CURRENT REGULATIONS AND RISK MANAGEMENT REGARDING PCBS IN JAPAN
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CURRENT REGULATIONS AND RISK MANAGEMENT
REGARDING PCBS IN JAPAN
Takeshi Nakano
Osaka UniversityGraduate School of Engineering
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Kanemi Yusho
YUSHO (Kushu University)
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(t)使用量
02000400060008000
1000012000
54 55 56 57 58 59 1960 61 62 63 64 1965 66 67 68 69 1970 71 72
year
Trend of PCB Use in JapanTotal 58,000t
Amount of PCB use (t)
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0.00
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Co-P
CBs
TEQ
(pg-
TEQ/
m3 ) Co-PCBsTEQ
Matsumura et al, symposium of J.Env.Chem, 2003.6
Time trend of Co-PCBs ( TEQ )
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0.00
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Co-P
CBs
TEQ
(pg-
TEQ/
m3 ) Co-PCBsTEQ
Time trend of Co-PCBs ( TEQ )
PCB (t)
02000
400060008000
1000012000
1954
1955
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Time trend of PCB levels in ambient air
(log scale)
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0.01
0.1
1
10
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1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Time trend of PCBs concentration in ambient air (pg/m 3)Time trend of PCBs concentration in ambient air (ng/m 3)
(pg/m3)(ng/m3)
Ambient air
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Time trend of PCB levels in
breast milk
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Time trend of breast milk levels
Dioxins
PCB
pg TEQ/g-fat
µg g-fat
60
40
20
0
Year (1973-2000)Konishi et al. (2003)Konishi et al (2003) Organohalogen compds
pg TEQ/g-fat
µg / g-fat
Year (1973-2000)
60
40
20
0
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
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PCB pollution in Japan almost finished?
1972 banned PCB production & usage 1986-89 liquid PCB was completely destroyed except transformer, capacitor, …10% of Total
(National project in Takasago, Hyogo pref.)
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Unintentional formation
-- Organic Pigment -- FeCl3
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- Organic Pigment 㩷
Compound View
㩷
J EOL DioK V4.01 2012/ 04/10 14:38:21 Page 1
㩷
DqData: rh (), Injection= pigment_sample (UNK)
㩷
Original: rh_T-PCB-110420.mfl, InjectionNo= 18, Sample= PG032, Date= <Date>
12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28Retention Time (min)
(1606)(5038)
0255075100
Inten
sity
M1CB / Average
12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28Retention Time (min)
(3394356)
0
25
50
75
100
Inten
sity
D2CB / Average
12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28Retention Time (min)
(927733)
0
25
50
75
100
Inten
sity
T3CB / Average
12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28Retention Time (min)
(1169387)
0
25
50
75
100
Inten
sity
T4CB / Average
12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28Retention Time (min)
(911)(3926)
0255075100
Inten
sity
P5CB / Average
D2CB
T3CB
T4CB
#11(3-3)
#35(34-3)
#77
Pigment-A
M1CB
P5CB
(N.D.)
(N.D.)
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
(34-34)
㩷
Compound View
㩷
J EOL DioK V4.01 2012/ 04/ 10 14:48:42 Page 1
㩷
DqData: rh (), Injection= P115 (UNK)
㩷
Original: rh_T-PCB-110420.mfl, InjectionNo= 22, Sample= P115, Date= <Date>
12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28Retention Time (min)
(4846)
0255075100
Inten
sity
M1CB / Average
12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28Retention Time (min)
(341082)
0
25
50
75
100
Inten
sity
D2CB / Average
12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28Retention Time (min)
(5258927)
0
25
50
75
100
Inten
sity
T3CB / Average
12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28Retention Time (min)
(16777200)
0
25
50
75
100
Inten
sity
T4CB / Average
12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28Retention Time (min)
(225850)
0
25
50
75
100Int
ensit
yP5CB / Average
D2CB
T3CB
T4CB
P5CB
#11(3-3)
#101
( フラグメントイオン )
#52
Pigment-B
M1CB(N.D.)
