ha) at Dholi and RM 03-79 (801 kg/ha) at Raipur, GM

04 (908 kg/ha) at Badanapur were most promising.

Pendimethalin 30EC + Imazethapyr 2 EC @ 1.0 kg/ha (Vellore 32) and

Imazethapyr 55 g/ha were most effective herbicides (NWPZ,NEPZ, CZ and

SZ).

CONT....

Crop Protection

Entry ML 1464 Showed combined multiple and multilocational

resistance to MYMV, Leaf curl virus, urdbean leaf crinkle virus and root

rot. Genotype IPM 306-6 showed multiple resistance to MYMV and

urdbean leaf crinkle virus.

Among the NGSN entries, genotypes KM 2262, LH 911, ML 1721, ML

1921, ML 1946, ML 2037 and ML 2081 showed multilocational and

multiple resistance to MYMV and anthracnose.

Genotypes ML 1464, ML 2060, ML 2081 and ML 2083 were resistant to

MYMV and Cercospora leaf sport.

The differential reaction to isolates of MYMV on differential cultivars at

various locations suggested pathogenic variability.

Seed treatment with carbendazim @ 2g/kg and two foliar sprays of

propiconazole and carbendazim @ 0.1% were effective in reducing the

severity of foliar diseases viz. Cercospora leaf sport, anthracnose,

powdery mildew, macrophomina blight and/or Web blight.

CONT….

Frontline Demonstrations

During Kharif, 285 demonstrations were conducted on full package technology. This has recorded 19.56 per cent higher grain yield and 23.61 per cent increase in net returns over local varieties.

During rabi 89 demonstrations were conducted on full package. This has recorded 17.81 per cent higher grain yield and 26.72 per cent increase in net returns over local varieties

MAJOR CONCERN

Lesser use of P&K fertilizer, no use of organic manures

and micronutrients leads to deteriorating soil health and

affect the Pulse productivity.

Lack of suitable Post harvest technologies in Pulses.

Cultivation of Pulses in problematic lands.

Highly susceptible to diseases and pests.

Problem of Blue-Bulls.

In adequate pace of research and technology development.

CONT….

Requires genetic improvement specially stress tolerant

varieties.

Requires high yielding disease and Pest Resistant Varieties.

Unavailability of location specific varieties.

Low SRR with inadequate genotype.

Fragmentation of holding is making the farming

uneconomic.

Small and marginal farmers have very poor purchasing

capacity.

Strategy

Promotion of Stress tolerant varieties.

Promotion of high yielding Pest resistant varieties.

Promotion of line sowing of Pulses.

Incentive for promotion of summer deep ploughing in Pulses.

Promote seed treatment with Rhizobium Culture, Trichoderma

and PSB with suitable strain for specific crop.

Encouraging the balanced use of fertilizers as per soil test and

also that the use of organic and bio-fertilizers.

Popularization of use of soil ameliorant like gypsum and

micronutrients for reclaiming soils.

CONT….

Encouraging application of Sprinkler system of irrigation for

water management.

Promoting integrated weed management.

Mechanization to insure timely operations.

Extension of Pulse area during Zaid through intercropping

with Sugar Cane.

Promote intercropping of Urd/Moong with Kharif Arhar.

To promote Pulses cultivation attractive MSP should be given.

GOI and Forest department should take some initiative to

check the Blue-Bull population.

Effective control of weeds, diseases and pests.

USES In the South Asia, mungbean is used to

make "dhal", which is the most commondish made from various kinds of splitlegumes with spices in the Southeast andEast Asian countries,

Mungbean is used to make various kinds ofsweet, bean jam, sweetened bean soup,vermicelli, and bean sprout.

Mungbean seeds are sprouted for fresh usefor shipment to restaurants. Sprouts arehigh in protein (21%–28%), calcium,phosphorus and certain vitamins.

FUTURE PROSPECTS In India, the major research input has resulted in the development of

widely adopted cultivars, some of which are resistant to mungbean

yellow mosaic virus and other diseases.

Still the productivity is less then 400kg/ha. For future yield

improvement a few desirable characteristics namely symposia and

determinate plant habit, genetic dormancy, pod length, seed size, long

growth duration.

Multiple disease resistance and water logging resistance are to be

combined through conventional breeding procedures and wide

hybridization particularly urd × mungbean

Marker assisted selection will be used on a wider scale in future

mungbean breeding programmes to get desirable recombinants with

batter plant type, high yield and resistance to diseases and pests

In India, the major research input has resulted in the development of

widely adapted cultivers some of which resistant to mungbean YMV

and others diseases.

Mungbean (2n=2x=22) belongs to the family Leguminocae and

subfamily fabaceae and botanically recognized as Vigna radiata L.

Wilczek.

It is a good source of vitamin C (8 mg per 100 g), can be produced

year-round at home.

It is one of the most important components in the preparation of

famous south Indian dishes, e.g. dosa, idli, vada etc.

Mungbean requires a hot and humid growing season. It is generally

grown as a summer and rainy season crop in northern India.

CONCLUSION

Reference

(Anonymous 2013). AICRP on MULLaRP Project coordinator’s reports,:IIPR, Kanpur

Ali, Masood and Gupta S.(2012). Carrying capacity of Indian agriculture: pulse crops.Current Science. 102 (6): 874-881.

Polhill, R. M. and Van der Maesen, L.J.K. (1985). Taxonomy of grain legumes. In: R.J. Summerfield and E.H. Roberts (eds.). Grain Legume Crops. Collins, London, England, pp. 3-36.

Soren, K.R.; Patil, P.G.; Das, A.; Bohra, A.; Datta, S.; Chaturvedi, S.K. and Nadarajan, N. (2012). Advances in Pulses Genomic Research.Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur.

Ram H.H. (2012).Crop breeding and biotechnology. Kalyanipublishers.,Ludhiana., pp:294-310

http://www.authorstrean.com/Prasentation/arunugal-1788064-breeding-green-gram-blank/

http://www,fao.org/ag/AGP/doc/gbose/data/pf0000088.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/mungbean/g

THANKS