Cl
Cl
Cl
ClCl
Cl
Cl
ClCl
Cl
Cl
(25-25)
(245-25)
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- Organic Pigment
NaNO2, HCl
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PCB Treatment at Japan Environmental Safety Corporation
(JESCO)
– A National Project of Japan –
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Outline of JESCO - Established in 2004 under the “Japan Environmental
Safety Corporation Law (Law No.44 of 2003)
- Is to construct and operate 5 regional PCB waste treatment facilities throughout Japan, under supervision of the central government
- National subsidies granted for construction
- The only national body (special company wholly owned by the government) in charge of PCB waste treatment
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Structure of PCB Waste Treatment in Japan
Environmental Restoration andConservation Agency (ERCA)
Japan EnvironmentalSafety Corporation ・ Construction of Facility ・ Operation of Facilityx
PCB Waste Holders(at over
50,000 sites)
PCB Waste
PCB Waste Treatment Basic Plan
(Identification of PCB amount, Establish Treatment Framework)
PCB Waste Treatment Plan
Regional Facility
ChemicalTreatment
Reportof PCB wastes
Authorize& Direct
Regional Facility
Report of reported PCB wastes under jurisdiction
Regional Facility
Carry In
(Identification of PCB amount, Treatment Plan)
Treatment Contract :
Prefectures and Specified Cities
Local Authority
Ministry of the Environment (MOE)
ApprovedTranspor-
tationCompanies
・ Supervise & Direct・ Approval of Business Plan
Acceptance of Facility /Supervise & Direct
ResidentsPCB Waste Treatment Fund(Consists of subsidies from the
government, local governments etc.)
Subsidize small & medium-sized enterprises
ResidueIndustrial
Waste Treatment / Recycling Companies
Treatment Fees
Transport
ExplanationInformation Disclosure
Material forRecycle
Acceptance PlanAuthorize
& Direct
Authorize & Direct
Accep-tance
Transpor-tation Fee
Transpor-tation
Contract Approve
Subsidies for Construction
of Facility
OperationWaste
The local governments are in charge of
gathering PCB waste storage information
from the PCB Waste Holders
and make treatment plans for their regions.
JESCO accepts waste from the waste holders
according to the local governments’ plans.
Waste holders must report their storage status
to their local government annually
have approved transportation
companies carry
their wastes to JESCO
JESCO detoxifies PCB wastes
using chemical treatment,
PCB-free residues and material for recycle are shipped to decent industrial waste treatment or recycling companies.
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Location of JESCO Facilities: Area assigned to each facility
: Location of Treatment Facilities
Kitakyushu Facility Kitakyushu City, Fukuoka Operation started: Dec. 2004
Toyota FacilityToyota City, AichiOperation started: Sep. 2005
Tokyo Facility Koto-ku, Tokyo Operation started: Nov. 2005
Osaka Facility Osaka City, Osaka Operation started: Oct. 2006
Hokkaido Facility Muroran City, Hokkaido Operation started: May. 2008
MOE made adjustments with local authorities, and obtained local consent to buildfive treatment facilities as shown in this map. Kita-kyushu , Osaka, Toyota , Tokyo , and Hokkaido FacilityEach facility has assigned prefectures, and although the area size differthe amount of PCB waste stored in each area is about the same.
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Outline of Regional PCB Waste Treatment FacilitiesFacility Location Assigned to treat PCB
wastes of below area Types of PCB wastes treated Capacity(PCB Oil)
Kitakyushu Kitakyushu City, Fukuoka
17 prefectures in Chugoku, Shikoku, Kyushu, and Okinawa Regions
1st Phase: Transformers, capacitors, PCB oil stored in Kitakyushu City
2nd Phase: Transformers, capacitors, PCB oil, and PCB contaminated wastes stored in all assigned areas (Wastes to be treated together with 1st phase facilities)
1.5 tons / day
(Contaminated wastes: 10 tons / day)
Toyota Toyota City, Aichi
4 prefectures in Tokai Region
Transformers, capacitors and PCB oil
1.6 tons / day
Tokyo Koto-ku, Tokyo
4 prefectures in South Kanto Region
Transformers, capacitors, fluorescent ballasts and PCB oil
2.0 tons / day
Osaka Osaka City, Osaka
6 prefectures in Kinki Regions
Transformers, capacitors and PCB oil
2.0 tons / day
Hokkaido Muroran City, Hokkaido
16 prefectures in Hokkaido, Tohoku, North Kanto, Koushinetsu, and Hokuriku Regions
1st Facility: Transformers, capacitors and PCB oilAdditional Facility: PCB contaminated wastes
1.8 tons / day
(Contaminated wastes: 4.8 tons / day)
This slide shows the location, region, and the types of PCB wastes accepted at each facility and capacity..
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Treatment Method Adopted at Each Facility
Facility Pre-treatment PCB Decomposition
Kitakyushu(Phase 1)
(Phase 2)
Precise Recovery Cleansing Method*1Vacuum Thermal Recycling Method (VTR Method) *2
Dechlorination MethodSodium Dispersion Method (SD Method) *6
Melting Method Plasma Melting Method *3,*7
Toyota Solvent Extraction Decomposition Method (SED Method) *3
Dechlorination MethodOntario Hydro Technologies Sodium Dispersion Method (OSD Method) *8
Tokyo MHI Chemical Cleansing Method*4 Hydrothermal Oxidation Decomposition MethodHydrothermal Decomposition Method *4
Osaka Solvent Cleansing Method*5 Vacuum Thermal Recycling Method (VTR Method) *2
Dechlorination MethodCatalyst Hydrogenation Dechlorination Method (Pd/C Method) *9
Hokkaido(1st facility)
(Additional facility)
Solvent Extraction Decomposition Method (SED Method)*3
Dechlorination Method Sodium Dispersion Method (SP Hybrid Method) *3
Melting Method Plasma Melting Method *3,*7
Translated names of above methods are informalTechnology owned by following companies:*1 Mitsui & Co. *2 Z.E.R.O. Japan Co., Ltd. *3 Kobelco Eco-Solutions Co. Ltd. *4 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. *5 Toshiba Corporation *6 Nippon Soda Co., Ltd. *7 Nippon Steel Coporation, *8 Nuclear Fuels Industries, Ltd. *9 Kanden Engineering CO., Ltd.
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Kitakyushu Facility
↑1st phase facility
←1st phase facility in the front. (dechlorination) 2nd phase facility in the back. (plasma melting)
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Toyota Facility
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Tokyo Facility
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Osaka Facility
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Hokkaido Facility
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Basic Concept for Designing of Facilities
Multidiscipline Engineering
Adoption ofa Safe and
Secure PCB Treatment
Method
Multiple safety measures based on the concept
of Risk Management
Information Disclosure on
Treatment Status
Safe & Secure PCB Treatment Method, Risk management, and Information Disclosure lead to safe treatment.
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Managing system for operations,
maintenance andsecurity
Safety Design Concept・ Cooperation with the location area and related authorities・ Information disclosure
Ensuring safety of the workers
1. Safe design of treatment process
2. Operation Monitoring System
3. Fail-safe Functions
4. Safety Nets
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Work Management & Health Management - Workers are required to wear appropriate protective gear when working
at atmospheres where dioxin levels are over 2.5pg-TEQ/m3, or wherePCB levels are over 0.01mg/m3 (LEVEL 3 ZONES). Below is an example.
Chemical protective clothing* Chemical protective gloves* + inner glovesChemical protective boots*Respiratory Protective Equipment with electric fan(* Permeation resistance to PCB are tested)
- Appropriate protective gear is required accordingto the work content, at lower level zones too.
- Entrance time is limited to reduce exposure: Example : A worker can enter high level areas Only 2-3 hours per day.
- Blood PCB levels are checked periodically.
Examples of Ensuring Safety of Workers
Example of Protective gear at
Kitakyushu FacilityUsed gear cannot be
carried outside room
Some areas require frequent changing
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To reduce workers’ risk of exposure to PCB, processes such as the dismantling of capacitors are done inside a closed “glove box”.
Examples of Ensuring Safety of Workers
Glove box
cutting of capacitor elements, which include 100% pure PCB
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Dismantling of Capacitors(Glove box)
These are other angles of capacitors being dismantled in glove boxes.
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PCB Removal (Draining and Cleaning Transformers)
PCB oil of transformers are drained from the drain valve on the bottom. Local exhaust ventilations are set to minimize PCB level in the working atmospheres. After draining, the casings are repeatedly washed with circulating cleaning solvents until the PCB level are low enough and safe to open up the transformers.
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PCB Removal (Dismantling and Removal of Core of Transformers)
Once the PCB levels are low enough the transformer is cut open and the cores are removed for further treatment.
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100 % PCB
concentration( 0.6kg/kg )
100 %PCB
concentration (1kg/kg)
At JESCO, PCB level of transformers are reduced by1/1,200,000,and that of capacitors are reduced by 1/2,000,000 before shipping. 1 / 1,200,000
1 / 2,000,000
Liquid treatment
PCB level0.5mg/kg and below
PCB level of washing solvent
0.5mg/kg and belowFirst
Washing
*Example at Kitakyushu Facility
PCB level of effluent0.003mg/L and below
Cleaning**
( 1 / 3,750 )( 1 / 320 )
PCB level 0.5mg/kg and below
PCB level ofwashing solvent
0.5mg/kg and belowPCB level of effluent
0.003mg/L and below( 1 / 2,000,000 )
oil
Casingspaperwood
**Wiping test methods are applied for the casings of capacitors treated in VTR (Vacuum Thermal Recovery) furnaces at Kitakyushu and Osaka Facilities.
Transformers
CapacitorsLiquid
treatmentoil
Casingspaperother
PCB Level after Treatment
Washing repeated untilPCB level is160mg/kg*
Dismantling and
washing
Standard
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PCB treatment
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PCB treatment
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Transportation company
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Transportation company
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Transportation company
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Transportation company
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Stored PCB contaminated waste
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Urine Monitoring for risk reduction
Transportation workers
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OH-PCBs in Urine (Transportation Workers)
OH-
PCBs
in U
rine
(ng/
mL)
Urine No for OH-PCBs analysis
OH-TrCBs
OH-TrCBs
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OH-TrCBs
OH-TrCBs
OH-
PCBs
in U
rine
(ng/
g-cr
eatin
in) OH-PCBs in Urine (Transportation Workers)
Urine No for OH-PCBs analysis(Mar. 2011)
OH-TrCB24hrs
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OH-PCBs in Urine (Transportation Workers)
Urine No for OH-TrCBs analysis (Mar. 2011)
OH-
PCBs
in U
rine
(ng/
g-cr
eatin
in)
4-OH-CB33
4’-OH-CB33
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Urine No for OH-TeCBs analysis analysis (Mar. 2011)
OH-
PCBs
in U
rine
(ng/
g-cr
eatin
in)
OH-PCBs in Urine (Transportation Workers)
4’-OH-CB444-OH-CB584-OH-CB72
4-OH-CB72
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01234567
blank M3 M9 N2 N3 Y1 Y6
Nb18
Nb24 S33
S39
H54
The concentration of each OH-PCBs homologue in human urine
conc
entra
tion(u
g/g C
re)
OH-HpCBsOH-HxCBsOH-PeCBsOH-TeCBsOH-TrCBsOH-DiCBsOH-MoCBs
Urine No for OH-TeCBs analysis analysis (Jan. 2012)3 Transportation workers & 3 researchers
30 y
ears
62 years47 years 65years 62 years45 years
Transportation workers
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Acknowledgements
- Ministry of The Environment, Japan(MOE)- Japan Environmental Safety Corporation(JESCO)- Osaka University, Graduate Sachool of Engineering- Joint Research Chair for PCB separation & Concentration System- Kobe University, Graduate Sachool of Maritime Science- Hyogo prefectural Institute of Environmental Sciences- JESCO Express- Hokkaido Research Organization- Chiba Prefectural Environmental Reserch Center- National Institute for Environmental Studies
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Various type of PCB contaminated waste
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Stored drum PCB sediment in underground
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Stored drum PCB sediment in underground
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Stored drum PCB sediment in underground
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Various type of PCB contaminated waste
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Various type of PCB contaminated waste
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Various type of PCB contaminated waste
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Various type of PCB contaminated waste
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PCB contaminated waste under the parking
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PCB contaminated waste under the parking
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PCB contaminated waste in the drum
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Sampling of PCB contaminated waste
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Sampling of PCB contaminated waste
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Sampling of PCB contaminated waste
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Various type of PCB contaminated waste
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Various type of PCB contaminated waste
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Various type of PCB contaminated waste
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Various type of PCB (paper condenser)
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PCB free (paper condenser)
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Various type of PCB waste
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Various type of PCB waste
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Various type of PCB waste
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Various type of PCB waste
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Various type of PCB waste
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Various type of PCB waste